格拉斯琼预防全麻后寒战的临床观察

目的：探讨同哌替啶和曲马多比较,格拉斯琼预防全麻后寒战的临床效果。方法：120例ASA I-II级,在全麻下拟行择期手术患者,随机分为四组,每组30例：T组（曲马多1 mg/kg）,G组（格拉斯琼40μg/kg）,M组（哌替啶0.4 mg/kg）和P组（0.9%生理盐水）。各组药物在手术结束时通过静脉给予。记录术后寒战评分和麻醉恢复时间及镇静程度。结果：同对照组比较,格拉斯琼明显减少麻醉后寒战的发生（P〈0.01）,但同哌替啶和曲马多组比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。哌替啶组和曲马多组的麻醉恢复时间（20.58±3.56和16.45±4.13 min）较对照组（12.61±3.31 min）和格拉斯琼组（13.58±3.41 min）明显延长（P〈0.05）。结论：使用40μg/kg格拉司琼同使用曲马多1mg/kg和哌替啶0.4 mg/kg一样可有效地预防麻醉后寒战。     

昂丹司琼预防剖宫产产妇寒战的临床观察

目的：研究昂丹司琼对剖官产产妇寒战的预防作用。方法：选择在腰硬联合麻醉下行剖官产的产妇80例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分成2组：昂丹司琼组（Ⅰ组），对照组（Ⅱ组）每组40例。麻醉前开放静脉通路，Ⅰ组即给予昂丹司琼8mg静脉注射，Ⅱ组即给予注射用水4mL静脉注射。观察记录产妇术中寒战发生的情况，并持续监测围术期呼吸循环的变化，测定麻醉阻滞平面，记录胎儿出生后的Apgar评分。结果：寒战发生率Ⅰ组为27、5％，Ⅱ组为60．0％；Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较差异均有显著性（P〈O．05）；2组比较围术期呼吸循环变化差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；2组胎儿出生后Apgar评分差异亦无显著性（P〉0．05）；术中恶心、呕吐发生率Ⅰ组（5．0％）比Ⅱ组（20％）显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论：麻醉前预先静脉注射昂丹司琼8mg，有助于预防剖宫产产妇寒战，昂丹司琼还可明显降低术中恶心、呕吐的发生率。     

曲马多治疗剖宫产病人寒战的临床观察

目的：观察曲马多用于治疗剖宫产病人麻醉期间寒战反应的效果。方法：选择剖宫产麻醉期内发生寒战反应的病人100例，在寒战发生后静脉注射曲马多1．0mg／kg十咪唑安定2，5mg，用药后密切观察寒战反应的变化，以用药后5分钟的效果判定疗效，对于寒战完全消失的病人，记录用药后30分钟内寒战复发的次数。对于寒战复发的病人静脉追加1／2首次剂量药物后观察30分钟，记录用药前，用药后5分钟SBP，HR、RR、SPO2等，结果：病人用药5分钟后寒战消失率为95％，用药后SBP、RR、HR、SPO2变化轻微。结论：曲马多对寒战反应的抑制效果良好，对呼吸、循环无明显抑制，值得临床推广。     

格拉斯琼、氟哌利多预防子宫肌瘤术后镇痛恶心呕吐的效果

目的观察格拉斯琼、氟哌利多联合应用预防子宫肌瘤术后镇痛恶心呕吐的疗效。方法90例行子宫肌瘤剔除术或子宫全切术病人随机分为三组：氟哌利多组（A组）、格拉斯琼纽（B组）、氟哌利多＋格拉斯琼组（C组），观察术后24h内恶心呕吐情况。结果C组恶心呕吐发生率明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论格拉斯琼联合应用氟哌利多能明显降低子宫肌瘤术后镇痛恶心呕吐的发生。     

曲马多预防全身麻醉术后寒战效果分析

目的：探讨曲马多预防全身麻醉术后寒战的疗效。方法82例手术患者分五组进行不同剂量曲马多和氯化钠注射液静脉注射,记录术后寒战分级及不良反应。结果应用曲马多注射的1~4组均未出现呼吸抑制,1、2组嗜睡各4例,3组0例,4 组 2例,对照组7例;恶心呕吐对照组8例,3组3例,1、2组各5例。结论1.5 mg/ kg 为曲马多的最适宜剂量,值得临床推广。     

