基于磁共振T1图像的正常人脑组织体积量化研究

目的 通过手动分割和自动分割得出正常人脑的总体积、脑脊液体积、灰质白质体积,分析不同性别的差异和随年龄变化的模式,同时给出可以得到较优结果的软件和参数。 方法 通过软件自动分割得到粗略的脑掩模后进行手动精细分割,然后用FSL-FAST分为灰质、白质和脑脊液,最后用SPSS 25.0。软件进行统计学分析。 结果 中国正常成人脑总体积约1263.24 ml,男性脑总体积（1313.84 ml）大于女性脑总体积（1173.11 ml）,差异有统计学意义。不同年龄的脑总体积、灰质、白质和脑内脑脊液体积差异有显著性。灰质白质比与年龄无相关性。男性脑总体积、灰质、白质体积均大于女性,三者随年龄增大而降低的模式相似。女性脑总体积、灰质、白质体积随年龄变化的模式相似,在约50岁时达到最大值,随后体积逐渐减小。 结论 不同性别人脑体积及灰质、白质、脑脊液体积随年龄变化作为鉴别正常脑体积变化与疾病导致的脑体积变化的依据。     

专业象棋选手脑部结构组成的改变

目的 探讨专业棋手大脑结构组成的改变，及其与象棋技巧水平、职业生涯训练总小时数之间的关系。方法 使用四川大学华西磁共振研究中心所提供的MRI数据集，其中包括29名专业象棋选手和29名匹配良好的新手，分为专业棋手组和健康对照组。使用cat12工具包将脑组织进行分割，比较两组间灰质体积、白质体积、脑容量、颅内剩余体积（颅内剩余体积=脑容量-灰质体积-白质体积）的差异。在专业棋手组中，将以上指标与象棋技巧水平、职业生涯训练总小时数进行相关性分析。结果 与对照组比较，专业棋手的灰质体积减少（P<0.01）[对照组和棋手组分别为（712.50±3.63）ml、（697.06±3.63）ml]；颅内剩余体积增多（P<0.05）[对照组和棋手组分别为（243.84±3.78）ml、（256.28±3.78）ml]，且颅内剩余体积的改变与并不是单纯由灰质、白质体积的改变所造成的，可能是脑容量和灰质体积改变共同作用的结果，尽管两组间脑容量并无显著差异；灰质体积与象棋技巧水平、职业生涯训练总小时数显著负相关（P<0.05）；颅内剩余体积与象棋技巧水平显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论...     

注意缺陷多动障碍及共患学习困难儿童大脑灰质、白质和全脑体积磁共振成像研究

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)及共患学习困难(LD)儿童大脑灰质、白质和全脑体积的特点。方法:本研究共纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)之相应诊断标准的36例ADHD儿童,以及性别、年龄均匹配的36名正常对照。ADHD儿童中有18例共患LD(ADHD+LD组)、18例不共患LD(ADHD-LD组)。以中国儿童-韦氏智力测定量表(C-WISC)、利手问卷评定被试的智商和利手状况。以磁共振成像检查收集被试的大脑影像。采用基于体素的形态学测量(voxelbased morphometry,VBM)方法研究ADHD组与对照组脑结构的差异,同时分析共病LD患者大脑体积的特点。结果:与正常对照相比,ADHD儿童大脑灰质[(746.9±68.3)mm3vs.(790.5±72.2)mm3]和全脑[(1212.4±115.2)mm3vs.(1270.6±113.1)mm3]体积减小(P0.05),白质体积组间差异无统计学意义。与对照组相比,ADHD+LD组灰质[(731.1±69.5)mm3vs.(790.5±72.2)mm3]、白质[(435.2±51.1)mm3vs.(480.1±50.5)mm3]和全脑[(1166.3±112.3)mm3vs.(1270.6±113.1)mm3]体积减小(P0.05);与ADHD-LD相比,ADHD+LD组白质[(435.2±51.1)mm3vs.(495.7±55.7)mm3]和全脑[(1166.3±112.3)mm3vs.(1258.3±100.9)mm3]体积减小(P0.05);ADHD-LD和对照组大脑体积组间差异无统计学意义。结论:ADHD儿童存在灰质体积和全脑体积减小,共患LD会使ADHD儿童大脑体积更小,提示大脑体积异常可能参与LD和/或ADHD的发病机制以及ADHD共病LD的病理机制。     

