异丙酚和咪达唑仑靶控输注用于硬膜外麻醉病人术中镇静的对比研究

目的 观察异丙酚和咪达唑仑靶控输注（TCI）用于硬膜外麻醉病人术中镇静的效果．为临床工作提供指导。方法 下腹部手术病人40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分成两组,每组20例。Ⅰ组为硬膜外麻醉复合TCI异丙酚组,Ⅱ组为硬膜外麻醉复合TCI咪达唑仑组。硬膜外麻醉效果满意后开始TCI,利用警觉-镇静（（OAA／S）评分和脑电双频指数（BIS）监测镇静程度,OAA／S评分发生变化时记录即刻的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、BIS及血药浓度。术中保持OAA／S评分于3分水平,如病人出现躁动则加深至2分。术中监测不良反应,手术结束前停TCI,观察苏醒时间。结果 不同OAA／S砰分时两组病人MAP、HR、SpO2、BIS均有明显改变,组间比较无显著差异。两组病人不良反应发生率无明显差异。苏醒时间Ⅰ组短于Ⅱ组（t=5．15．P〈0．01）。OAA／S评分与BIS呈正相关（r=0．829、0．871．P〈0、01）,BIS与血药浓度呈负相关（r=0．771、0．687,P〈0．01）。结论 异丙酚和咪达唑仑靶控输注用于硬膜外麻醉病人的术中镇静安全有效．BIS与OAA/S评分可有效指导TCI用药,值得临床推广。     

40-Hz听觉稳态反应电位指数用于监测麻醉深度的可行性

目的评价40—Hz听觉稳态反应电位指数用于监测靶控输注异丙酚静脉全麻诱导过程对患者镇静深度的可行性。方法选ASAI级且听力正常的患者30例,采用靶控输注丙泊酚静脉诱导,按顺序维持7种目标浓度：0．5、1．0、115、20、25、3．0、3．5和4．0ug／ml。每一浓度均与效应室浓度平衡2分钟后顺次记录脑电双频指数（BIS）、40-HzASSR指数、收缩压、舒张压和OAA／S镇静评分。结果40—HzASSR指数、BIS与OAA／S镇静评分的相关系数分别为0．766（r2=0．587;P〈0．001）和0856（r2=0．761;P〈0．001）。40-HzASSR指数、BIS和OAA／S与目标血浆浓度的相关系数分别为0．873,0．851和0893（P〈0．001）。当患者意识消失时,OAA／S镇静评分由3分到2分,BIS降到60左右,40-HzASSR指数降到20左右,与意识消失前比较均有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论40-HzASSR指数在靶控输注丙泊酚静脉全麻诱导过程中,可以反映患者镇静水平的变化。     

前列腺电切术中异丙酚咪唑安定靶控输注对血流动力学的影响

目的应用靶控输入技术研究咪唑安定异丙酚对前列腺电切（TULIP）患者术中血流动力学的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、择期行TURP患者30例，随机分为异丙酚组（P组）及咪唑安定异丙酚组（M＋P组），以效应部位浓度（Ce）为靶控浓度，P组靶浓度从0．5μg／ml开始，输注5min后递增，递增梯度为0．2μg／ml。M＋P组在TCI前5min静脉注射咪唑安定0．04mg／kg，余同P组，以清醒镇静（OAA／S）评分作为评价指标，记录达到不同分值时Ce值以及对血流动力学及呼吸功能的影响。结果各组OAA／S评分2分及3分时血流动力学指标及SpO2比较均降低（P〈0．05）。组间比较，各生理学参数OAA／S评分4分及5分之间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05），在2分及3分时组间比较具差异有显著性（P〈0．05），以异丙酚组变化幅度明显，部分需呼吸和循环支持。各评分点异丙酚与咪唑安定组Ce值较单纯异丙酚组Ce值明显降低（P〈0．05）。各评分点同异丙酚Ce值或异丙酚与咪唑安定组Ce值具有良好的相关性（r=0．893，P〈0．05）。结论老年患者行TURP，在理想OAA／S下，异丙酚复合咪唑安定较单独使用异丙酚更利于维持血流动力学的稳定和呼吸功能的平稳。     

不同靶控浓度异丙酚对老年患者脑电双频指数的影响

目的观察使用不同靶控浓度异丙酚时老年患者脑电双频指数（BIS）的变化,以寻求最佳靶控浓度。方法选择ASA1—2级在全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的老年患者16例,按异丙酚靶控浓度随机分为A组（2．0μg/ml）和B组（3．0g／ml）,每组8例。人室后测量BIS作为基础值。麻醉诱导时按既定的靶控浓度输注异丙酚,手术结束前10min停药。记录插管前、插管后1min、切皮、术中15min、术中30min的BIS值以及停药后病人警觉／镇静评定达到4级的时间（即拔管时间）。结果插管前BIS值两组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,但与各自的基础值相比都降低（P〈0．01）;插管后 1min、切皮时A组BIS值较插管前升高（P〈0．05）,B组BIS值升高不明显（P〉0．05）;A组拔管时间早于B组（P〈0．05）。结论对老年患者,3．0μg／ml的异丙酚靶控浓度能较好地抑制插管反应及切皮刺激,而在麻醉维持阶段,2．0μg／ml异丙酚即能维持理想的麻醉深度,且可以缩短拔管时间。     

