多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者执行功能障碍研究

目的探讨多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者执行功能障碍特点。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(Mo CA),以及Stroop色词测验(SCWT)、数字符号转换测验(DSST)/图形符号转换测验(GSST)、画钟测验(CDT)和连线测验(TMT)评价34例多系统萎缩患者[以小脑共济失调为主要表现型(MSA-C型)21例、以帕金森病综合征为主要表现型(MSA-P型)13例]和18例原发性帕金森病患者的整体认知功能和执行功能。结果各组受试者Mo CA评分差异有统计学意义(P=0.019),其中PD组和MSA-C型组患者评分低于对照组(P=0.015,0.002)。各组受试者SCWT测验各部分评分(P=0.035,0.013,0.012,0.037)、DSST评分(P=0.000)、GSST评分(P=0.000)、TMT评分(P=0.035)差异均有统计学意义,其中,MSA-C型组和MSA-P型组患者SCWT-A(P=0.004,0.045)、SCWT-B(P=0.001,0.036)和SCWT-D(P=0.023,0.010)评分均高于对照组,PD组、MSA-C型组和MSA-P型组患者SCWT-C评分(P=0.005,0.014,0.003)、DSST评分(P=0.003,0.000,0.000)和GSST评分(P=0.001,0.000,0.000)均高于对照组,仅MSA-P型组患者TMT评分高于对照组(P=0.006)。结论多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者均存在不同程度的执行功能障碍,SCWT和DSST/GSST测验有助于评价此类患者的执行功能障碍。     

帕金森病患者的抑郁与认知功能障碍

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者的抑郁与认知功能障碍之间的关系。方法对60名PD患者和38名对照组进行抑郁和认知功能评定。结果PD组HAMD均分(16.8±0.6),对照组(7.2±2.8);PD组的认知功能与对照组相比下降;PD并抑郁患者的认知功能与PD并非抑郁患者的认知功能相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论PD患者存在抑郁与认知功能障碍,抑郁可能是导致认知功能下降的重要因素。     

帕金森病患者的情感淡漠及其与抑郁和认知障碍的关系

目的了解帕金森病患者情感淡漠发生状况,并对情感淡漠与抑郁、认知功能的关系进行分析。方法采用修订的情感淡漠评定量表(MAES)评定56例帕金森病患者的情感淡漠症状,并以统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、画钟测验(CDT)、词语流畅性测验(VFT)评定患者的病情、抑郁情绪及认知功能。对情感淡漠的相关因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果 56例帕金森病患者中情感淡漠发生率为44.64%(25/56),其中情感淡漠单独发生率为30.35%(17/56),同时伴有抑郁者占14.29%(8/56)。情感淡漠组和非情感淡漠组之间UPDRS的日常生活评分(UPDRS-Ⅱ)、运动评分(UPDRS-Ⅲ)和Yahr评分以及MMSE评分的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),情感淡漠组的CDT和VFT成绩也明显低于非情感淡漠组(P0.01)。情感淡漠影响因素的Logistic回归分析中,依次进入方程的是CDT、VFT、Yahr、MMSE、多巴胺受体激动剂和UPDRSⅢ。结论帕金森氏病的情感淡漠发生率较高,情感淡漠独立于抑郁症状,并与认知功能损害相关。     

早期帕金森病、多系统萎缩及进行性核上性麻痹理查森型工作记忆损害的比较

目的比较早期帕金森病(PD)、多系统萎缩(MSA)及进行性核上性麻痹理查森型(PSP-RS)的工作记忆损害。方法对早期PD患者55例、MSA患者16例和PSP-RS型患者13例进行数字广度(DST)、改良版数字序背测验(DOT-A)及蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)测试。结果 PD组、MSA组及PSP-RS组Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级差异有统计学意义(F=15.356,P=0.000),其中PSP-RS组H-Y分级显著高于PD组及MSA组(均P0.01)。PD组、MSA组及PSP-RS组DST顺背测验评分差异有统计学意义(F=7.392,P=0.001);PD组与MSA组评分均显著高于PSP-RS组(均P0.01)。PD组、MSA组及PSP-RS组DST倒背测验评分差异有统计学意义(F=3.684,P=0.030);MSA组与PSP-RS组评分均显著低于PD组(均P0.05)。PD组、MSA组、PSP-RS组DOT-A评分差异有统计学意义(F=4.201,P=0.019);PSP-RS组评分显著低于PD组(P=0.009)。PD组、MSA组和PSP-RS组MoCA评分差异有统计学意义(F=4.594,P=0.014);PSP-RS组评分显著低于PD组(P=0.006)。结论在早期PD、MSA和PSP-RS型中,PSP-RS型工作记忆和整体认知损害最明显,PD相对最轻。MSA在早期也有明显的工作记忆和整体认知损害。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆患者精神行为症状和认知功能损害的比较