弥散加权成像在孕中晚期胎儿脑发育中的应用价值研究

目的 探讨核磁共振弥散加权成像技术(Ddiffusion weighted imaging,DWI)在孕中晚期胎儿脑发育中的应用价值研究。方法 回顾性分析50例正常孕中晚期胎儿脑DWI表现。经过产前超声及常规MRI检查胎儿颅脑均未发现异常。通过后处理软件测量胎儿额叶、颞叶、枕叶、顶叶白质、基底节区、丘脑、脑干以及小脑的ADC值。结果 50例胎儿额叶白质的平均ADC值为1.700±0.234×10-3mm2/s,颞叶白质的平均ADC值为1.710±0.113×10-3mm2/s,枕叶白质为1.730±0.186×10-3mm2/s,顶叶白质的平均ADC值为1.750±0.135×10-3mm2/s,基底节区为1.325±0.115×10-3mm2/s,丘脑为1.320±0.223×10-3mm2/s,小脑半球为1.430±0.187×10-3mm2/s,脑干为1.235±0.135×10-3mm2/s。脑干、小脑半球、基底节区、丘脑和各额、顶、枕、颞叶脑白质的平均ADC值随孕周增加而降低,额叶白质与孕周间无线性相关(P≥0.05)。幕上深部脑白质平均ADC值高于脑干、小脑半球和基底节区,顶叶平均ADC值最高,脑干最低。结论 胎儿脑不同区域(额叶除外)ADC值随着孕周的发展变化是有规律的,这反映了胎儿颅脑不同区域的发育过程,可以作为评价胎儿正常脑发育的一个重要指标。     

基于火棉胶包埋技术对成人小脑核团三维重建

目的对小脑核团进行观察定位、三维重建及体积测量,从而对小脑的功能研究及小脑核团相关的临床治疗提供可靠的解剖学依据。方法选取6例经福尔马林固定的成年小脑标本,经火棉胶包埋,分别制成厚250μm的水平和冠状位火棉胶薄层切片,并对其进行观察、图像采集,选取其中一例女性水平位切片应用Amira进行三维重建及体积测量。结果切片观察各核团形态结构清晰、边界明显。三维重建图像清晰的显示了各核团在小脑中的空间位置及毗邻关系,各核团体积测量结果分别为：齿状核左侧201．3mm3、右侧212．2mm3;栓状核左侧8．2mm3、右侧5．7mm3;球状核左侧2．7mm3、右侧3．1mm3;顶核左侧4．0mm3、右侧3．5mm3。结论小脑核团的精确定位及体积测量。为进一步研究小脑空间结构和功能提供重要的参考价值,同时其方法学研究对其他微细组织器官结构的精确定位及测量亦有重要的价值。     

磁共振体积法在胎儿后颅窝囊性畸形的诊断价值

目的 评估MRI体积法在诊断胎儿后颅窝异常及预测不同类型后颅窝囊性畸形中的价值。方法 回顾性收集2016年5月至2020年12月32例MRI诊断胎儿后颅窝囊性畸形及121例相应孕周正常胎儿资料。测量胎儿两侧大脑半球脑实质、小脑、两侧侧脑室、脑外脑脊液体积，并计算七项体积比值。通过ROC曲线分析各项变量的诊断效能。结果 左、右侧侧脑室及小脑体积两组间有统计学差异（P<0.05）。各项体积比值中，幕上脑实质/小脑、左（右）侧大脑半球脑实质/同侧侧脑室、幕上脑实质/脑外脑脊液、小脑/脑外脑脊液两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。32例后颅窝囊性畸形中Dandy-Walker畸形13例，小脑蚓部发育不良11例，巨小脑延髓池8例，三组间胎龄（GA）无显著差异（P>0.05）。Dandy-Walker畸形与小脑蚓部发育不良组间幕上脑实质/脑外脑脊液、小脑/脑外脑脊液均有显著性差异（P<0.001）,ROC曲线下的面积（AUC）分别为0.923、0.972。小脑蚓部发育不良与巨小脑延髓池组间幕上脑实质/脑外脑脊液有显著性差异（P<0.01）,AUC为0.932。Da...     

