3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像ADC值在浸润性乳腺癌分级中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像ADC值在评估浸润性乳腺癌肿瘤分级中的应用价值。方法 选取经手术后病理学确诊的浸润性乳腺癌患者81例,术前均采用具备双边、四通道乳腺线圈的3.0T MR行DWI,分析浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级、组织学与ADC值的关系。结果 81例患者中,共检出101个恶性病灶,DWI检测到恶性病灶99个,检出率为98.02%(99/101)。肿瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的ADC值分别为(1.12±0.19)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.02±0.16)×10^-3 mm²/s、(0.89±0.15)×10^-3 mm²/s,三者差异有统计学意义(F=19.078,P<0.001)。ADC值与肿瘤分级呈负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.01)。结论 ADC值与浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级具有相关性,可用于评估其恶性程度。     

ADC值对子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)表观扩散系数(ADC值)对子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润的诊断价值。方法 实验组:选取经病理证实有宫颈浸润的子宫内膜癌患者26例;对照组:随机选取无宫颈浸润的子宫内膜癌患者26例。分别测量每例患者宫腔内癌灶、宫颈内口、外口的ADC值,进行ROC分析。结果 实验组宫腔内癌灶的ADC均值 ,与宫颈内口的ADC均值 差异无统计学意义(t=－0.45,P=0.66)。对照组宫腔内癌灶ADC均值 显著低于宫颈内口的ADC值 ,差异有统计学意义(t=－6.86,P＜0.001),与实验组宫腔内癌灶ADC均值比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.74,P=0.47)。以宫颈内口ADC值进行ROC分析,曲线下面积为0.86,最佳诊断界值为1.02×10^－3 mm²/s,敏感度为73.1%,特异度为96.2%。结论 DWI有助于诊断子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润。     

扩散加权成像表观扩散系数预测鼻咽癌同步放化疗疗效

目的 探讨DWI中ADC值预测鼻咽癌同步放化疗疗效的价值。方法 收集经病理证实并于我院接受同步放化疗的鼻咽癌患者65例,于治疗前行MRI及DWI,测量肿瘤平均、最高及最低ADC值,于治疗中（放疗剂量达50 Gy）、治疗末再次行MRI,计算肿瘤消退率。分析治疗前肿瘤ADC值与肿瘤消退率的相关性;比较治疗末完全缓解（CR）患者及非CR患者治疗前ADC值差异;绘制ROC曲线,评估治疗前ADC值预测疗效的效能。结果 治疗前肿瘤平均ADC值、最高ADC值与治疗中消退率呈负相关（r=-0.463、-0.552,P均<0.001）、与治疗末消退率呈负相关（r=-0.504、-0.481,P均<0.001）;CR患者及非CR患者治疗前平均ADC值分别为（0.98±0.12）×10^-3 mm²/s及（1.14±0.13）×10^-3 mm²/s,最高ADC值分别为（1.16±0.21）×10^-3 mm²/s及（1.42±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s,CR与非CR患者治疗前平均及最高ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。以肿瘤治疗前平均ADC值1.09×10^-3 mm²/s为界值,其预测同步放化疗后CR的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为82.5%、76.0%及80.0%,曲线下面积为0.816。结论 治疗前肿瘤平均及最高ADC值可预测鼻咽癌放化疗疗效,有望为个体化治疗鼻咽癌提供依据。     

