吸烟对上海市区几种主要恶性肿瘤的人群归因危险度

上海市肿瘤研究所流行病室于1984年-1990年期间先后进行了基于全人群的肺癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、膀肤癌、喉场、口腔癌、胃癌和结、直肠癌的病例对照研究。总结了吸烟对以上各肿瘤的人群归因危险度（PARP）。结果表明，吸烟是上海市区男性肺癌、膀胱癌及喉癌的主要原因。PARP分别为     

上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤相对生存率分析

目的:分析1988～1995年上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的生存情况,观察其趋势.方法:根据上海市肿瘤登记处积累的肿瘤登记病例和随访资料,采用寿命表法和Hakulinen氏法计算相对生存率,并比较前后两个时期(4年)结果.结果:上海市区1988～1995年男性膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌5年相对生存率分别为57.4%、49.9%、36.5%,女性膀胱癌、肾癌5年相对生存率分别为47.6%、53.5%;其中男性膀胱癌的生存率高于女性,但肾癌相反.不同时间段分析结果显示:1988～1991年男性膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌5年相对生存率分别从53.7%、41.6%、38.0%上升至1992～1995年的57.2%、50.6%、39.1%;女性膀胱癌5年相对生存率从41.8%上升至44.7%,而女性肾癌5年相对生存率从48.0%降至47.3%.结论:上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤生存率基本呈现上升趋势,但仅男性肾癌和前列腺癌的变化有统计学意义.     

AFP在肝细胞癌及卵黄囊瘤以外恶性肿瘤的临床意义

为探索血清甲胎蛋白（ＡＦＰ）对肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）和卵黄囊瘤（ＹＳＴ）以外恶性肿瘤的临床意义，我院自１９８２年以来，对ＨＣＣ和ＹＳＴ以外恶性肿瘤病人进行了ＡＦＰ检测，结果发现阳性（＞２０μｇ／Ｌ）者７４例。其中胃癌４８例（４８／１０２７），结肠直肠癌１１例（１１／８３５），食管癌２例（２／４２１），胰腺癌３例（３／１０４），肺癌６例（６／７３６），卵巢癌１例（１／２８９），胆囊癌２例（２／３１），肾癌１例（１／５７）。２４例胃癌和４例结肠癌病程中发现肝转移者分别为１４例（５８．３％）和３例（７５％）。结合文献与本文病例分析结果表明：ＨＣＣ和ＹＳＴ以外恶性肿瘤，其血清中增高的ＡＦＰ是癌细胞合成和分泌的。因此，ＡＦＰ检测对此类肿瘤有诊断价值，并可作为患者术后疗效监护指标。由于ＡＦＰ有免疫抑制作用，此类肿瘤易发生肝转移而预后不良，属高度恶性肿瘤     

2012年山西省阳泉市恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]分析2012年山西省阳泉市恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡情况.[方法]按照全国肿瘤登记中心制定的审核方法和标准对2012年阳泉市居民恶性肿瘤发病和死亡上报资料进行收集、整理、统计和分析.[结果] 2012年阳泉市恶性肿瘤新发病例2920例,其中男性1700例,女性1220例;恶性肿瘤发病率为221.60/10万(男性249.00/10万,女性192.15/10万);死亡病例1515例,其中男性939例,女性576例,死亡率114.98/10万(男性137.53/10万,女性90.72/10万).全市前10位恶性肿瘤发病依次为肺癌、胃癌、食管癌、结直肠肛门癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、女性乳腺癌、肾癌、膀胱癌、脑瘤,占全部恶性肿瘤发病的81.19％;全市前10位恶性肿瘤死亡依次为肺癌、胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌、脑瘤、白血病、女性乳腺癌、宫颈癌、肾癌,占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的87.91％.[结论]恶性肿瘤是威胁阳泉市居民健康的重大疾病,常见恶性肿瘤主要是肺癌、胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌以及女性乳腺癌和宫颈癌,应进一步加强主要肿瘤的预防和控制.     