面向生物控制的鲤鱼脑组织及脑电极三维重建

为了给鲤鱼机器人脑电极准确植入进行定位导航,本研究拟建立脑结构及脑电极三维立体模型。借助脑立体定位仪将钨电极植入鲤鱼小脑,通过离水电刺激实验和水下控制实验发现脑运动区并获取其三维坐标值,应用3.0 T磁共振成像仪对颅脑及电极成像,应用3D-DOCTOR和Mimics软件进行三维重建。结果显示,所发现的脑运动区及坐标值是准确的,构建的脑组织及脑电极三维重建图再现了脑立体结构,可观察到脑电极与脑组织、脑组织与颅骨表面的相对空间位置关系;通过构建的脑组织三维重建综合显示图,可观察到三维重建的脑组织在磁共振图像中的解剖位置,以及脑组织与颅骨表面的相对空间位置关系。本研究所构建的三维重建模型可为脑电极植入提供定位导航工具。     

丘脑与丘脑枕空间形态和位置的研究

目的 :对丘脑与丘脑枕在脑内的空间形态和位置资料进行定位研究 ,为脑立体定向手术提供解剖学基础。方法 :将成人 6 1只整脑制成 2mm厚的三维连续切片 ,并在各脑片上直接进行观测。结果 :获得丘脑和丘脑枕前后径、左右径 ,上下径 ,体积及“靶心”座标值。丘脑总体前后径 (2 9.48mm ) >上下径 (18.82mm) >左右径 (13 .91mm ) ,丘脑枕总体上下径 (10 .0 9mm ) >前后径 (9.5 5mm ) >左右径 (7.14mm)。丘脑体积左右均值为 (6 2 6 4.42± 42 .98)mm3;丘脑枕体积左右均值为 (75 0 .82± 16 .32 )mm3。通过还原、重建、重叠 ,绘出两个核团的空间投影轮廓叠加图。结论 :揭示三维切面上丘脑与丘脑枕在脑内空间的整体构型 ,其结果对脑的立体定向手术有参考价值。     

颞前经海绵窦入路至基底动脉分叉区的显微解剖学研究

目的：探讨颞前经海绵窦入路至基底动脉分叉区的相关显微解剖学研究。方法：采用5例（10侧）乳胶灌注湿性尸头,模拟颞前经海绵窦入路至基底动脉分叉区的手术路径,观测术野范围、操作视角、小脑幕前切迹区相关结构的毗邻关系及构成颈内动脉-动眼神经三角（COT）扩大前后的面积。结果：①颞前经海绵窦入路所显露的脑表面空间面积为（1103．2±412．3）mm2,其在平行于大脑外侧裂轴上的操作视角为（125±5．4）°,与垂直于该轴方向上的操作视角为（20．3±2．9）°。②原位测量COT面积为（22．04±5．22）mm2;通过磨除颅底骨质,向中线侧移动颈内动脉,切开视神经管鞘环,测量扩大后的COT面积为（55．38±6．03）mm2。后者的面积较COT扩大之前明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：通过扩大COT面积,打开海绵窦顶部,颞前经海绵窦入路能够增加小脑幕前切迹区的显露,有效地暴露基底动脉分叉区的病变。     

青少年骶骨骶髂螺钉钉道增龄变化的数字化评估

目的 通过数字化分析、测量青少年骶骨安全骨性螺钉钉道并观察钉道增龄变化的规律。 方法 收集160名10~17岁健康青少年志愿者骨盆CT扫描数据,三维重建测量S1、S2横向骶髂螺钉最优置钉通道的轴向狭窄处的宽度,测量S1、S2最优钉道经“骶骨经髂骨”（trans-sacral trans-iliac,TSTI）螺钉通道长度,测量S1、S2 TSTI通道投影长短轴长度并观察通道随年龄增长的变化规律。 结果 S1骶髂螺钉安全通道宽度,男性：左（8.96±2.02）mm,右（9.03±2.24）mm;女性：左（8.26±1.96）mm,右（8.37±2.11）mm。S1处TSTI螺钉长度,男性（141.25±5.92）mm,女性（134.37±5.68）mm。S2骶髂螺钉安全通道宽度,男性：左（6.49±1.98）mm,右（6.38±1.88）mm;女性：左（6.21±1.76）mm,右（6.14±1.55）mm。S2处TSTI螺钉长度,男性（126.28±4.94）mm,女性（122.31±5.13）mm。 结论 青少年在S1、S2均存在影像学上安全的骨性髂骶螺钉通道,随着年龄的增长,通道投影长短轴比例逐渐加大,高度的增长速度快于宽度的增长速度。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...