目的:探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)患者精神行为症状和认知功能损害特点。方法:分析53例AD患者(AD组)及49例VD患者(VD组)近1个月精神行为症状及发生率;采用简明精神状态检查(MMSE)、世界卫生组织-加利福尼亚大学听觉词语学习测验(WHO-UCLA AVLT)和画钟测验(CDT)评估两组患者的认知功能。结果:AD组攻击行为、行为紊乱发生率明显高于VD组,抑郁发生率明显低于VD组(P均0.05);AD组MMSE中记忆、言语能力评分显著低于VD组,注意力评分显著高于VD组(P均0.05);AD组WHO-UCLA AVLT中延时记忆、长时记忆评分显著低于VD组(P均0.05);两组间CDT评分差异无统计学意义。结论:AD患者较VD患者有更多的攻击行为及行为紊乱,认知功能损害以记忆、言语能力下降更重;VD患者较多出现抑郁症状,注意力损害更明显。     

帕金森病抑郁情绪对记忆功能影响的研究

目的 :探讨帕金森病 (PD)情绪抑郁与记忆障碍的关系。方法 :采用《临床记忆量表》甲式进行PD患者的记忆测定 ,并与对照组比较 ,Zung氏抑郁自评量表 (SDS)测定被试的情绪状态。Webster功能评分法评定病例组病情。结果 :病例组记忆的各项分测验成绩及记忆商 (MQ)均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;PD抑郁的发生率为51 7% ,其抑郁情绪与临床功能障碍程度相关 ;PD病例中抑郁组与非抑郁组记忆比较 ,除无意义图形再认有差异(P <0 0 5)外 ,其它各项分测验及MQ差异非常显著。结论 :PD患者有明显记忆障碍 ,其记忆障碍与患者的抑郁情绪有一定关系。     

原发性震颤患者的认知功能及抑郁情绪的研究

目的探讨原发性震颤(essential tremor,ET)患者的认知功能和情绪障碍及其相互关系。方法采用简易智能量表(MMSE)、汉语失语症检查法口语表达分测验及阅读分测验、Rey复杂图形测验、修订韦氏成人智力量表中的数字广度分测验、相似性分测验、符号-数字分测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验、连线测验、词语流畅性测验和画钟测验,对40例ET患者和40名年龄、文化程度、利手等相匹配的健康对照进行认知评定。同时,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)测评患者的抑郁情绪,HAMD评分8分为伴有抑郁症状。结果ET组的Rey复杂图形测验(t=6.66,P0.001)、数字广度分测验(顺)(t=3.32,P0.001)、符号-数字分测验(t=4.18,P0.001)、威斯康星卡片分类测验各项(P0.05)、连线测验(t=3.59,P0.001)、词语流畅性测验(t=-3.98,P0.001)和画钟测验(t=-4.18,P0.001)等各项成绩均较正常对照组低;而在汉语失语症检查法口语表达分测验及阅读分测验、相似性测验中两组间得分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);患者组各项认知测验成绩与震颤强度和病程无关(P0.05);52.5%(21/40)ET患者合并抑郁症状,但多为轻度抑郁(71.4%);抑郁症状的发生与年龄有关(2=27.03,P0.001),多出现在50岁以下的患者(85.7%);是否伴有抑郁的ET组之间各项认知测验得分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论ET患者存在多认知域的功能障碍,尤以执行功能、注意力及记忆受损较为明显;ET患者中抑郁症状的发生率较高。     

