脊髓多发性硬化的MRI诊断

目的 提高对脊髓多发性硬化的MRI诊断水平。材料与方法 对14例脊髓多发性硬化病变的部位、范围、病变处脊髓形态、MR信号及强化程度进行分析评价。结果 脊髓多发性硬化的特征性MRI表现为：主要发生在颈段脊髓,病变平均为5个椎体长度,急性期病变局部脊髓肿胀,病变呈斑片状,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,静脉注射Gd-DTPA后病变呈斑片状或边缘强化。经激素正规治疗后病变脊髓恢复正常,强化程度减弱或无强化。结论 MRI不仅有助于脊髓多发性硬化的诊断,而且有助于与其他脊髓内病变的鉴别诊断。     

多发性硬化的MRI诊断

1．材料与方法(1)一般资料：本组33例，其中男9例，女24例。年龄11—75岁，平均38岁。病程最短半月，最长5年。主要症状为视力模糊、视物成双、肢体麻木无力、头痛、走路不稳、肢体震颤。(2)MRI扫描采用Philips Gyroscan T5一NT0．5T超导磁共振扫描仪，均常规作自旋回波SE序列：T1WI(TR/TE=500ms／20ms)．T2WI     

脊髓MRI对多发性硬化的诊断和鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨脊髓MRI对多发性硬化(MS)的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法80例早期MS患者作为研究对象,作脑部和脊髓MRI检查,分析脊髓和脑部病灶的特征,脊髓病变的发病率与MS诊断的相关性。结果(1)80例脊髓检查中,脊髓异常者65例(81.25%),其中颈髓18例(27.69%),胸髓13例(20.0%),腰骶髓5例(7.69%),颈髓和胸髓同时受累29例(44.62%)。(2)脊髓局灶性病灶37例(46.25%),弥漫性11例(13.75%),局灶并弥漫性病灶17例(21.25%)。(3)不联合脊髓病灶53例可诊断为MS,敏感性为66.25%,若1个脊髓病灶替代1个脑部病灶,68例可诊断为MS,敏感性为85%,两者差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脊髓MRI可显示MS在空间的播散性,能提高MS诊断的敏感性也有助于对MS的鉴别诊断。     

脑内多发性硬化的MRI诊断

目的：回顾性分析多发性硬化的ＭＲＩ特征及其对诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。材料和方法：经本院临床和随访确诊为ＭＳ的５０例患者，均行常规头颅ＭＲＩ检查，采用普通ＳＥ序列Ｔ１ＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ。３６例继续行钆剂增强后ＳＥＴ１Ｗ扫描和磁化传递成像（ＭＴＩ）。结果：５０例患者脑实质内均见斑片状病灶。多数病灶位于双侧脑室旁白质及半卵圆区（４２例），其次为脑干、小脑（１４例），少数在颞叶、岛叶及顶枕叶（３例）。胼胝体轻度萎缩（１４例）及不同程度的脑萎缩（１５例）。增强后轻度强化及斑点状强化（２０例）。结论：脑内多发性硬化有较典型的ＭＲＩ表现，结合临床常可获确诊     

多发性硬化MRI研究进展

多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis，MS)是中枢神经系统最常见的脱髓鞘疾病，而MRI是脑及脊髓白质内脱髓鞘病变最重要的旁临床检查方法。近年来，MRI新技术的一些量化研究方法(如磁化传递直方图分析、弥散成像、磁共振波谱等)不断应用于MS，在确定MS斑块的病理特异性、检测常规MRI无法显示的正常表现脑白质内的微观病变等方面有很大进展，从而为MS的早期诊断、疗效随访及预后推测提供依据。     