昂丹司琼预防术后寒战的效果和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价昂丹司琼预防术后寒战的效果和安全性。 方法 根据Cochrane系统评价方法,计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、OVID、EMbase、PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库、万方等数据库,搜索时限1999年1月－2013年9月,收集与昂丹司琼预防术后寒战相关的随机对照试验（RCT）,按纳入和排除标准筛选文献,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入9个RCT,包括665例患者。Meta分析显示手术结束前静脉推注昂丹司琼组比手术结束前静脉推注生理盐水术后寒战发生率低[RR=0.32,95%CI（0.24,0.42）,P＜0.05];术后恶心呕吐发生率手术结束前静脉推注昂丹司琼组比手术结束前静脉推注生理盐水低[RR=0.30,95%CI（0.14,0.63）,P＜0.05],新生儿出生后1 min Apgar评分、5 min Apgar评分昂丹司琼组和生理盐水组差异无统计学意义[WMD=0.03分,95%CI（？0.02,0.09） 分,P=0.26;WMD=？0.02分,95%CI（？0.12,0.08）分,P=0.68]。 结论 术前静脉推注昂丹司琼能明显降低患者术后寒战的发生率,且明显降低术后恶心呕吐发生率,不良反应少。     

曲马多治疗妇科手术硬膜外麻醉后寒战的临床观察

目的：比较芬太尼、曲马多用于妇科手术病人硬膜外麻醉后寒战的疗效。方法：选择妇科手术硬膜外麻醉后寒战病人40例，ASAⅠ，Ⅱ级。随机分为两组，Ⅰ组静注芬太尼2ug／kg，Ⅱ组静注曲马多1mg／kg。5分钟后寒战评分。结果：Ⅰ组的寒战评分给药前与给药后5分钟无显著差异（P〉0.05）。Ⅱ组寒战给药5分钟后消失，评分有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：曲马多对于麻醉后寒战有很好的疗效。     

曲马多与哌替啶对治疗全麻后寒战的疗效观察

寒战可发生于硬膜外麻醉后，也可在围苏醒期的全麻病人中出现，大多发生于全麻拔管后10—30min内，表现为不随意的肌肉收缩，并且伴随外周血管收缩和中心体温的下降。PACU（麻醉恢复室）收治的多是全麻围苏醒期的病例，故麻醉后寒战也是PACU内冬季多见的全麻后并发症之一。为观察曲马多与哌替啶对麻醉后寒战治疗的效果和安全性。选择PACU内全麻后出现寒战的病例20例，进行观察研究。     

格拉司琼地塞米松预防经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石患者寒战效果观察

随着微创泌尿外科的发展,经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石术在肾结石、特别是复杂肾结石的治疗中广泛应用,具有手术风险低、创伤小、恢复快的优点,但术中因连续硬脊膜外阻滞麻醉、冲洗液大量冲洗等因素,患者术中易发生寒战,从而使机体耗氧量增加,不利于麻醉的平稳和患者的安全.我们在2004年2月～2008年6月于麻醉前静脉注射格拉司琼、地塞米松进行预防.     

格拉司琼预防曲马多术后静脉自控镇痛恶心呕吐的疗效观察

目的观察格拉司琼用于预防曲马多术后静脉自控镇痛恶心呕吐的疗效。方法择期手术患者90例,ASA分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ,随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组30例。A组曲马多900 mg＋生理盐水至100 mL电子泵静脉镇痛;B组手术结束静脉注射氟哌利多2.5 mg后,以氟哌利多5 mg＋曲马多900 mg＋生理盐水至100 mL电子泵静脉镇痛;C组手术结束静脉注射格拉司琼3 mg后,以曲马多900 mg＋生理盐水至100 mL电子泵静脉镇痛,观察术后4、8、12、244、8 h恶心呕吐的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,格拉司琼组嗜睡的发生率无明显变化（P〉0.05）,但氟哌利多组嗜睡的发生率明显增加（P〈0.01）。格拉司琼组恶心、呕吐的发生率分别为16.7%、13.3%,与氯哌利多组（83.3%、73.3%）、对照组（96.7%、93.3%）相比,均有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。对照组和氟哌利多组各有6例和3例因呕吐明显而用格拉司琼止吐。结论格拉司琼作为新型的强效止吐药与曲马多术后静脉自控镇痛复合应用具有用药方便,镇痛防恶心呕吐效果完全、耐受性好等优点,临床应用具有广阔前景。     

曲马多复合氟哌利多治疗腰硬联合麻醉并发寒战

目的:观察曲马多复合氟哌利多治疗腰硬联合麻醉并发寒战的临床效果。方法:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期手术、在腰硬联合麻醉期间出现寒战患者60例,随机分为3组:Ⅰ组(安慰剂组)、Ⅱ组(静脉组)和Ⅲ组(硬膜外组),每组各20例。Ⅰ组静脉注射0.9%氯化钠注射液3 mL;Ⅱ组静脉注射曲马多2 mg/kg 氟哌利多2.5 mg;Ⅲ组从硬膜外导管注入曲马多2 mg/kg 氟哌利多2.5 mg。记录3组用药后寒战停止时间、不良反应、复发寒战例数和MAP、HR及SpO2变化。结果:Ⅱ组治疗后3 min内寒战停止例数明显多于Ⅲ组(P<0.01),Ⅱ组治疗后10 min内寒战停止例数明显低于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组治疗后寒战再发生率多于Ⅲ组,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);Ⅱ组治疗后恶心例数明显多于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组治疗后舒适例数较Ⅲ组少(P<0.01),Ⅱ组治疗后3 min内SpO2、MAP与治疗前比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:曲马多复合氟哌利多是一种治疗腰硬联合麻醉期间并发寒战的有效方法,且硬膜外给药效果更佳。     