肿瘤中GST活性及GSTπ基因表达的研究

通过测定肿瘤中ＧＳＴ活性和以杂交方法检测肿瘤中ＧＳＴπｍＲＮＡ含量，结果表明：５６例肿瘤组织与癌旁组织比较，胃癌、肺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、乳腺癌ＧＳＴ活性增高分别为１．１，１．１５，１．２６，１．０６，３．８４倍（Ｐ〈０．０５），膀胱癌与白血病细胞无增高。基因杂交方法检测肿瘤中ＧＳＴπｍＲＮＡ含量，胃癌、肺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、白血病细胞分别为１．８１，２．５５，２．４，１．５，４．８     

河北省磁县2013—2017年恶性肿瘤死亡特征分析

目的 了解磁县居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况与分布特征。方法 按照肿瘤登记规范，收集整理并分析2013—2017年磁县恶性肿瘤死亡资料，统计和计算恶性肿瘤粗死亡率、中国标化死亡率和世界标化死亡率等指标。结果 2013年1月1日—2017年12月31日五年累计恶性肿瘤死亡6 490例，年平均粗死亡率为202.88/10万，中国标化死亡率为186.49/10万，世界标化死亡率为189.02/10万。男性死亡率前10位恶性肿瘤顺位为食管癌、胃癌、支气管肺癌、肝癌、直肠癌、脑神经系统肿瘤、结肠癌、白血病、胰腺癌、膀胱癌；女性死亡率前10位恶性肿瘤依次是食管癌、支气管肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、子宫颈癌、结肠癌、脑神经系统肿瘤、直肠癌、卵巢癌。死亡率从40岁年龄组以后上升明显，并随年龄的增高而升高，至85～岁年龄组死亡率达最高峰。结论 2013—2017年上消化道癌、肺癌是威胁磁县居民的主要恶性肿瘤，开展高危人群筛查及综合防治仍然是当前恶性肿瘤预防控制的主要工作任务。     

嘉善县恶性肿瘤死亡率及流行趋势研究

[目的]为了解嘉善县恶性肿瘤的死亡率及其变化趋势,以指导肿瘤防治工作。[方法]全部恶性肿瘤死亡病例按ICD－9编码后进行统计分析,并与70年代资料进行对比分析,用简略寿命得出恶性肿瘤对期望寿命的损失。[结果]该县恶性肿瘤年平均死亡率为156．9／10万,占全死因的23．2％,位居第二位死因。恶性肿瘤使男性期望寿命损失3．54岁、女性损失2．18岁。死亡率在7／10万以上的肿瘤是肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、食管癌、直肠癌和结肠癌。这6种瘤占全部肿瘤的3．54岁、女性损失2．18岁。死亡率在7／10万以上的肿瘤是肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、食管癌、直肠癌和结肠癌,这6种肿瘤占全部肿瘤的77．8％。恶性肿瘤粗死亡率比70年代上升16．3％,调整死亡率则下降34．2％,年平均下降1．6％。肺癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、胆囊（管）癌和女性乳腺癌的调整死亡率上升;肝癌、直肠癌、食管癌和宫颈宫的调整死亡率下降。[结论]除了继续加强对肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、直肠癌和结肠癌的防治外,对胰腺癌、膀胱癌、胆囊（管）癌和女性乳腺部的防治和研究也应引起足够的重视。     

2002～2005年上海市松江区居民恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]分析上海市松江区2002～2005年居民新发恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分布特征。[方法]对2002～2005年松江区肿瘤发病及死亡资料进行分析。[结果]2002～2005年发病率与死亡率男性均大于女性。年龄别发病率与死亡率均随年龄增高呈上升趋势。男性恶性肿瘤发病率位于前五位的分别为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、大肠癌、食管癌，死亡率位于前六位的分别为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌：女性恶性肿瘤发病率位于前五位的为乳腺癌、大肠癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌，死亡率前六位的为大肠癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌。男性肺癌发病率与死亡率均是最高．而乳腺癌50～70岁年龄段妇女高发，而胰腺癌死亡率升高明显已跃居男、女性死亡前六位。[结论]松江区恶性肿瘤防治重点应该为40岁以上人群，肺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌等应成为肿瘤防治的重点。     