脊髓多发性硬化的MRI诊断与鉴别诊断

目的　提高对脊髓多发性硬化MRI特征的认识。方法　对 15例脊髓多发性硬化患者行颈部MRI检查。对病变的位置、长度、横断面上病变大小及病变的强化进行评价 ,并与脊髓内肿瘤、脊髓型颈椎病、急性横贯性脊髓炎的MRI表现进行比较。结果　 15例脊髓多发性硬化主要发生在颈段脊髓 ,病变一般少于 5个椎体长度 ,MRI特点为矢状位脊髓局限性梭形增粗 ,边缘光滑。T1WI呈等或界限模糊的稍低信号 ,T2 WI呈长短不一的条形高信号。轴位像病灶位于脊髓侧方和后方 ,一般小于脊髓截面 1/2。活动期病灶呈条、片状强化 ,但强化区范围明显小于T2 高信号灶范围。反复发作病例多发病灶强化多样性 ,也可不强化。结论　脊髓多发性硬化有其特征性MRI表现 ,能为临床诊断提供可靠的依据     

多发性硬化MRI研究进展

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis,MS)是中枢神经系统最常见的脱髓鞘疾病，而MRI是脑及脊髓白质内脱髓鞘病变最重要的旁临床检查方法。近年来，MRI新技术的一些量化研究方法（如磁化传递直方图分析、弥散成像、磁共振波谱等）不断应用于MS，在确定MS斑块的病理特异性、检测常规MRI无法显示的正常表现脑白质内的微观病变等方面有很大进展，从而为MS的早期诊断、疗效随访及预后推测提供依据。     

多发性硬化MRI诊断（附22例报告）

目的：提高对多发性硬化（MS）MRI特征的认识。材料与方法：对22例MS患者行脑和／或脊髓MRI检查，对病变的分布、形态及病变的强化进行评价。结果：脑内病变位于侧脑室周围、半卵圆中心及脑干，室旁病变其长轴多于侧脑室垂直；脊髓病变多位于颈髓及上段胸髓，呈长条状。病变急性期及活动期强化，稳定期或斑痕期不强化。结论：MRI可显示MS的特征性表现，增强扫描可提高MRI对MS早期诊断的特异性，并能对MS的病理、生理特点进行时间顺序方面的观察。     

多发性硬化的MRI早期诊断及临床表现

本文将2005年-2009年间经临床诊断为多发性硬化（MS）患者的头颅MR／表现进行了总结分析,旨在提高对其MR表现的认识,寻找并发现对其确诊的特异性检查方法。     

脑多发性硬化的MRI征象分析

目的　提高对脑多发性硬化 (MS)MRI表现特征的认识。方法　采用 0 .5T超导式磁共振仪 ,对 6 1例临床确诊的脑内MS病人行SE序列扫描 ,分析其MRI表现及特征。结果　 6 1例MS在MRI上均发现病灶。MRI对于大脑半球、小脑和脑干的病灶均能清晰显示 ,对视神经病灶显示不佳。MS病灶T1WI呈中等或低信号 ,T2 WI均为高信号。脑室旁病变其长轴多与侧脑室垂直及胼胝体的信号异常和萎缩对MS确诊起着重要作用。结论　MRI可显示MS的特征性表现 ,能发现许多CT不能发现的病灶 ,是目前诊断MS最好的影像检查方法。     

脊髓多发性硬化的MRI诊断

目的：提高对脊我发性硬化ＭＲＩ特征的认识。材料与方法：地１４例脊髓多发性硬化患者进行颈部ＭＲＩ检查。对病变的长度，横断面上病变大小、位置及病变的强化进行评价结果：１４例患者共发现病变３１个。脊髓多发性硬化ＭＲＩ特征性表现为；大多数为矢状位长度小于２个椎体（８７．１％），病变长度大于宽度，病变局部脊髓政党或轻度肿胀。结论：ＭＲＩ不仅可以发现脊髓多发化病变，并且能显示其特征性表现，有助于与其他脊人病变     