CSI在成人靶控输注异丙酚麻醉诱导中的监测及评价

目的：评价麻醉深度指数（cerebral state index,CSI）在靶控输注异丙酚麻醉诱导过程中预测患者麻醉深度的精确程度。方法：40例成人全麻手术患者,ASA（American Society of Anesthesiologists）Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,靶控输注异丙酚诱导,最初血浆靶浓度设置在0．5mg／5min增加0．5mg／L,直至改良清醒镇静（modified observer＇s assessment of alertness／sedation,MOAA／S）评分为0后5min停止。试验中监测患者CSI、平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）、心率（heartrate,HR）、MOAA／S评分、靶控输注系统预测效应部位浓度值。结果：（1）CSI值随MOAA／S评分下降而下降,在MOAA／S评分为0至1,1至2,3至4,4至5时CSI值下降均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。MAP在MOAA／S评分3至2时下降有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。HR在各级MOAA／S评分时差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）CSI,MAP,HR与MOAA／S评分的等级相关系数分别为0．929,0．421,0．085。CSI,MAP,HR在区分不同MOAA／S评分时的预测概率（prediction probability,Pk）分别为0．94,0．67,0．54。（3）CSI与异丙酚靶控输注预测效应部位浓度存在线性回归关系（决定系数R^2=0．833,P〈0．01）。结论：在成人患者靶控输注异丙酚平稳麻醉诱导状态下,CSI能够准确地区分清醒和麻醉后的不同意识水平,可靠地预测麻醉深度。     

靶控异丙酚时不同意识状态的预测效应部位浓度及与BIS和CSI的关系

目的：探讨靶控异丙酚镇静的患者在出现语言反应消失及意识消失时的异丙酚预测效应部位浓度值,以及麻醉深度指数（cerebral state index,CSI）和脑电双频谱指数（bispectral index,BIS）与预测效应部位浓度的关系。方法：ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者20例,所行手术不限,诱导插管前均予以异丙酚靶控输注镇静,靶浓度从0．5mg／L开始递增,递增梯度为0．5mg／L,每一靶浓度输注5min,直至改良清醒镇静评分（observer’s assessment of alertness／sedation scale,OAA／S）为O后5min停止,试验中监测并记录患者CSI值及BIS值。每间隔20S行改良OAA／S评分,记录靶控输注系统预测效应部位浓度值每变化0．1mg／L时的预测效应部位浓度数值及时间。计算5％,50％及95％患者在丧失语言反应及意识消失时的预测效应部位浓度、BIS和CSI值。结果：异丙酚预测效应部位浓度值与BIS和CSI均呈较好的线性关系（R^2分别为0.787与0.792）。5％,50％及95％患者出现语言反应消失时的异丙酚预测效应部位浓度值分别为1、1,1、8与2．4mg／L;5％,50％及95％患者出现语言反应消失时的BIS值分别为79、2,69．2与59．2;CSI值分别为74.9,65.9与56.8。5％,50％及95％患者出现意识消失时的预测效应部位浓度值分别为1．5,2．5与3．4mg／L;BIS值分别为73.6,57．1与40.6;CSI值分别为65．2,54．8与44．3。结论：靶控异丙酚时患者出现语言反应消失及意识消失时预测效应部位浓度值总是在一定的范围波动;异丙酚预测效应部位浓度值与BIS和CSI均呈较好的线性关系;与BIS比较,出现意识状态改变时CSI数值变化范围较小,用于反映麻醉中患者语言反应消失及意识消失可能更有效。     

Aspect和HXD国产脑电双频指数仪的临床评估

目的：研究Aspect和HXD脑电双频指数监测仪（BIS）与麻醉镇静程度的相关性以及两者的差异性。方法：根据麻醉分级术前评估标准ASA，10例I－Ⅱ级女性行普外或妇科手术病人，于同一病人同时连接两台BIS仪，分为H组和A组，以警觉／镇静（OAA／S）作为镇静评分，记录麻醉诱导及苏醒过程中BIS的变化值，并记录其血压（MAP），心率（HR），麻醉诱导和维持异丙酚采用靶控输液技术（TCI），调整异丙酚的靶浓度，使BIS值维持在40－60之间，分析麻醉诱导和苏醒期OAA／S分别为5，4，3，2时两组的BIS值，MAP，HR值。结果：两组的BIS与OAA／S的相关性均接近于1（P＜0．01），配对t检验无显著性差异（P＞0．05），MAP和HR与OAA／S无相关性（P＞0．05）， 结论：Aspect和HXD都能很好地反映麻醉的镇静程度，而且HXD的性能与Aspect相似，在临床有广泛的应用前景。     

