复方邻苯二甲醛杀枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞效果及机制研究

目的 研究复方邻苯二甲醛杀枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞的效果及其机制.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验法研究复方邻苯二甲醛对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭效果,从蛋白质、DNA漏出、超微结构探讨其杀芽胞机制.结果 在(20±1)℃条件下,含邻苯二甲醛(OPA)5000 mg/L的复方邻苯二甲醛作用枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞30 min,平均杀灭对数值＞5.00,枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞经复方邻苯二甲醛作用后,有蛋白质漏出,但无DNA漏出;透射电镜观察发现复方邻苯二甲醛作用后,芽胞形状不规则,外壳电子密度深浅不均,甚至部分缺损,核心区偏位,出现电子透明区.结论 复方邻苯二甲醛可有效杀灭枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞,其机制是在苯扎溴铵的协同作用下,芽胞的渗透压改变,通透性增加,OPA更易进入细胞内导致蛋白质变性、漏出而起杀灭作用.     

国产邻苯二甲醛消毒效果的实验与临床研究

目的探讨国产邻苯二甲醛消毒灭菌效果及其在内镜消毒中的临床应用. 方法用悬液定量法检测其杀菌效果;用于纤维内镜临床使用中的消毒,观察其临床消毒效果. 结果在20～21℃条件下,以5 664 mg/L邻苯二甲醛对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用1、3 min,平均杀灭率分别为99.99%、100.00%;对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用60 min和90 min,平均杀灭率分别为99.94%和100.00%;用于胃肠镜消毒,浸泡5、10、15、20 min均无菌生长. 结论邻苯二甲醛消毒剂具有良好杀菌效果,用于纤维内镜消毒时间短、效果好,具有较好的临床使用前景.     

苍术消毒剂杀菌性能的实验观察

目的 通过试验对苍术消毒剂的杀菌性能进行科学评价。方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验，观察其杀菌效果。结果 在20～21℃条件下，用其1．4％(原液70倍稀释)苍术消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌作用7min的杀灭率达99．9％；以10．0％该液对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用7min的杀灭率100％；该原液放置于54～56℃条件下2周，杀菌效果无明显变化。结论 苍术消毒剂具有良好杀菌效果和稳定性。     

邻苯二甲醛的消毒灭菌效果研究

目的探索邻苯二甲醛的消毒灭菌效果. 方法用标准菌株作定量杀菌试验. 结果邻苯二甲醛作用60 min,细菌杀灭率达99.90%;作用90 min,细菌杀灭率达100%. 结论邻苯二甲醛是一种新型、快速、高效消毒剂.     

邻苯二甲醛和强化戊二醛杀灭细菌芽孢效果比较

目的 比较邻苯二甲醛消毒剂与强化戊二醛消毒剂对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀灭效果.方法 采用载体定量杀菌试验对两者的杀灭效果和连续使用稳定性进行比较.结果 0.53%邻苯二甲醛消毒液作用3 h对不锈钢片上枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀灭对数值为3.21,作用10 h杀灭对数值6.10;而2.18%强化戊二醛消毒液作用3 h杀灭对数值6.10;0.53%邻苯二甲醛消毒液连续使用7、14 d后.仍保持对芽孢有良好的杀灭能力.结论 邻苯二甲醛消毒剂杀灭细菌芽孢的效果不如强化戊二醛,但可具备用于内镜高水平消毒效果和使用稳定性.     

邻苯二甲醛消毒剂杀菌效果及相关性能评价

目的 研究邻苯二甲醛消毒剂的杀菌效果及其有关性能.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验、模拟现场和现场消毒试验、稳定性试验、金属腐蚀性试验进行观察.结果 0.53%邻苯二甲醛消毒液作用2.5 min对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭对数值均>5.00,对白色念珠菌和龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种的杀灭对数值均>4.00,作用5 min对内镜消毒模拟现场试验效果和现场试验效果都达到高水平消毒要求.0.53%邻苯二甲醛消毒液对不锈钢、碳钢、铜、铝浸泡72 h后均属基本无腐蚀;产品经37℃恒温恒湿存放90 d后,邻苯二甲醛含量下降率为2.08%,有效期可达2年以上.结论 0.53%邻苯二甲醛消毒液作用5 nun达到对内镜高水平消毒要求,且性能稳定,对金属基本无腐蚀,可用于内镜消毒.     

微波协同4种消毒剂杀菌效果研究

目的探寻一种高水平的消毒方法。方法利用微波与4种常用消毒剂(氯己定、苯扎溴铵、戊二醛和邻苯二甲醛)的联合作用进行载体定量杀菌试验。结果在微波输出功率为210 W的协同作用下,低效消毒剂(氯己定和苯扎溴铵)显现微弱杀枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞活性,高效消毒剂(戊二醛和邻苯二甲醛)杀枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的活性则显著增强。戊二醛浓度为2%,作用时间为4 min;邻苯二甲醛浓度为0.55%,作用时间为3 min,其杀灭对数减少值均>3.00。结论微波和加热对消毒剂均有增效作用,而微波除热效应使消毒剂增效外,非热效应也起到一定作用。     

万德牌二氧化氯消毒剂的杀菌效果观察

目的：探讨万德牌二氧化氯消毒剂的杀菌效果。方法：随机抽取该消毒剂60瓶，按卫生部《消毒技术规范》消毒剂鉴定技术检测其杀菌效果，杀菌试验重复5次，理化试验重复3次。结果：该消毒剂活化后ClO2浓度为10mg/L时，对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用5分钟，杀灭率分别为99．90％与99．99％，浓度为200mg/L时，对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用10分钟，杀灭率为99．96％。有机物并不影响其杀菌效果，而且稳定性较好。结论：该消毒剂具有高效的杀菌效果。     

邻苯二甲醛消毒剂性能与含量测定方法研究

目的研究了邻苯二甲醛(OPA)消毒剂性能及其含量测定方法,了解新型器械消毒剂的性能以及指导其使用。方法对邻苯二甲醛消毒液进行紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、热稳定性试验,金属腐蚀试验,悬液定量杀菌试验以及内镜模拟现场试验等;采用EXECL 2010进行数据线性回归方程分析。结果按照消毒技术规范试验方法,用0.55%邻苯二甲醛原液对白色假丝酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种作用3min后,平均杀灭对数值分别为7.62、7.86和6.61;模拟内镜消毒试验中对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭对数值3,达到了高水平消毒的要求,对金属无腐蚀;37℃保持90d,有效成分下降率为2.18%,可达到两年的贮存期限;紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法含量测定结果不一致,可能原因是配方中的其他成分在259nm处也存在吸收,紫外分光光度法并不能进行区分,而高效液相色谱法可以对有相同吸收峰的物质进行分离,测量准确。结论邻苯二甲醛消毒液可以达到高水平消毒要求而且性能稳定,腐蚀性低,对于含量测定,效液相色谱法较紫外分光光度法的结果更为准确。     

邻苯二甲醛消毒作用及其机制

新型消毒剂邻苯二甲醛(OPA)对微生物具有杀灭作用，0．5％OPA溶液(20℃、pH7．5)作用10min可杀灭革兰阳性和阴性细菌、真菌及病毒；当OPA溶液温度上升，pH值调至8以上或提高其使用浓度时，具有杀灭芽孢的性能。本文就OPA对微生物的杀灭作用、杀菌影响因素、作用机制、毒性及应用等研究进展作了综述。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.