儿童多发性硬化的临床特点及MRI特征

目的 探讨中国儿童多发性硬化(MS)的临床孤立综合征( CIS)和复发时的临床及MRI特征.方法 回顾性分析16例MS患儿的首次发作及复发时临床及影像学资料.随访时间4个月至7年,期间患儿复发次数为1～5次.由1名儿科神经医师对CIS及复发的临床表现进行了归类总结.由1名资深神经影像学医师对患儿CIS及复发的头颅MRI表现进行分析,内容包括病灶的位置、大小、分布.病灶位置的分析包括皮层、皮层下白质、中央白质、脑室旁白质、深部灰质核团以及脑干和小脑.结果 (1)临床表现:儿童MS发病急,CIS以皮层症状及视觉障碍表现多见,14例1年以内复发,复发时皮层症状减少,而视觉症状仍较多,随访时康复良好.(2)颅脑MRI表现:CIS时,13例出现皮层下白质病灶,且大片融合,与中央白质病灶相连,好发部位依次为额、顶叶.皮层9例受累.10例可见中央白质病灶.6例可见脑室旁白质小病灶.4例可见对称性深部灰质核团病灶.5例可见脑干病灶.3例可见小脑病灶.3例可见视束或视神经肿胀、增粗.2例可见锥体束异常信号.1例可见胼胝体病灶.复发时,12例可见皮层下病灶,较CIS时数量增多,以小病灶为主.9例可见中央白质病灶,病灶大小较前减小.8例可见脑室旁病灶,病灶数量较CIS时增多.仅有2例出现皮层病灶.5例出现小脑病灶.4例可见脑干病灶.6例可见锥体束病灶,发生率较CIS时明显增多,且出现“轨道征”.结论 儿童MS的MRI表现具有一定特征,CIS时额、顶叶皮层下白质病灶融合成大片并常累及中央区白质,复发时有时可见“轨道征”,结合临床可以提高对儿童MS诊断的正确性.     

MRI parameters in multiple sclerosis patients

Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 20 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) are presented. The studies were performed on a 0.5 Tesla magnet using spin-echo technique. Analysis of the MRI findings included detailed linear measurements of the ventricular and the subarachnoid spaces and reading of the intensity of the grey and white matter and intensity of the MS plaques. The plaques were sorted according to their number and size. The younger patients (20–40 years) had overall more plaques than the older ones (over 40 years). The small plaques were the most numerous and the large ones were the least common. Statistically significant association was found between the number of plaques and the cella media width. The intensity ratios between the nonplaque white matter/grey matter showed a significant correlation with the ventricular score. A significant negative correlation was found between the antero-posterior diameter of the spinal cord and the number of MS plaques in the brain. The plaque/white matter ratio had a significantly negative correlation with the cervical cord's width.     

多发性硬化临床表现与MRI分析(附85例分析)

目的:为提高多发性硬化(multiplesclerosis,MS)的临床诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析了85例临床明确MS患者的临床与MRI资料,总结该病的临床与MRI特点。结果:MS好发于中年(平均发病年龄33.0±10.81岁)女性(61.2%);受凉和/或上呼吸道感染为最常见诱因(53.3%);常见临床症状依次为肢体无力(68.2%)、视力障碍(42.4%)和感觉障碍(42.4%);寡克隆区带和诱发电位检查是最重要的辅助检查手段。MS好发部位依次为侧脑室体旁(67.1%)、半卵圆中心(44.7%)、颈髓(41.2%)、胸髓(34.1%)和胼胝体(31.8%);病灶多呈斑片状(91.8%);在T1WI为低、稍低或等信号,在T2WI上多为高信号;病灶多呈斑片状、斑点状或环形强化。结论:结合临床与MRI表现,可提高对MS诊断的准确性。     