温灌洗液对经尿道前列腺电切术患者体温及寒颤的影响

目的 观察温灌洗液对经尿道前列腺电切术患者术中体温、寒颤情况及失血量的影响。方法 选择40例择期行经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral prostatetomy,TURP）患者,随机分为两组,对照组20例,使用室温（22～24℃）灌洗液进行膀胱冲洗;观察组20例,选用加温至37℃的灌洗液。监测两组患者术中的血压、心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度和体温,观察并记录失血量及发生寒颤等情况。结果两组患者手术结束后均存在血红蛋白下降,两者差异无显著性。观察组术中体温维持稳定,手术前后体温无显著变化;对照组患者术中体温明显下降,与手术前及观察组比较,均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。寒颤发生率明显高于观察组（P〈0．01）。结论 TURP术中使用温灌洗液冲洗可维持体温的恒定,明显降低术中寒颤的发生率。     

充气式保温毯在全身麻醉苏醒期寒颤患者中的应用观察

目的探讨全身麻醉苏醒期寒颤患者应用充气式保温毯的临床应用价值。方法方便性抽样选择2010年3-8月广东医学院附属南山医院全身麻醉下行妇科腹腔镜手术且在苏醒期发生寒颤的患者100例,随机分为保温毯观察组和对照组,每组50例。寒颤发生时,对照组按常规给予2.5kg棉被保暖;观察组给予充气式保温毯保暖,记录两组患者寒颤的评分及给予不同干预措施15min后患者的寒颤缓解情况。结果两组在保暖干预前寒颤评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在保暖干预15min后,两组寒颤缓解情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论充气式保温毯可以有效地控制和缓解全身麻醉苏醒期寒颤,促进患者的恢复,是值得推广的一种保温措施。     

Effects of Ondansetron and Granisetron on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common and potentially distressing adverse events (AEs) associated with surgery and anesthesia. In patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) without antiemetic prophylaxis, the incidence of PONV can be as high as 72%.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prophylactic antiemetic effects of ondansetron and granisetron in patients undergoing LC when these agents are administered before the end of surgery.Methods: Patients classified by the American Society of Anesthesiologist's physical status as I or II who were scheduled for elective LC were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental 5 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg, and was maintained with isoflurane 1% to 3% in 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide and fentanyl as needed. Approximately 20 to 30 minutes before the end of the surgery, the patients randomly received either IV ondansetron 100 μg/kg (group O), IV granisetron 40 μg/kg (group G), or normal saline (group P). Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined preoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively. The patients were observed for 24 hours for PONV and other possible AEs. Postoperative pain intensity was determined using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Four-point satisfaction scores were determined at 24 hours.Results: Ninety patients (69 women, 21 men) participated in the study. Demographic characteristics and operative data (duration of surgery and anesthesia and amount of intraoperative fentanyl) were similar in the 3 groups. The only AE reported by patients during the 24-hour observation period was nonsevere headache. The number of patients experiencing headache was similar in group P, group O, and group G (10 [33%] patients, 6 [20%], and 10 [33%], respectively). No significant changes were found in presurgical and postsurgical plasma levels of ALT and AST in any group. The mean (SD) satisfaction scores in group O and group G (3.0 [0.4] and 3.0 [0.6], respectively) were significantly higher than those in group P (2.5 [0.5]; both, P < 0.01). Immediately after surgery (period 0), significantly more patients in the placebo group (21 [70%]) experienced PONV compared with those in the ondansetron group (9 [30%]; P < 0.05) and the granisetron group (7 [23%]; P < 0.01). During the 24-hour observation period, a significantly greater number of patients in group P (18 [60%]) required a single dose of a rescue antiemetic drug compared with those in groups O and G (9 [30%] and 6 [20%], respectively; both, P < 0.01).Conclusions: Patients administered ondansetron 100 μg/kg or granisetron 40 μg/kg 20 to 30 minutes before the end of LC had significantly higher PONV control during the 24-hour postoperative observation period than patients receiving placebo. However, there were no significant differences between the active treatment groups in the incidence of PONV, patient satisfaction, or AEs.     

First Clinical Study of the Selective 5-HT3 Antagonist, Granisetron (BRL 43694), in the Acute Treatment of Migraine Headache

Granisetron (BRL 43694), a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, was assessed as acute therapy for the first time in migraine patients. In an open pilot study 7 migraine attacks were treated in 6 patients. All but 1 patient experienced marked and rapid relief from the headache, and nausea and vomiting were rapidly resolved in the 6 cases where these symptoms accompanied the attack. No side effects were recorded. Development of granisetron for migraine was suspended during the study for extraneous reasons.