磁共振弹性成像与DWI诊断肝纤维化分期

目的 探讨磁共振弹性成像（MRE）与DWI诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的价值。方法 37例慢性肝病患者均接受MRE与DWI（b=0、50、100、150、200、300、500、800 s/mm²）检查,分别测量肝组织弹性值与表观扩散系数（ADC）值,分析其与肝纤维化分期的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）对二者诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的效能进行比较。结果 肝弹性值、ADC值与肝纤维化分期呈线性相关（r=0.932、-0.606,P均<0.001）。不同肝纤维化分期弹性值、ADC值差异有统计学意义（F=39.701,P<0.001;F=5.031,P=0.003）。诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3期,MRE的ROC曲线下面积大于ADC值,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;诊断F4期两者曲线下面积无统计学差异。弹性值诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3、F4期的临界值为2.80、3.11、3.66、3.99 kPa,ADC值诊断的临界值为1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.03×10^-3 mm²/s、0.97×10^-3 mm²/s。结论 MRE对肝纤维化分期诊断价值优于DWI技术,而DWI对进展期肝纤维化及肝硬化有一定的诊断价值。     

扩散加权成像ADC值与直肠癌预后因素的相关性研究

目的 探讨ADC值与直肠癌预后因素的关系.方法 对47例经病理证实的直肠癌患者于手术及辅助治疗前行盆腔常规MRI及DWI,依据直肠癌术前MRI分期、大体分型、组织学因素等进行分组,测量直肠癌ADC值,分析其与术前MRI分期、大体分型、肿瘤分化程度的相关关系.结果 术前MRI分期:T1-2期14例,T3期27例,T4期6例,其中17例无淋巴结转移(N0).肿瘤是否浸润直肠系膜筋膜(MRF)之间ADC值差异有统计学意义(P=0.039),mrN0与mrN1-2肿瘤ADC值差异亦有统计学意义(P=0.01).以肿瘤ADC≤0.924×10^-3 mm²/s为阈值,诊断直肠癌MRF浸润的敏感度为80%,特异度为59%;以肿瘤ADC阈值≤0.925×10^-3 mm²/s为阈值,诊断mrN1-2的敏感度为67%,特异度为71%.mrT分期、大体分型、不同分化程度肿瘤的ADC值差异无统计学意义.结论 直肠癌平均ADC值与MRF浸润状态、mrN分期显著相关.ADC值可以作为提示肿瘤侵袭性及预后的影像学生物标志物之一.     

多次激发平面回波成像DWI鉴别乳腺良恶病变

目的 探讨基于多次激发平面回波成像（rs-EPI）技术的DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的乳腺占位性病变患者20例,分别行基于单次激发平面回波成像（ss-EPI）技术的DWI和rs-EPI DWI,比较两种采集方法及不同病变组织间ADC值差异,绘制ROC曲线,比较两种DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变效能。结果 ss-EPI DWI和rs-EPI DWI中正常腺体组织、良性病灶及恶性病灶ADC均值分别为（1.89±0.15）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.36±0.26）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.10±0.27）×10^-3 mm²/s和（1.89±0.16）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.41±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s、（0.96±0.25）×10^-3 mm²/s。相同方法不同组织间ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,两种方法所获得各组织ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ss-EPI DWI中以1.25×10^-3 mm²/s、rs-EPI DWI中以1.20×10^-3 mm²/s为ADC诊断乳腺恶性病变阈值,敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积分别为80%、69%、0.775和90%、84%、0.925。结论 与ss-EPI DWI相比,rs-EPI DWI可提高鉴别乳腺良恶病变的敏感度和特异度。     

DWI定量测量诊断宫颈癌

目的 探讨DWI定量测量诊断宫颈癌的价值。方法 收集经手术病理证实为宫颈癌的患者93例,包括鳞癌66例(高分化1例,中分化56例,低分化9例)及腺癌27例(高分化3例,中分化21例,低分化3例),宫颈正常者20例。对所有受检者均行常规MR及DWI扫描,测量ROI的ADC值,并进行统计学分析。结果 宫颈癌的ADC值[(1.05±0.24)×10^-3 mm²/s]低于正常宫颈[(1.87±0.22)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=-14.08,P<0.05]。宫颈鳞癌的ADC值[(0.97±0.13)×10^-3 mm²/s]低于宫颈腺癌[(1.26±0.31)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=-4.79,P<0.05]。中分化宫颈鳞癌ADC值[(0.98±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s]高于低分化宫颈鳞癌[(0.88±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=2.31,P<0.05]。以ADC<1.59×10^-3 mm²/s诊断宫颈癌时,敏感度为95.70%,特异度为100%。结论 DWI对宫颈癌的诊断具有较高价值,ADC值可鉴别宫颈鳞癌与宫颈腺癌,且可评价宫颈鳞癌的分化程度。     