嘉善县恶性肿瘤发病率及动态研究

[目的]了解目前嘉善县农村恶性肿瘤的流行特征及变化趋势,以指导今后的肿瘤防治工作。[方法]通过肿瘤登记系统收集肿瘤发病资料,用国际疾病分类（ICD－9）四位数进行编码,各年度人口资料根据1982年和1990年全国人口普查中的性别、年龄构成估算出各年龄组人口数,将资料分为前、后6年进行对比分析。[结果]恶性肿瘤发病率为183．1／10万,男性为236．9／10万,女性为127．6／10万。前5位肿瘤依次为肿瘤、胃癌、肺癌、结／直肠癌和食管癌,占全部恶性肿瘤发病的74．7％。12年间,肿调整发病率男性从168．5／10万下降至15．8／19万;女性从83．6／10万下降至80．7／10万。发病率上升的肿瘤的：男、女性的胆囊癌、胰腺癌、脑肿瘤、肾癌、甲状腺癌,男性的肺癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌、喉癌、膀胱癌、阴茎癌、白血病和淋巴瘤,女性的卵巢高、子宫体癌、乳腺癌和胃癌;发病率下降的肿瘤是：男、女性的食管癌、直肠癌、肝癌、鼻咽癌、骨和软骨恶性肿瘤、男性的睾丸恶性肿瘤、女性的宫颈癌、白血病和皮肤癌。[结论]提示居民生活方式的改变和环境因素起着较为重要的作用,需积极寻找相关危险因素,有针对性地采取预防措施。     

北京市密云地区2534例恶性肿瘤疾病谱特点分析

目的 了解恶性肿瘤的疾病谱分布,为密云地区恶性肿瘤的防治提供方向和思路.方法 收集2000年1月-2010年1月在密云县医院诊治的恶性肿瘤患者的基本信息,对其构成比进行统计学分析.结果 共有肿瘤患者2 534例,其中男性1 470例,占58.01％,女性1 064例,占41.99％,男女比例1.38∶1;年龄1～94岁,中位年龄61岁,其中70岁以上老年患者830例,占32.75％,70岁以下1 704例,占67.25％.恶性肿瘤构成比依次为肺癌、结直肠癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、膀胱癌、淋巴瘤、子宫内膜癌,子宫颈癌.此10大恶性肿瘤占全部患者的69.81％,其中肺癌构成比达到15.43％,消化系统肿瘤占到38.50％.男性恶性肿瘤的构成比位于前5位的是肺癌、食管癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、胃癌;女性恶性肿瘤的构成比位于前5位的是乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、子宫内膜及子宫颈癌、卵巢癌.老年人恶性肿瘤的构成比位于前5位的是肺癌、结直肠癌、食管癌、膀胱癌、贲门癌;中青年人恶性肿瘤的构成比位于前5位的是肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、胃癌.结论 肺癌和消化道肿瘤是密云地区恶性肿瘤防治的重点,此外,老年患者中的膀胱癌及女性患者中的乳腺癌的防治也应引起足够的重视.     

