联合检测胸液端粒酶、CEA、ADA对恶性和结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的探讨端粒酶、癌胚抗原、腺苷脱氨酶联合检测对恶性和结核性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法选择恶性胸腔积液31例,结核性胸腔积液35例,采用聚合酶联反应-酶联免疫吸附分析法(PCR-ELISA)检测胸腔积液端粒酶活性,用酶免疫分析法(EIA)检测胸腔积液CEA水平,用比色分析法检测胸腔积液ADA含量,并对测定结果进行统计学处理。结果端粒酶活性测定诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为0.870,特异度为0.943。CEA诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为0.744,特异度为0.886。ADA诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为0.967,特异度为0.971,正确性为0.969。结论端粒酶活性的测定,在良恶性胸水的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值,但存在假阴性和假阳性,若与胸水CEA、ADA联合检测,对良恶性胸水的鉴别诊断意义更大。     

A decision tree for differentiating tuberculous from malignant pleural effusions

OBJECTIVE: To improve physicians' ability to discriminate tuberculous from malignant pleural effusions through a simple clinical algorithm that avoids pleural biopsy. DESIGN: We retrospectively compared the clinical and pleural fluid features of 238 adults with pleural effusion who satisfied diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis (n=64) or malignancy (n=174) at one academic center (derivation cohort). Then, we built a decision tree model to predict tuberculosis using the C4.5 algorithm. The model was validated with an independent sample set from another center that included 74 tuberculous and 293 malignant effusions (validation cohort). RESULTS: Among 12 potential predictor variables, the classification tree analysis selected four discriminant parameters (age>35 years, pleural fluid adenosine deaminase>38U/L, temperature>or=37.8 degrees C, and pleural fluid LDH>320U/L) from the derivation cohort. The generated flowchart had 92.2% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.976 for diagnosing tuberculosis. The corresponding operating characteristics for the validation cohort were 85.1%, 96.9% and 0.958. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a decision tree analysis that contains simple clinical and laboratory data can help in the differential diagnosis of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions.     

恶性胸腔积液治疗方法及进展

恶性胸腔积液发病率和病死率高,但发病机制不清,目前以姑息治疗为主.本文就近年来恶性胸腔积液局部和全身治疗方法及进展加以综述,旨在为临床医师提供参考.     

Pleural fluid viscosity may help identifying malignant pleural effusions

Background and objective:   Cancer cells are larger in size and more rigid than blood cells. As the size and rigidity of cells contribute to blood viscosity, an association may exist between high pleural fluid viscosity and cancer cells in pleural effusions. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between pleural fluid viscosity and cell constituents or laboratory data in pleural diseases with different aetiologies.
Methods:   Fluid viscosities were determined in pleural effusions obtained via thoracocentesis. Pleural fluid viscosities were correlated with the laboratory data and with the percentages of different cellular constituents as assessed by cytological examination.
Results:   Pleural fluid viscosity was highest in malignant pleural effusions with positive results on cytological examination, and was correlated with the percentages of tumour cells (Spearman's rho = 0.24, P  = 0.037) and mitotic figures (rho = 0.23, P  = 0.041) in the exudates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pleural fluid viscosity was a significant determinant of positive results on cytological examination (odds ratio (OR) 6.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–29.8), as were the levels of protein (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01–2.16) and LDH (OR 1.001, 95% CI 1–1.002).
Conclusion:   High pleural fluid viscosity may suggest a potential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.     

Macrophage-derived chemokine in malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) is recognized as a T-helper (Th) 2-type chemokine. Both malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions are typically lymphocytic pleural effusions. Tuberculous pleural effusions have a more polarized Th1 reaction than malignant effusions, which are predominantly Th2 in nature. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of MDC in malignant pleural effusions with those in tuberculous pleural effusions to help delineate the role of MDC in Th2 versus Th1 effusions. METHODS: Forty-three patients with pleural effusions (32 malignant, 11 tuberculous) were studied. The concentration of MDC in the pleural effusion was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The median concentration of MDC was lower in malignant pleural effusions than in tuberculous pleural effusions (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: MDC has been reported to both promote and suppress antitumour immunity. The low concentration of MDC in malignant effusions is likely to minimise its antitumour activity but the precise role of MDC in malignant and tuberculous effusions needs to be investigated further.     

Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions

Abstract:   Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) complicate the clinical course of patients with a broad array of malignancies, which are most often due to lymphomas or carcinomas of the breast, lung, gastrointestinal tract or ovaries. Patients may present with a MPE as the initial manifestation of a cancer or develop an effusion during the advanced phases of a known malignancy. In either circumstance, the median survival after presentation with a MPE is 4 months. Effusions may result from direct pleural invasion (MPE) or indirect effects (paraneoplastic effusions), such as impairment of fluid efflux from the pleural space by lymphatic obstruction or pleural effects of cancer radiation or drug therapy. Because only 50% of patients with cancer who develop a pleural effusion during their clinical course have a MPE, careful evaluation of the effusion to establish its aetiology is required to direct therapy. Management is palliative with interventions directed towards decreasing the volume of intrapleural fluid and the severity of associated symptoms.     

Interventional therapies for malignant pleural effusions: The present and the future

The approach to management of malignant pleural effusions (MPE) has changed over the past few decades. The key goals of MPE management are to relieve patient symptoms using the least invasive means and in the most cost‐effective manner. There is now a realization that patient‐reported outcome measures should be the primary goal of MPE treatment, and this now is the focus in most clinical trials. Efforts to minimize patient morbidity are complemented by development of less invasive treatments that have mostly replaced the more aggressive surgical approaches of the past. Therapeutic thoracentesis is simple, effective and generally safe, although its benefits may only be temporary. Pleurodesis is the conventional and for a long time the only definitive therapy available. However, the efficacy and safety of talc pleurodesis has been challenged. Indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) drainage is increasingly accepted worldwide and represents a new concept to improve symptoms without necessarily generating pleural symphysis. Recent studies support the effectiveness of IPC treatment and provide reassurance regarding its safety. An unprecedented number of clinical trials are now underway to improve various aspects of MPE care. However, choosing an optimal intervention for MPE in an individual patient remains a challenge due to our limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of breathlessness in MPE and a lack of predictors of survival and pleurodesis outcome. This review provides an overview of common pleural interventional procedures used for MPE management, controversies and limitations of current practice, and areas of research most needed to improve practice in future.     

Pleural controversy: pleurodesis versus indwelling pleural catheters for malignant effusions

Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a common complication of advanced malignancy. The treatment of MPE should be focused on palliation of associated symptoms. The traditional approach to MPE has been to attempt pleurodesis by introducing a sclerosant into the pleural space. A more recent development in the treatment of MPE has been the use of indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) for ongoing drainage of the pleural space. Controversy exists as to which approach is superior. Pleurodesis approaches will have the advantage of a time-limited course of treatment and high pleurodesis rate at the cost of a more invasive procedure requiring a general anaesthetic or conscious sedation (for thoracoscopic approaches) and an inpatient hospital stay. Use of IPC will allow the patient to be treated on an outpatient basis with a minimally invasive procedure, at the cost of long-term need for catheter drainage and care. Symptom control appears similar between techniques. Complication rates between the two approaches cannot be easily compared, but studies suggest more frequent severe complications such as respiratory failure, arrhythmias and even mortality following pleurodesis, with infection rates similar between the two approaches. IPC will likely see increasing utilization in the future but patient preference and local resources and expertise will continue to play a significant part in treatment decisions. Randomized trials directly comparing the two approaches are needed and some are underway. Novel combination approaches utilizing both IPC and pleurodesis agents have the potential to further improve the care of these patients.     

胸水和血清ADA、CEA联合检测对良恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的探讨胸水／血清腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）、癌胚抗原（CEA）联合检测对良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法采用酶连续监测法和酶联免疫（ELISA）双抗体夹心法对119例胸腔积液进行胸水／血清ADA和CEA检测分析。结果CEA在结核性和癌性胸腔积液中的阳性率分别为8．20％和63．6％,特异性91．8％（89／97）。ADA活性在结核性和癌性胸腔积液中分别为（59．62±29．86）U／L和（15．31±7．36）U／L（P〈0．01）。以P—ADA〉40U／L做为诊断结核的临界值,其敏感性为79．3％,特异性为86．4％;以P—ADA／S—ADA〉1为临界值,其敏感性为97．7％,特异性为95．5％。结论胸腔积液ADA、CEA检测对良恶性胸腔积液具有诊断与鉴别诊断价值。     

sFasL检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨sFasL对恶性胸腔积液与结核性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值。方法应用ELISA法分别检测32例恶性胸腔积液和43例结核性胸腔积液中sFasL的含量，对结果进行统计学处理。结果结核性胸腔积液组sFasL（13．56±5．38ng／m1）显著高于恶性胸腔积液组（5．72±2．59ng／m1），二者具显著性差异（P〈0．001）。以10ng／ml为临界值，胸腔积液中sFasL〉10ng／ml诊断为结核性胸腔积液的敏感性为81．4％（35／43），特异性为81．3％（26／32），临床诊断符合率为81．4％（61／75）。结论sFasL对结核性、恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有临床实用价值。     