ADC值鉴别诊断脑实质室管膜瘤与胶质母细胞瘤

目的 探讨DWI和ADC值对脑实质室管膜瘤和胶质母细胞瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集经术后病理证实的27例脑实质室管膜瘤和34例胶质母细胞瘤患者的影像学资料。对患者行常规MR平扫、增强扫描及DWI检查,并测量肿瘤实质的平均ADC值,并进行统计学分析,采用ROC曲线评价ADC值的诊断价值。结果 15例脑实质室管膜瘤DWI呈高信号,ADC值为(0.90±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s,32例胶质母细胞瘤DWI呈明显高信号,ADC值为(0.72±0.07)×10^-3mm²/s,低于室管膜瘤,差异有统计学意义(t=6.75,P<0.001)。以ADC值0.79×10^-3mm²/s为阈值诊断脑实质室管膜瘤与胶质母细胞瘤,敏感度为85.2%,特异度为97.1%,准确率为91.8%。结论 DWI及ADC值在脑实质室管膜瘤和胶质母细胞瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要参考价值,可提高其诊断正确率。     

全身扩散加权成像评估淋巴瘤化疗早期临床疗效

目的 探讨全身扩散加权成像(WB-DWI)评估淋巴瘤化疗早期疗效的临床应用价值。方法 对25例经病理确诊并接受完整规范化疗的淋巴瘤患者分别在化疗前、化疗早期及化疗后行WB-DWI;与常规临床影像学检查对比,评价WB-DWI在化疗前显示淋巴瘤浸润病灶的能力,并测量各阶段病灶的ADC值,对化疗各阶段的ADC值进行统计学分析。结果 常规影像学检查共检出63处病灶,在WB-DWI 上均得到清晰显示,符合率为100%。化疗前、化疗早期及化疗后病灶平均ADC值分别为(0.85±0.41)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.15±0.51)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.58±0.59)×10^-3 mm²/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 WB-DWI不仅能测量病灶形态学改变,还能结合ADC值变化对疗效进行早期预测。     

扩散加权成像鉴别诊断鼻咽癌和鼻咽部淋巴瘤

目的 探讨DWI鉴别诊断鼻咽癌（NPC）及鼻咽部淋巴瘤（NPL）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的22例NPC和27例NPL的 平扫、增强MRI及DWI图像,对比分析两者的平均ADC值和病灶与未受侵翼外肌ADC值的比值（rADC值）,应用ROC曲线分析以ADC值、rADC值鉴别诊断NPC与NPL的效能。结果 NPC与NPL均于T1WI呈等或稍低信号、T2WI呈稍高信号。NPC于DWI（b=1000 s/mm²）上呈稍高信号、ADC图上呈等低信号,NPL于DWI（b=1000 s/mm²）上呈高信号、ADC图上呈低信号。NPC组ADC值为（842.34±94.66）×10^-6 mm²/s、rADC值为0.74±0.08。NPL组ADC值为（652.15±83.47）×10^-6 mm²/s、rADC值为0.56±0.08。两组病灶ADC值、rADC值的差异均具有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。应用ADC值鉴别NPC与NPL的曲线下面积为0.943,最佳鉴别阈值为736.5×10^-6 mm²/s,敏感度为90.9%,特异度为85.2%;应用rADC值进行鉴别的曲线下面积为0.951,最佳鉴别阈值为634.0×10^-6 mm²/s,敏感度为95.5%,特异度为81.5%。结论 DWI、ADC值及rADC值有助于鉴别诊断NPC与NPL。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.