Trends in smoking-related cancer incidence in Tarragona, Spain, 1980–96

Objectives: To analyze recent trends (1980–96) in the incidence of smoking-related cancers among men and women in Tarragona, Spain. Methods: Data were obtained from a population-based cancer registry. Age-standardized incidence rates were computed. Secular trends, between 1980 and 1996, were estimated using a Poisson regression model. From these figures, age, period, and cohort effects were assessed using the method proposed by Holford. Results: The incidence of all smoking-related cancers combined increased significantly in both sexes. The annual increase was 3.0% in men and 4.5% in women. By sites the annual increase was 4.3% in oral cavity, 5.1% in pancreas, 2.5% in lung, 3.2% in bladder, and 7.7% in kidney cancers among men. Among women the corresponding increments were 7.0% in oral cavity, 7.3% in pancreas, 3.1% in lung, 2.1% in bladder, and 6.9% in kidney cancers. The increasing incidence of lung cancer in women was mostly due to the adenocarcinoma histological type. No increase was observed in esophagus and larynx cancer either in men or women. It was not possible to determine whether the increases are due to a period or cohort effect since the curvature analysis was found to be non-significant. Conclusions: All smoking-related cancers combined, except larynx and esophagus, are increasing in both sexes. The effect of tobacco, alcohol, and occupational exposure to carcinogens could explain the high rates of larynx, bladder, and upper digestive tract cancer in men. The rising incidence rates of lung cancer observed in younger women indicate a change in recent trends that is consistent with changes observed in smoking prevalence. Unless recent upward smoking trends in young women can be reversed, lung cancer in women will rise rapidly in the next few years. New smoking prevention strategies aimed at Spanish women, especially in the younger age groups, should be developed.     

Rauchen, Passivrauchen und Krebserkrankungen

Tobacco smoking is the most important avoidable cause of cancer. About one third of all cancer deaths in many Western countries can be attributed to smoking. Lung cancer is the most prominent tobacco-induced cancer. In Europe, about 90% of all lung cancer deaths among men and 60% among women are caused by smoking. Duration of smoking is the strongest determinant of lung cancer. Risk also increases in proportion to the number of cigarettes smoked. Stopping smoking reduces the risk. The younger the age at cessation, the greater the benefit. An updated evaluation of epidemiological studies by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that, in addition to cancer of the lung, oral cavity, oro- and hypopharynx, larynx, pancreas, renal pelvis, urinary bladder and esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma), there is sufficient evidence for a causal association between smoking and cancers of the nasal and sinonasal cavities, nasopharynx, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), stomach, liver, uterine cervix, as well as myeloid leukemia, and renal cancer. Among never-smokers, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is an established causal risk factor for lung cancer.     

Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey

From personal interviews obtained for 7,518 incident cases of invasive cancer from the population-based Third National Cancer Survey, the quantitative lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, unsmoked tobacco, wine, beer, hard liquor, and combined alcohol were recorded, as well as education and family income level. In an initial screening analysis of these data, Mantel-Haenszel 2 X 2 contingency tabulations and multiple regression analyses were used to compare each specific cancer site with controls from other sites to test for associations with the "exposure variables." Significant positive associations with cigarette smoking were found for cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and uterine cervix. Other forms of tobacco were associated with cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, lung, and cervix. Consumption of wine, beer, hard liquor, and all combined showed positive associations with neoplasms of the oral cavity larynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, breast, and thyroid gland. College educaton and high income both showed positive associations with cancers of the breast, thyroid gland, uterine corpus, and melanomas in males. These same indicators of high socioeconomic status showed inverse associations with invasive neoplasms of the uterine cervix, lung, lip-tongue, and colon in females. College attendance (but not income) showed an inverse association with stomach cancer and positive association with pancreatic cancer in males. Still other tumor sties showed "suggestive" associations with each of these exposure variables. In the analyses producing these results, age, race, sex, smoking, drinking, education, income, parity, foreign birth, marital status, and geographic location were used as stratification variables separately or in combination when appropriate to assess and control for their potentially confounding affects and to examine results in different strata to assess interaction.     

Cancer incidence trends in urban shanghai, 1972-1994: an update.