硬膜外阻滞期间反馈靶控输注异丙酚清醒镇静的临床研究

目的评价脑电双频谱指数(BIS)作为反馈靶控输注异丙酚在硬膜外阻滞期间清醒镇静的可行性。方法将50例在硬膜外阻滞下完成择期手术的病人,随机分为靶控输注组(TCI组),反馈靶控输注组(FTCI组),每组25例。以1.0μg/kg为初始靶控浓度开始输注,在效应室异丙酚浓度达到平衡后3min,将靶控浓度增加至1.8μg/ml。TCI组整个手术过程中维持此浓度不变。FTCI组5min后开启BIS反馈系统,当BIS>75时,持续进行TCI,BIS<75停止TCI。整个调控由脑电监测仪器控制输注泵自动完成。记录两组病人麻醉前(T1)、开启BIS反馈系统前(T2)、切皮时(T3)、腹腔探查时(T4)、手术60min时(T5)、术毕停异丙酚输注时(T6)、病人清醒时(T7)等各时点BIS、MAP、HR、SPO2的参数及OAA/S评分,并记录两组病人麻醉时间、异丙酚总用量、平均给药速度、意识恢复时间,计算术中OAA/S、BIS、MAP、评分的最大值和最小值之差,分别表示为△OAA/S、△BIS、△MAP。随访有否术中知晓。结果与T1比较,两组患者在T2时BIS、MAP、HR均下降(P<0.05),T4时MAP、HR升高(P<0.05)。与FTCI组比较,TCI组患者在T4时BIS、MAP、HR升高,而在T6时上述几项指标均下降(P<0.05),术中△OAA/S、△BIS、△MAP升高(P<0.05)。FTCI组病人异丙酚总用量犤(410±33)mg犦显著低于TCI组犤(528±59)mg犦(P<0.01)。结论应用BIS值反馈靶控输注异丙酚在硬膜外阻滞期间的清醒镇静,可更加合理地评估镇静的深度,防止术中知晓,减少异丙酚用量,加快病人清醒,安全有效,较TCI更适用于临床。     

两种麻醉方法用于鼾症麻醉术毕拔管的比较

目的 通过对不同麻醉方法用于鼾症麻醉术毕拔管的比较,研究更适宜的麻醉方法。方法 择期鼾症手术病人60例,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组30例。两组均予瑞芬太尼0．1μg／（kg／min）^-1微量泵持续注入,DR组使用TCI靶控异丙酚血浆靶控浓度3．0ug／mL,SR组调节七氟醚挥发罐浓度,使MAP,心率波动于基础值士20％,且维持BIS值在40-60之间。术前10min,停止吸醚,手术结束,停用瑞芬太尼。观察指标：记录各个时点HR、BP、BIS、MAC。记录自主呼吸恢复时间,睁眼时间,拔管时间。观察拔管后1,5min的意识状态（OAA／S评分法）。结果停止麻醉后,患者自主呼吸恢复、呼之睁眼、气管拔管、SR组长于DR组（P〈0．05）,OAA／S评分达5级时间DR组长于SR组（P〈0．05）,两组均无术中知晓,无麻醉并发症。结论,TCI靶控异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼拔管时间短,七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼拔管至离室意识恢复较好,两种麻醉方法都适合鼾症麻醉。     

硬膜外阻滞麻醉对异丙酚的增强作用及对脑电监测可靠性的影响

目的　探讨硬膜外阻滞对异丙酚全麻诱导用量的影响及相应脑电监测参数的变化。方法　 30例择期行上腹部手术病人 ,随机分为硬膜外复合全麻组 (GE)和全麻组 (G) ,每组 15例。异丙酚输注通过TCI系统(Diprifusor)进行 ,以预期血浆药物浓度为靶控目标 ,最初设定目标血药浓度为 1.0 μg/mL ,以后每 3min递增0 .2μg/mL ,直至OAA/S(镇静 /醒觉评分 )从 5分 (清醒 )降至 1分 (对轻推无反应 )。每次调整目标血药浓度前行OAA/S评分 ,并记录即时的异丙酚预期效应室浓度 (ce)、BIS、AAI、MAP、HR和SPO2 。结果　OAA/S评分从 5分到 1分时所需异丙酚预期ceGE组较G组为低 ,在 1分水平时差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。AAI和BIS值随着镇静程度的加深逐渐下降 ,与OAA/S评分之间的相关性较好 ;在相同OAA/S评分水平时 ,两组的AAI和BIS值水平无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。AAI和BIS值与异丙酚预期ce之间呈直线负相关。结论　硬膜外阻滞可以增强异丙酚的镇静催眠作用 ,而数量化脑电参数AAI和BIS在此过程中仍能较准确地反映麻醉深度     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.