缝匠肌深层肌间筋膜蒂髂骨瓣转位的应用解剖和临床应用

目的：为带缝匠肌深层肌间隙筋膜蒂的髂前上下嵴间骨瓣转位治疗殴骨颈部病变提供解剖学依据。方法：在28侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本上，对缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌和股直肌三者之间的肌问筋膜的血管分布和走行进行观察。并进行12例手术应用。结果：所需的肌间筋膜位于髂前上棘下10cm的范围内，由缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌和股直肌三者之间的肌间的近侧段所组成。该肌间行走的主要血管：来自旋股外侧动脉的升支及其分支—髂嵴支、臀中肌支、髂前下棘支和来自旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉的缝匠肌节段性血管，上述血管相互吻合形成丰富的肌间筋膜血管网。采用缝匠肌深面肌间筋膜蒂的髂前上下棘间骨瓣移植，髂嵴支和缝匠肌的节段性血管可保留，肌筋膜蒂的长度可以达到6～8cm。结论：采用带缝匠肌深层肌间筋膜蒂的髂前七下棘间骨瓣转位移植治疗股骨颈部病变，方法简便，是治疗股骨颈部病变中需要植骨时可选用的简便方法。     

股神经阻滞相关筋膜层次解剖：薄层塑化与超声影像对比

目的 揭示股神经阻滞操作区域股神经前方筋膜的层次结构,为临床超声下股神经阻滞定位提供准确的解剖学依据。 方法 选取3具成人盆部标本,制作横断面连续薄层塑化切片观察并分析;临床收集36例股神经阻滞操作超声影像,结合薄层塑化图像进行对比分析。 结果 薄层塑化结果显示,在股神经阻滞操作对应层面,髂筋膜紧密覆盖于股神经与髂腰肌表面,在内侧延续为股鞘后外侧壁,未见髂筋膜形成包绕股神经的筋膜鞘样结构。阔筋膜自缝匠肌表面向内走行至股鞘前方,覆盖髂筋膜、股神经、髂腰肌、股鞘等结构;3例（6侧）标本中,4侧显示阔筋膜在缝匠肌内侧缘未融合而分为两层,2侧显示在缝匠肌前缘融合为单层。超声图像显示股神经前方筋膜均可视,髂筋膜为白色条索状高回声影,位于股神经前方且与股神经紧密相邻;阔筋膜覆盖股神经、髂筋膜、股鞘,与股神经相距较远;36例超声影像中,30例显示阔筋膜为两层,6例显示为1层。 结论 髂筋膜与股神经关系紧密,可作为超声引导的股神经阻滞的定位标志,分层的阔筋膜易被误认为髂筋膜,应根据其移行特点进行准确地辨识。     

髋关节前外侧入路的应用解剖及临床意义

目的 :为髋关节前外侧入路及易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 6 0侧成尸下肢标本 ,参照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果 :(1)股外侧皮神经干 80 %斜跨切口线下部 ;第一分支阔筋膜浅层穿出点位于髂前上棘下方 (6 .2± 2 .5 )cm ,主干阔筋膜深层穿出点位于髂前上棘下方 (1.6± 1.2 )cm ,此段主干位于阔筋膜浅深两层之间 ,周围充满脂肪组织。 (2 )股直肌直头呈圆柱形 ,其前内侧是股三角 ,后外侧是髋关节囊 ,仅遮挡髋关节囊前内侧 1 6部分。 (3)股神经股外侧肌支从前内上行向下外斜跨切口延长线 ,分数支入股外侧肌 ,其最上支与切口延长线交点位于髂前上棘下方 (12 .4± 2 .6 )cm ,结论 :(1)此入路浅层分离时应先在髂前上棘下 5 .0cm以内的阔筋膜浅深两层之间脂肪组织中寻找并保护股外侧皮神经 ,然后再分离切口下部浅筋膜。 (2 )在深层分离时应沿股直肌直头外侧深入至髋关节囊 ,切匆误入其前内侧的股三角。股直肌直头如果没有挛缩 ,可不必切断 ,以便患者尽早进行功能锻炼。 (3)切口如需向下延长时 ,不宜超过髂前上棘下 9.0cm ;如果必须再延长应向外侧偏斜 ,以免伤及股神经股外侧肌支。     