Incidence rates for a number of cancers in urban Shanghai, China, have been changing markedly. Herein we update the trends using population-based data from the Shanghai Cancer Registry for 1972-1994. During 1993-1994, cancers of the lung, stomach, and liver were the 3 leading forms among men, with age-adjusted (world standard) incidence rates of 50.9, 39.2, and 26.5 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, followed by cancers of the colon (12.4) and esophagus (10.0). Among women, cancers of the breast (27.5), stomach (19.1), and lung (17.7) were the most common tumors, followed by cancers of the colon (11.3) and liver (9.4). Over the 23-year period, the rate for all cancers combined, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, decreased from 247.5 to 215.2 among men and from 173.6 to 154.0 among women. However, trends for individual forms of cancer varied considerably. Rates doubled for cancers of the colon and biliary tract in both sexes, and they increased substantially for cancers of the brain and nervous system, kidney, pancreas, prostate, corpus uteri, female breast, and ovary, and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Rates for cancers of the lung and rectum changed little. Rates declined by at least one-half for cancers of the esophagus and cervix, with notable decreases also for cancers of the stomach and liver. Some of these trends may reflect variations in diagnostic or screening practices, although changes in lifestyle and other environmental exposures are likely to play important roles. Further epidemiologic research in China is needed to identify risk factors influencing the cancer incidence trends.     

Cancer incidence trends in Urban Shanghai, 1972-1989

Incidence data pertaining to more than 250,000 cancer cases diagnosed during the years 1972-1989 among residents of urban Shanghai, China, were analyzed to determine the relative importance of the various malignancies and to discover changes over time. In the most recent 3-year period, lung cancer was the most frequent cancer among men (57.0 per 100,000 person-years, age-adjusted world standard), followed by cancers of the stomach (50. 1), liver (29.6), esophagus (13.3), colon (11.2) and rectum (9.4). Among women, breast cancer leads (25.1), followed by cancers of the stomach (23.2), lung (18.8), liver (10.9), colon (10.2) and rectum (7.3). The most impressive increases in incidence rates from 1972-74 to 1987-89 were observed for cancers of the gallbladder (119% and 101% among men and women, respectively), colon (85% and 78%), and brain and other nervous system (71% and 60%). In addition, increases of 20-50% occurred for cancers of the pancreas, male lung, female breast, corpus uteri, kidney, and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Rates declined notably for cancers of the esophagus (-54% and -53%), cervix uteri (-86%), and to a lesser extent (10-20%) cancers of the male stomach and liver. These observed trends can be explained only partly by improvements in cancer diagnosis and completeness of the cancer registry, and most likely reflect changes in the prevalence of risk factors in this population.     

Education and cancer risk.

BACKGROUND. Socioeconomic factors have been associated, to a variable degree, with the risk of serious cancers. METHODS. The relationship between education and cancer risk was analyzed using data from a series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1990, including 119 histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 294 of the esophagus, 564 of the stomach, 673 of the colon, 406 of the rectum, 258 of the liver, 41 of the gallbladder, 303 of the pancreas, 149 of the larynx, 2860 of the breast, 692 of the cervix, 567 of the corpus uteri, 742 of the ovary, 107 of the prostate, 365 of the bladder, 147 of the kidney, and 120 of the thyroid, 72 Hodgkin diseases, 173 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, 117 myelomas, and a total of 6147 control subjects admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. RESULTS. Nine types of cancer were inversely related to education. Those were oral cavity and pharynx, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.3 for the highest versus the lowest level; esophagus, RR = 0.6; stomach, RR = 0.5; liver, RR = 0.7; gallbladder, RR = 0.5; larynx, RR = 0.3; cervix, RR = 0.7; endometrium, RR = 0.5; and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, RR = 0.6. Five cancer sites were directly related to education: colon, RR = 1.3; pancreas, RR = 1.3; breast, RR = 1.5; kidney, RR = 1.3; and thyroid, RR = 1.5. No consistent gradient in risk with education was observed for the six other neoplasms considered, including rectum, prostate, bladder, Hodgkin disease, and multiple myeloma. The patterns of risk for education were consistent in men and women for most cancer sites except colon, for which the direct relationship was stronger in males. CONCLUSIONS. This study confirms the existence of and quantifies a number of strong socioeconomic correlates of cancer risk and indicates a few points open to additional investigation, such as the different pattern of risk for rectal and colon cancer, the strong negative gradient for endometrial cancer, and the absence of any clear association with education for cancers of the ovary, prostate, urinary tract, lymphomas, and myeloma.     