ADA、CRP、CEA和CA19-9对老年结核性、癌性胸腔积液的诊断价值分析

目的分析对于老年结核性、癌性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断,联合应用腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)四个指标的临床价值。方法分别选取我院治疗的肺结核和肺癌老年患者各40例,测定患者胸腔积液中ADA、CRP、CEA和CA19-9水平,比较分析四项单独应用以及联合应用对老年结核性和癌性胸腔积液鉴别的敏感度以及特异性等,从而分析其鉴别诊断的价值高低。结果癌性组CEA水平为(67.3±8.7)μg/ml,CA125为(63.6±15.9)μg/ml,而ADA及CRP水平明显低于结核组,差异显著,具有统计学意义。CEA、CA19-9对癌性胸腔积液诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性较高,ADA、CRP对结核性胸腔积液的敏感性、特异性、准确性较高。结论 ADA、CRP、CEA和CA19-9的检测水平在老年结核性、癌性胸腔积液的判别和诊断中有重要作用,可信度高,值得在临床推广。     

Osteopontin is upregulated in malignant and inflammatory pleural effusions

Background and objective:   Osteopontin (OPN) is an important mediator of inflammation and cancer progression. In the present study, we asked whether pleural fluid (PF) and serum OPN concentrations differed between patients with pleural effusions of different aetiologies, and whether assessment of OPN levels was useful for diagnostic purposes.
Methods:   One hundred and nine consecutive patients with pleural effusions of different aetiologies were recruited prospectively during daily clinics. OPN levels were measured by ELISA.
Results:   PF OPN levels were 10-fold higher in exudates than in transudates and were significantly correlated with markers of pleural inflammation and vascular hyper-permeability, such as PF/serum LDH or protein ratios, PF protein and PF vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Patients with malignant pleural effusions had higher PF and lower serum OPN concentrations than those with benign disease. The diagnostic accuracies of PF and PF/serum OPN for malignancy were 71.5% (95% CI: 64–80) and 70.6% (95% CI: 62–80), respectively.
Conclusions:   OPN levels were elevated in exudative pleural effusions, as compared with the levels in blood or transudative pleural effusions. While PF and PF/serum OPN were higher in patients with malignancies, the diagnostic accuracy of the tests was not sufficient to permit routine use in clinical practice.     

Efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions

Background and objective: Pleurodesis is one of the best methods of controlling malignant pleural effusions (MPE), a distressing complication of metastatic disease. In recent studies of a wide range of pleural diseases, iodopovidone was used as a sclerosing agent for pleurodesis and demonstrated good results with low morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in MPE. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with MPE who underwent pleurodesis at our institution between 2005 and 2008. All patients underwent instillation of 20 mL of 10% iodopovidone, 80 mL of normal saline and 2 mg/kg of lidocaine through a chest tube, which was clamped for 2 h. The tube was removed when the daily output of fluid was <200 mL. Data on the requirement for additional pleural procedures, adverse events and survival were collected. Results: Sixty‐one pleurodesis procedures were performed in 54 patients. No procedure‐related mortality was observed. Adverse events occurred after 11 (18%) pleurodesis procedures. The most frequent complication was mild thoracic pain that occurred immediately after 10 (16.4%) procedures, and one patient developed pleural empyema that was treated with drainage and antibiotics. A success rate of 98.4% was observed. Except for the patient who developed pleural empyema, none of the other patients had recurrences of pleural fluid or required additional pleural procedures during the follow‐up period (mean of 5.6 months). Conclusions: Iodopovidone pleurodesis was successful and was associated with only a few minor complications. It appears to be a good option for the management of recurrent MPE.     

胸液P-选择素检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别意义的探讨

目的　检测结核性及恶性胸腔积液患者胸液P-选择素水平,探讨其对鉴别良恶性疾病的意义。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA法)检测48例结核性胸液及50例恶性胸液P-选择素水平。结果 恶性胸液P-选择素水平(18.76±8.45μg/L)明显高于结核性胸液P-选择素(7.43±5.32μg/L)(P<0.01)。结论 测定胸液P-选择素水平有助于结核性及恶性胸液的鉴别。     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery pleurectomy: a suitable alternative for treating malignant pleural effusions

BackgroundMalignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are common manifestations of metastatic cancers and are associated with a dismal prognosis. Talc pleurodesis has been proven to be effective in the management of MPEs, however, class-action lawsuits linking talc to ovarian adenocarcinoma have rendered it unavailable at many institutions. As a result, surgeons have resorted to less effective chemical pleurodesis as an alternative to indwelling pleural drainage catheters. Given the absence of talc, we explored the effectiveness of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) partial pleurectomy (VPP) for treating MPEs.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients with MPEs managed after talc became unavailable at our institution. Between 2016 and 2018, we identified five patients who refused pleural drainage catheters and underwent VPP. Symptoms at presentation included fatigue, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain. All had unilateral MPEs (left n=3, right n=2). VPP included removal of parietal surfaces of the pleura other than the pleura overlying the subclavian vessels, the mediastinum, and the lung viscera.ResultsThere were no significant perioperative adverse events and post-operative pain was well controlled. Chest tubes were removed between post-operative day (POD) 3 and 7. Follow-up time ranged from four to 36 weeks. All patients had symptomatic relief and radiographic evidence of improved MPEs. No patients required re-interventions. One patient expired six months after surgery while the remaining four were alive at last follow-up.ConclusionsVPP offers an effective alternative to chemical pleurodesis for managing MPEs in patients who prefer to avoid pleural drainage catheters.     

胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床研究

目的探讨胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效及机制。方法将75例恶性胸腔积液患者分为给药组（39例）、引流组（27例）和对照组（9例）。给药组患者放尽胸水后经胸腔内注入顺铂进行治疗,引流组患者仅进行胸腔引流治疗,对照组仅进行常规化疗。结果给药组有效率（79.49%）高于引流组（55.56%）及对照组（22.22%）,差异显著（P〈0.01）。结论胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效显著,对于缓解病情具有积极的临床意义。     

Preliminary evaluation of soluble IL-2 receptor and type III procollagen N-terminal aminopeptide in pleural fluid for differentiating tuberculous,carcinomatous and parapneumonic pleural effusions

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to clarify the possibility of using pleural fluid levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and type III procollagen N-terminal aminopeptide (PIIIP) for differentiating tuberculous, carcinomatous and parapneumonic pleural effusions. METHODOLOGY: Fifty patients with pleural effusions were investigated retrospectively. The pleural effusions were due to tuberculosis (n = 11), carcinoma (n = 22), pneumonia (n = 9) and heart failure (n = 8). The concentrations of sIL-2R and PIIIP were measured in pleural effusion using commercially available kits. RESULTS: Soluble IL-2 receptor concentrations were highest in the patients with tuberculosis (6,856 +/- 3,212 U/mL), followed by those with carcinoma (4,680 +/- 1,872 U/mL), pneumonia (2,227 +/- 525 U/mL) and heart failure (1,439 +/- 244 U/mL). Significant differences were found between tuberculosis and carcinoma (P = 0.023), carcinoma and pneumonia (P = 0.015), and pneumonia and heart failure (P = 0.002) groups. Type III procollagen N-terminal aminopeptide concentrations were higher in the patients with tuberculosis (262.5 +/- 157.9 U/mL) and pneumonia (257.0 +/- 96.7 U/mL) than in those with carcinoma (48.0 +/- 27.7 U/mL) and heart failure (10.9 +/- 5.6 U/mL). Significant differences were found between tuberculosis and carcinoma (P < 0.001) and pneumonia and carcinoma (P < 0.001). To differentiate effusions, the cutoff points of sIL-2R (2,980 U/mL) and PIIIP (110.0 U/mL) were obtained from the highest concentration in the pneumonia group and in the carcinoma group, respectively. Using these criteria, the sensitivities for differentiating tuberculous, carcinomatous, and parapneumonic effusions were 90.9, 86.4 and 88.9%, respectively, with 100, 95 and 100% specificity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous determination of sIL-2R and PIIIP concentrations in pleural effusions may be clinically useful in differentiating tuberculous, carcinomatous, and parapneumonic effusions. Further assessments are required to determine the broad clinical application of this assay.     

端粒酶及端粒酶逆转录酶在良、恶性胸腔积液中的表达及意义

目的 研究端粒酶及端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)在良、恶性胸腔积液中的表达,为临床诊断提供实验依据.方法 选择21例恶性胸腔积液(恶性组)及23例良性胸腔积液患者(良性组),应用重复序列扩增法-ELISA(TRAP-EUSA)法及免疫组化方法检测积液中端粒酶、hTERT及癌胚抗原(CEA)表达.结果 良性组和恶性组端粒酶表达阳性率分别为39.13%、76.19%,P<0.01;hTERT表达阳性率分别为0、80.95%,P<0.01.hTERT检测恶性胸腔积液的特异度(100%)显著高于端粒酶(60.87%),敏感度(80.95%)显著高于CEA(47.62%).结论 hTERT检测恶性胸腔积液的敏感度和特异度均较高,且其免疫组化检测方法简便易行,值得临床借鉴.