阔筋膜张肌皮瓣的血管和神经供给

解剖、观测了50具成年尸体的100例阔筋膜张肌及其皮区的血管和神经。另7具尸体用血管造影、墨汁注射等方法进行了研究。阔筋膜张肌的主要营养动脉全部来自旋股外侧动脉的升支。升支的长度平均为47.1±0.8毫米,起始处的外径为3.3±0.8毫米,肌门处的外径为2.0±0.04毫米。升支起始处距腹股沟中点的距离为61.8±1.7毫米。肌门距髂前上棘的距离为84.4±1.1毫米。复盖阔筋膜张肌及髂胫束的皮肤动脉,主要来自阔筋膜张肌的肌皮动脉。此外,尚有来自旋髂浅动脉、股外肌的肌皮动脉以及膝上外侧动脉的皮支。它们在股前外侧部还与股直肌的肌皮动脉、从缝匠肌深面浅出的皮动脉以及第一、第二穿动脉的皮支相互吻合,形成筋膜面血管网和皮下血管网。支配阔筋膜张肌的神经来自臀上神经下支。它经臀中肌的深面,在髂峭下方47.7±1.9毫米处,从肌的后缘进入肌的深面。神经干粗为1.3±0.2毫米。本文对阔筋膜张肌皮瓣、肌筋膜瓣、筋膜皮瓣、肌骨皮瓣和具有感觉功能的肌皮瓣作了讨论。     

骨盆骨折髂腹股沟入路避免神经血管损伤的临床解剖学

目的　为髂腹股沟入路在骨盆骨折手术中避免神经血管损伤提供解剖学依据。  方法    在15具(男9具,女6具)30侧成尸标本上选择髂前上棘、耻骨结节和腹股沟韧带为标志观测股外侧皮神经(Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,LFCN)、髂腹股沟神经(Ilioinguinal nerve,IN)、股神经耻骨肌支和闭孔动脉(Obturator artery,OA)的走形特点,所测数据统计学处理。  结果     ① LFCN在髂前上棘内侧穿出腹股沟韧带占96.67% (29/30侧),距髂前上棘中心点(20.01±0.32)mm;被腹股沟韧带纵横纤维所包裹的占33.33% (10/30侧);在阔筋膜形成的筋膜鞘中走行占46.67%(14/30侧)。② IN穿出腹内斜肌部位距离髂前上棘中心点为(5.41±0.50)mm,穿出腹外斜肌腱膜部位距离耻骨结节中心点为(18.04±0.21)mm。  结论　在显露髂骨翼内侧面和骶髂关节时,应在LFCN走行的阔筋膜和腹股沟韧带部位进行显露和预防性松解,以免牵拉损伤;切开腹外斜肌腱膜时应从腹股沟韧带两端上方5 mm处开始,防止损伤深面的IN。在显露髂耻隆起时先寻找和结扎闭孔血管耻骨支,以免引起不可控制的出血。     

骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经损伤的应用解剖学

目的:为骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经盆内段损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:在25具成人防腐标本上解剖观察股外侧皮神经的起源、行程及分支,测量神经出盆点与髂前上棘中心点的距离。结果:①股外侧皮神经出盆点位置的解剖变异较大,根据神经出盆点与髂前上棘的关系可分为四种类型。②股外侧皮神经72％从腹股沟韧带深面穿出,28％穿行于腹股沟韧带中。穿出点距髂前上棘的距离为(1.02±0.88)cm。③股外侧皮神经穿过腹股沟韧带并被阔筋膜包裹,形成了股外侧皮神经的远侧固定点。结论:(1)腹股沟韧带及阔筋膜对股外侧皮神经的固定作用是骨盆手术损伤股外侧皮神经的解剖学因素。(2)术中神经预防性松解是避免医源性神经损伤的关键。     

旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

旋股外侧动脉旋髂浅动脉和旋髂深动脉起始变异1例

笔者在解剖一具成年男性尸体时,发现其右侧旋股外侧动脉、旋髂浅动脉和旋髂深动脉的起始变异,为积累资料和为临床提供参考,现报道如下：1.右旋股外侧动脉起于股动脉,起始处外径3.8 mm,距股深动脉起始处2.42cm发出,发出后行向外侧0.85 cm后继而行向下,分支分布于缝匠肌、股直肌、股外侧肌。2.右旋髂浅动脉起于旋股外侧动脉,距股动脉0.85 cm发出,起始处外径1.8mm,发出后行向外上,分布于缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌。3.正常情况下：旋髂深动脉在距髂前上棘附近分为髂嵴支和腹壁肌支(升之),前者分布至髂嵴及附近肌及皮肤,后者分布至肌。本例右旋髂深动脉起于股动脉,起始处外径为3.0 mm,距腹股沟韧带1.22 cm,以短干发出后分为上、下两支,起始处外径分别为2.4 mm、2.2 mm。上支向上穿腹股沟韧带后行向外上,分布于髂肌和腹横肌的下份内面,上支起始段还发出两较大分支,分布于耻骨肌;下支行向外上于腹股沟深面入腹内斜肌和腹横肌之间,分布于此二肌的下份。     

股神经阻滞麻醉中股神经定位的超声影像学和解剖学观察

目的 探讨股神经及其与周围毗邻器官的解剖关系,以及股神经在腹股沟区的体表投影与体表标志之间的关系,为下肢股神经阻滞麻醉的穿刺点提供解剖学和超声影像学依据。方法 2014年3月—2015年1月,选取16具10%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本(解剖组),进行解剖观察;2014年9—10月,选取健康成人志愿者30例(超声组),对其双侧股神经进行超声扫描。两组分别经应用解剖和超声探测,观察股神经的走行情况与周围器官的毗邻关系,并测量腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度、距皮肤的距离,及股神经体表投影位置与耻骨结节线、髂前上棘线的水平距离。结果 解剖组结果显示:股神经在腹股沟韧带下缘、腹股沟韧带中点稍外侧(1.28±0.60)cm处发出,被髂筋膜包裹,内侧与股鞘内的股动脉、股静脉相邻,外侧是缝匠肌;股神经的宽度平均(0.71±0.06)cm,距皮肤的距离平均(0.85±0.19)cm,与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.25±0.67)cm,与髂前上棘线水平距离平均(7.24±0.41)cm。超声组检查显示:股神经在股动脉的外侧,呈倒立三角形高回声的浅色区域,外侧是呈深色高回声区的缝匠肌,内侧紧邻的股动脉和股静脉呈圆形高回声黑色图像;在腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度平均(0.66±0.04)cm,距皮肤平均(0.97±0.22)cm,股神经在体表的投影与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.58±0.75)cm,距髂前上棘线水平距离平均(6.95±0.42)cm。解剖组和超声组测量的股神经宽度、距皮肤距离、距耻骨结节线水平距离及距髂前上棘线水平距离,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.055、1.197、1.774、1.348,P值均＞0.05)。结论 超声测量结果与尸体解剖结果相近,符合股神经实际解剖的位置关系,揭示超声引导下的股神经阻滞穿刺定位方法安全、可靠。     

INFIX置钉入路的改良研究及其在骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的　探讨将INFIX置钉入路内移至缝匠肌与髂腰肌间隙的可行性,并评估其临床疗效和并发症。 方法　在大体标本上测量缝匠肌内、外缘至股外侧皮神经和股神经的距离,用t检验比较各组间的差异性。收集南方医科大学珠江医院从2016年8月~2018年12月应用INFIX技术治疗的骨盆骨折14例,从骨盆畸形指数、耻骨联合宽度、术后负重时间、内固定取出时间及Majeed评分等方面评估临床疗效,分析有无股外侧皮神经损伤、股神经损伤等并发症。 结果　缝匠肌内缘比外缘至股外侧皮神经的距离增加了7.71mm（P<0.01）,而至股神经的距离仍有22.36 mm。INFIX术后骨盆畸形指数减少了1.82%（P<0.01）,耻骨联合宽度缩小了6.98 mm（P<0.05）,平均12.70周负重,29.50周取出内固定,Majeed评分90.80分。术后无股外侧皮神经和股神经损伤,2例出现切口感染,1例有主观不适感。 结论 　INFIX置钉入路内移至缝匠肌与髂腰肌间隙可减少股外侧皮神经的损伤风险,且不干扰股神经,对于骨盆前环骨折具有微创、疗效好、并发症少等优势。     

Lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia: an anatomical insight

A detailed anatomic study was carried out on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to better understand the etiology and treatment of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. As it passed from the pelvis into the thigh, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ran through an "aponeuroticofascial tunnel," beginning at the iliopubic tract and ending at the inguinal ligament; as it passed through the tunnel, an enlargement in its side-to-side diameter was observed, suggesting that the fascial structures proximal to the inguinal ligament may be implicated in the genesis of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. The finding of pseudoneuromas at this location, distant from the inguinal ligament, supports this hypothesis. The anterior superior iliac spine is located approximately 0.7 cm from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and serves as the bony landmark for nerve localization. Within the first 3 cm of leaving the pelvis, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was observed deep to the fascia lata; therefore, surgical dissection within the subcutaneous fascia may be conducted with relative impunity near the anterior superior iliac spine just inferior to the inguinal ligament. In 36% of cases there was no posterior branch of the nerve, which is correlated to lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia symptoms often being limited to the anterior branch region. An accessory nerve was found in 30% of cases.     

Anatomical variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Findings from a surgical series

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a branch of the lumbar plexus and supplies the skin of the lateral thigh region. This entrapment‐compressive syndrome is named meralgia paresthetica or Roth's meralgia and depends, on a vast majority of cases, on the entrapment of the nerve in proximity of the inguinal ligament. Surgical decompression of the nerve is an option when conservative treatments fail and is usually performed through a 3‐cm infrainguinal skin incision. Available data on anatomical variations of the LFCN derive from extensive cadaver dissections and lack many features relevant to the surgeon. This study was conducted to investigate anatomical details of the LFCN at the site of surgery for meralgia paresthetica. We reviewed retrospective data regarding the anatomical features of LFCN from 148 consecutive patients operated on for Roth's meralgia. In the majority of the cases the LFCN was a single trunk, deep to the thigh superficial fascia and to the inguinal ligament and coursing inferior‐lateral to the anterior superior iliac spine. Less frequent findings were early nerve bifurcation, epifascial position, inferior‐medial direction, and exit from the pelvis through an iliac bone canal. In 13 cases (8.8%) the nerve was not found at surgery. Anatomical variations of the LFCN must be considered at the time of surgery to maximize success rates and avoid nerve damage during surgical dissection. Clin. Anat. 22:365–370, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Anatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with special reference to minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement

Background  Lesion of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) represents the main complication during minimally invasive anterior approach dissection to the hip joint. The aim of this anatomical study was to describe the different presentation features of the LFCN at the thigh and particularly to determine the potential location of damage during minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement. Methods  The LFCN was dissected bilaterally at the thigh under the inguinal ligament in 17 formalin-preserved cadavers. Branching patterns of the nerve were recorded and distances from the LFCN to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the anterior margin of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) were measured to clarify skin incision positioning during minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement. Results  The LFCN divided proximal to the inguinal ligament in 13 cases and distal to it in 21 cases. In the distal group the mean distance from the ASIS to the nerve division was 34.5 mm (10–72 mm). The gluteal branch crossed the anterior margin of the TFL 44.5 mm (24–92 mm) distally to the ASIS. In 18 cases the femoral branch did not cross the TFL and was located in the intermuscular space between TFL and sartorius. In the remaining 16 cases, this branch crossed the anterior margin of the TFL 46 mm (27–92 mm) distally to the ASIS. During minimally invasive anterior approach along the anterior border of the TFL, the LFCN was found to be potentially at risk between 27 and 92 mm below the ASIS. We used those informations to describe a map of “danger zones” for the LFCN or its two main branches. Conclusion  According to this study, numerous anatomical variations of the LFCN at the thigh should be considered when performing anterior approach to the hip joint. Different mechanisms of injury during surgery should be considered especially during minimally invasive total hip replacement, such as section of the gluteal or the femoral branch where it crosses the anterior margin of the TFL or stretching of the femoral branch due to retractors positioned into the intermuscular space between sartorius and TFL. According to the map of “danger zones” reported, the author policy consists of positioning the skin incision as lateral and distal to the ASIS as possible.     