Maté Consumption and Risk of Cancer: a Multi-site Case-Control Study in Uruguay

In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the relationshipof maté consumption and risk of 13 cancer sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 13,201 participants(8,875 cases and 4,326 controls) drawn from the four major public hospitals in the city of Montevideo. Newlydiagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon,rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder and kidney were included in the study. Controlswere drawn from the same hospitals and in the same time period and were afflicted by non-neoplastic conditionsnot related with tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking and without recent changes in their diets. Odds ratios formaté consumption was directly associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), esophagus,stomach, larynx, lung, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder, and kidney. In conclusion these results suggest thatchemicals, like benzo[a]pyrene, could be responsible of the carcinogenic effect of maté in the above mentionedcancer sites.     

Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence

This report summarises the epidemiological evidence on the association between tobacco smoking and cancer, which was reviewed by an international group of scientists convened by IARC. Studies published since the 1986 IARC Monograph on "Tobacco smoking" provide sufficient evidence to establish a causal association between cigarette smoking and cancer of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, stomach, liver, kidney (renal cell carcinoma) and uterine cervix, and for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and myeloid leukaemia. These sites add to the previously established list of cancers causally associated with cigarette smoking, namely cancer of the lung, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder and renal pelvis. Other forms of tobacco smoking, such as cigars, pipes and bidis, also increase risk for cancer, including cancer of the lung and parts of the upper aerodigestive tract. A meta-analysis of over 50 studies on involuntary smoking among never smokers showed a consistent and statistically significant association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk. Smoking is currently responsible for a third of all cancer deaths in many Western countries. It has been estimated that every other smoker will be killed by tobacco.     

Modifiable risk factors for cancer

Over 6 million people around the world die from cancer each year. Modifiable risk factors have been linked to a wide range of malignancies, including cancers of the oropharynx, oesophagus, larynx, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas, skin, stomach, ovary, breast, cervix, uterus, prostate, and colon. Research indicates that over half of all cancers in developed countries could be prevented if we implemented population-wide measures to promote the following behaviours: reduce tobacco use, increase physical activity, control weight, improve diet, limit alcohol, utilise safer sex practices, get routine cancer screening tests, and avoid excess sun exposure.     

Correlations between cancer incidence rates from the Canadian National Cancer Incidence Reporting System, 1969-78

Incidence rates for 19 cancers in females and 16 cancers in males have been computed from data reported by 8 Canadian provinces to the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System between 1969 and 1978. The rates, very similar in absolute and relative magnitude to those reported by the U.S. Third National Cancer Survey, have been used to examine patterns of correlation between various cancers within the 8 provinces. There is strong evidence of positive associations between a number of cancers, including a number of associations that have been reported in other similar correlational studies. Correlations that may be of particular interest in suggesting etiologic factors in common include clusters of smoking-related cancers (buccal cavity with pharynx, larynx, lung, and bladder), female sexual cancers (breast, corpus uteri, and ovary), and a group of cancers that have shown correlation in other studies (i.e., cancers of the pancreas and kidney, leukemias, lymphomas, and cancer of the prostate gland). Organs in the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum) anatomically close to each other show a high positive correlation in both females and males, but the further apart the organs are the lower is the correlation; these observations are consistent with other evidence of varying dietary etiologies. Two individual correlations of particular interest are those between female brain tumors and female bladder cancer (two cancers for which little is known of the etiology for a large percentage of them) and those between female breast cancer and female lung cancer. This study, the largest correlational study of incidence data reported to date, demonstrates the utility of such simple correlational analyses.