巨噬细胞活性MRI对多发性硬化大鼠模型中枢神经系统病灶诊断价值的初步研究

目的 探讨巨噬细胞活性成像(MAI)对多发性硬化(MS)模型大鼠脑和脊髓病灶的诊断价值.方法 20只正常Lewis大鼠用数字表法随机分成实验组15只,对照组5只.应用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽35-55(MOG35-55)致敏实验组大鼠制备MS动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE),大鼠首次急性发病后第3天行MR检查.分别对大鼠脑和脊髓行T2WI、T1WI和Gd-DTPA增强T1WI的三维容积扫描.经大鼠尾静脉注入超微超顺磁性氧化铁(USPIO)24 h后行USPIO增强T2WI(即MAI).利用工作站专业软件获得大鼠脑和脊髓冠状面、横断面和矢状面的重组图像,并与常规图像进行比较.结果 成功建立MOG35-55-EAE模型大鼠15只.MOG35-55-EAE大鼠急性发病期相关的中枢神经系统病灶多数分布在脑内(58/63),少数位于脊髓(5/63).常规MRI上病灶表现为T2WI高信号、T1WI低信号,部分出现Gd-DTPA强化.在MAI图像上病灶呈低信号,部分USPIO强化病灶在T2WI上呈等信号,病灶的USPIO强化与Gd-DTPA强化表现不完全一致.T2WI(14/15)和MAI(13/15)对MOG35-55-EAE大鼠急性期病灶的敏感度高,两者联合对病灶的检出率高达100%(15/15),增强T1WI的敏感度相对较低(7/15).对照组大鼠MAI未见异常.结论 MAI弥补传统MR检查技术的不足,能监测EAE的炎症反应,与常规T2WI联合能提高MOG35-55-EAE大鼠病灶的检出率;Gd-DTPA增强能显示EAE血脑屏障破坏的早期活动性病灶,MAI与之联合成像对EAE病灶的诊断和监测有互补作用.     

Visual analysis of serial T2-weighted MRI in multiple sclerosis: intra- and interobserver reproducibility

We evaluated the effect of consensus formation and training on the agreement between observers in scoring the number of new and enlarging multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions on serial T2-weighted MRI studies. The baseline and month 9 MRI studies of 16 patients with a range of MRI activity were used (dual-echo conventional spin-echo sequence, TR 2000, TE 34 and 90 ms, 5 mm contiguous slices, in-plane resolution 1 mm). First, the serial studies were visually analysed for the presence of new and enlarging lesions, on two occasions, by five experienced observers, without adopting any consensus strategy and in isolation. Next, the observers met to identify the common sources of inconsistencies in reporting between observers and formulate consensus rules. Finally, a further independent reading session was performed on the same MRI dataset, this time applying the consensus rules. Agreement between observers was assessed using kappa scores. Without the consensus rules, interobserver kappa scores for the first and second reading sessions for new lesions were only 0.51 and 0.39 respectively; agreement for enlarging lesions was even worse. The mean intraobserver kappa score for new lesions was higher at 0.72, reflecting the fact that the observers were consistently applying their individual assessment strategies. Application of the consensus rules did not lead to a significant improvement in inter observer kappas; the kappa scores adopting the guidelines were 0.46 and 0.21 for new and enlarging lesions respectively. Consensus guidelines thus did not improve the reproducibility of visual analysis of serial T2-weighted MRI, and the level of agreement between observers remained only moderate. Suboptimal repositioning is likely to be a major source of residual variability and this suggests a future role for image registration strategies; until then, a single observer, or pair of observers working in consensus, should be used in MS studies. Received: 6 April 1999 Accepted: 21 April 1999     

Interobserver agreement for diagnostic MRI criteria in suspected multiple sclerosis

MRI is the paraclinical test most widely used to support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated interobserver agreement in applying diagnostic criteria to MRI obtained at first presentation. Five experienced observers scored 25 sets of images consisting of unenhanced T2- and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images (approximately half the sets were normal). We scored frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, infratentorial and basal ganglia lesions and the total number of lesions on T2-weighted images; periventricular, callosal, juxtacortical and ovoid lesions and those > 5 mm in maximum diameter; contrast-enhancing and hypointense lesions. Based on a combination of imaging findings patients were classified as compatible or not compatible with MS according to composite criteria. Observer concordance was characterised by weighted kappa values (ϰ) and mean average difference to the median (MADM) scores. Using the raw scores, there was poor agreement for the total number of lesions on T2-weighted images, and for occipital, oval, juxtacortical and hypointense lesions. Moderate agreement was found for frontal, callosal, basal ganglia and large lesions on T2 weighting. Good agreement was attained for parietal, temporal, infratentorial and periventricular lesions. After dichotomisation according to accepted cut-off values, most criteria performed better, especially the number of lesions on T2-weighted images (P < 0.05). Good agreement was found for the criteria of Paty and Fazekas and moderate agreement for those of Barkhof. While experienced observers may not agree on the total number of lesions, they show quite good agreement for commonly used cut-off points and elements in the composite criteria. This validates the use of MRI in the diagnosis of MS, and the use of dichotomised and composite criteria. Reveived: 19 October 1998 Accepted: 17 November 1998     