股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的应用解剖与神经卡压综合征

目的：研究股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的位置及变异情况.方法：取20例成年国人尸体,男13例,女7例.大体解剖出双侧股外侧皮神经的骨盆出口处的骨纤维管道,测量股外侧皮神经的横径,以髂前上棘为基点,测量股外侧皮神经及其纤维管道的位置.结果：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点介于髂前上棘后2 cm以远与腹股沟韧带外1/3之间.结论：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点存在变异,55.0%经髂前上棘前（内）侧、腹股沟韧带（外1/3）的深面出骨盆.     

Variations in the course and microanatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its clinical importance

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), a branch from the lumbar plexus, may come to the clinician's or surgeon's attention. We studied this nerve to determine its location and its relationship with neighboring structures around the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the inguinal ligament (IL). Additionally, cross‐sectional microanatomy of the LFCN at the IL was studied. The LFCN was dissected in 47 lower limbs from formalin‐fixed cadavers. The distances from the ASIS to the point where the LFCN crossed the IL and the lateral border of the sartorius were measured. The distance between the ASIS and the point it pierced the deep fascia was also measured. Twelve nerve specimens at the IL were collected for histological sectioning and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. On examination of the cross‐sectional area, the nonfascicular area was wider than the fascicular area because of an increased amount of thick collagen fibers. This study may be of help to clinicians managing meralgia paresthetica and may also assist in defining a safe area for surgical intervention on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. Clin. Anat. 23:978–984, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Variations in the inferior pelvic pathway of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Implications for laparoscopic hernia repair

Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias is gaining acceptance in the repertoire of the general surgeon. However, nerve entrapment sequelae have been reported and appear to be higher with the laparoscopic approach. Contributing factors include pelvic variations in nerve pathways and the use of staples. We examined the pelvic relations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the iliopubic tract (IPT) because of the high morbidity of entrapment of this nerve, despite its low incidence. The LFCN, ASIS, and IPT were identified and their relationships measured in 48 male and 24 female cadavers ranging in age from 61 to 96 yr. The LFCN was located 1.7 (±1.2) cm medial to the ASIS along the IPT and 1.4 (±0.7) cm posterior (deep) to the IPT at this point, with no significant sex differences. The intrapelvic pathway of the LFCN, including its branches, varied widely so that in 18% of these specimens the LFCN was in either the vertical plane of the ASIS (13%) or in the plane of the IPT (5%). In 11% this nerve was within 1 cm of the ASIS. These data indicate that exclusive use of the ASIS as a guide for staple placement may result in entrapment of this nerve or its branches. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Deep and superficial circumflex iliac arteries and their relationship to the ultrasound‐guided femoral nerve block procedure: A cadaver study

The in‐plane lateral to medial approach is a standard technique for ultrasound‐guided femoral nerve block (USG‐FNB). The first bifurcation of the femoral artery, which consists of the deep artery of the thigh (DAT) or occasionally the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), is regarded as the distal border for this procedure. We sometimes detect arteries along the estimated needle trajectory for USG‐FNB. The superficial (SCIA) and deep (DCIA) circumflex iliac arteries run laterally parallel to the inguinal ligament from the femoral or external iliac artery. The relationship between the SCIA and DCIA and other anatomical structures related to USG‐FNB around the femoral triangle region was studied by gross anatomical examination of 100 formalin‐fixed adult cadavers. At least one SCIA and one DCIA were identified around each femoral triangle; 81.8% of SCIA and 58% of DCIA originated from the femoral artery. All DCIA coursed between the fascia lata and fascia iliaca and 80% of SCIA penetrated the fascia lata. In 94% of femoral triangles, at least one arterial branch heading towards the lateral part of the thigh originated from the femoral artery from the level of the inguinal ligament to the first bifurcation of the femoral artery. The presence of SCIA and DCIA should be considered during USG‐FNB using the in‐plane lateral to medial approach to avoid inadvertently injuring them, as they are occasionally located along the presumed needle trajectory superficial to the fascia iliaca. Clin. Anat. 30:413–420, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.