多发性硬化性脑萎缩MRI评估及其临床意义

目的;研究多发性硬化的脑萎缩和神经机能缺损以及与病程的相关性,分析脑结构萎缩与病残程度的关系。方法：多发性硬化患者42例,其中复发缓解型（RR）25例,平均年龄31岁（17-41岁）;进展型（SP）17例,平均年龄38例（32-53岁）,健康对照组15例。据MRI多发性硬化病灶计算病损的体积。结果：MS患者的大脑白质、幕下结构、胼胝体容积较健康对照组明显减少（P＜0.01),上颈髓减小44.4%、小脑减小20.3%、脑干减小23.1%、胼胝体减小21.8%。SP组较RR组上的颈髓和大脑白质萎缩更为明显（P＜0.05至P＜0.01)。脑室扩大（r= 0.50,P＜0.01)与胼胝体体积减小（r=-0.55,P＜0.01)之间有明显相关性,病人组上颈髓萎缩与临床神经机能障碍明显相关,临床技能评分（SNRS）减少与上颈髓萎缩具相关性（r= 0.48,P＜0.01）,在脑白质上结构变化与对照组比较与病程明显相关（r=-0.47,P＜0.005),大脑白质萎缩与SNRS亦相关（r=0.41,P＜0.05)。中枢神经结构萎缩在多发性硬化的RR组、SP组之间的差异,尤其幕下结构在复发缓解型多发性硬化有更明显的变化。提示急性炎症所致的中枢性传导束变性,可能在多发性硬化中是较早发生的病理过程。MRI对多发性硬化的随访与预后评估有一定意义。     

Limited duration of the effect of methylprednisolone on changes on MRI in multiple sclerosis

Treatment with methylprednisolone reduces the duration and severity of clinical relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS), while reducing the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions on T1-weighted MRI. We performed serial MRI imaging after methylprednisolone treatment to see whether suppression of enhancement persists and whether related abnormalities on T2-weighted images disappear at follow-up. Thirteen patients with definite MS received a total of 31 courses of methylprednisolone over an average period of 50 weeks. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI was obtained before and after treatment, then at monthly intervals, using a standardised repositioning and imaging protocol. Two experienced readers in conference defined the number of active (gadolinium-enhancing and new or enlarging nonenhancing) lesions. We detected 609 active lesions on 195 examinations. Directly after treatment the reduction in the number of enhancing lesions was 78%, indicating restoration of the BBB and suppression of inflammation. It was uncommon for a lesion which stopped enhancing to show enhancement on a subsequent examination. No beneficial effect was observed on the rate of disappearance of related abnormalities on T2-weighted images, indicating persistent change such as oedema, cellular infiltration or demyelination. Moreover, in 89% of cases, an increase in the number of active lesions was observed before new clinical activity, if any, was observed (on average 52% earlier). MRI enabled us to demonstrate that the duration of the effect of methylprednisolone treatment is temporary (on average 9.7 weeks).Presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Berlin, August 1992, and the 8th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis, Barcelona, October 1992     

MRI of optic nerve and postchiasmal visual pathways and visual evoked potentials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

We studied the relationship between abnormalities shown by MRI and functional disturbances in the visual pathway as assessed by the visual evoked potential (VEP) in 25 patients with established multiple sclerosis (MS); only 4 of whom had a history of acute optic neuritis. Optic nerve MRI was abnormal in 19 (76 %) and is thus useful in detecting subclinical disease. Optic nerve total lesion length and area on the STIR sequence was found to correlate significantly with prolongation of the VEP latency. This may reflect a predominantly demyelinating rather than inflammatory origin for the signal change in the optic nerve. Received: 21 July 1997 Accepted: 1 April 1998