阿尔茨海默病患者的执行功能障碍

目的了解阿尔茨海默病(A lzhe im er d isease,AD)患者执行功能损害状况及对于生活能力的影响,探讨执行功能障碍与记忆等AD常见认知功能损害的相关性。方法运用神经心理学测验的方法对40例AD患者及30例轻度认知功能损害(m ild cogn itive impairm ent,MC I)患者进行执行功能、记忆及其他认知功能检查,同时进行生活能力评定。另外选择40名健康老人作对照。结果AD组的执行功能测验成绩均显著低于健康对照组(P<0.01),其中额叶功能评定量表(FAB)(5.29±2.47)分,执行性画钟作业(CLOX1)(4.63±3.56)分,Stroop测验错误次数(Stroop1)(14.17±8.99)分,词语流畅性测验(RVR)(17.56±10.51)分。除Stroop测验反应时间(Stroop2)外,MC I组的其他执行功能测验成绩显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05),其中FAB为(7.67±2.44)分,CLOX1为(7.86±3.78)分,Stroop1为(7.21±8.07)分,RVR为(30.86±8.38)分。用多元逐步回归方法分析不同认知功能对生活能力的影响,结果为反映执行功能的FAB测验成绩处于第一位,独立与操作性日常生活能力(IADL)相关(β=-0.778,t=-7.079,P<0.01)。各项执行功能测验与年龄相关性不明显(r=0.026~0.250,P>0.05),与简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、记忆测验成绩相关性好(r=0.438~0.786,P<0.01)。结论AD患者具有明显的执行功能障碍;在尚未到达痴呆水平的MC I阶段也可发现执行功能损害。执行功能和整体认知功能及记忆等认知域功能具有良好的相关性。AD患者的执行功能障碍是导致生活能力下降的重要因素。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的认知和行为功能损害

目的探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化患者认知和行为功能状态。方法收集2013-07—2014-06的ALS患者30例,所有患者的诊断均符合世界神经病学联盟1998年修订的E1Escorial的诊断标准,并行头颅MRI或CT检查除外可引起认知功能障碍的其他原发中枢神经系统疾病。收集与ALS组性别、年龄、受教育相匹配,无精神神经疾病病史且神经系统查体正常的健康对照组60例。采用的量表评分包括简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、动物言语流畅性测验(aVFT)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、连线测验(TMT)、韦氏成人智力量表数字广度测验(DST)、数字符号转换测验(SDMT)、听觉词语记忆测验(AVMT)、画钟测验(CDT)、神经精神量表(NPI)。结果ALS组与对照组相比,aVFT、WSCT正确数、WSCT错误数、WSCT持续错误数、WSCT总分类数、DST顺背数差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。2组的MMSE、WSCT非持续错误数、TMT-A耗时数、TMT-B耗时数、AVMT2、AVMT5、DST总分数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SDMT、CDT差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ALS患者存在认知和行为功能的损害,认知功能损害包括执行功能、记忆力、注意力的损害。     

有暴力行为男性精神分裂症患者执行功能研究

目的:研究有暴力行为的男性精神分裂症患者的执行功能。方法:对75例有暴力行为史的男性精神分裂症患者(暴力组)和43例无暴力行为史的男性精神分裂症患者(对照组)收集一般资料,评定阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS),采用言语流畅性测验、连线测验(TMT)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和Stroop色词测验评定受试者的执行功能。结果:暴力组的Stroop卡五2min内正确数成绩比对照组显著为差(t=-2.58,P=0.01),暴力组的WCST分类数成绩比对照组显著为差(t=-2.27,P=0.02)。其余认知指标(SIE正确数、SIE时间、卡四2min内正确数、卡四完成时间、卡五完成时间、WCST正确数、WCST错误数、WCST持续错误数、TMT-A时间、TMT-B时间、言语流畅正确数)两组间差异无统计学意义(P均≥0.05)。结论:有暴力行为史的男性精神分裂症患者执行功能较没有暴力行为史的损害明显。     

Depressed mood and executive dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES: Studies on neuropsychological functions in early Parkinson's disease (PD) have reported changes with respect to memory and executive control related to dysfunction of fronto-striatal circuitry. The question has been raised, however, whether these findings are at least partly influenced by depression, which as such can also lead to cognitive impairments that depend on the functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present investigation early non-depressed PD patients (NPD), early PD patients with mild depressive symptoms (DPD), patients with primary depression (DEP) and healthy controls (HC) completed a range of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Group comparisons revealed impairments of DPD patients in comparison with HC with respect to verbal fluency, short-term memory and concept formation. In addition they showed mild working-memory deficits. CONCLUSIONS: In summary the present results indicate that depressed mood in early PD may exacerbate cognitive impairments. Thus careful assessment of affective variables in PD should be an integral part of the treatment of PD.     

草酸艾司西酞普兰联合重复经颅磁刺激对改善难治性抑郁症患者执行功能的疗效研究

目的探讨草酸艾司西酞普兰联合低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对难治性抑郁症患者执行功能康复的临床疗效。方法选取2013年12月-2015年6月在天津市精神卫生中心就诊的符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)难治性抑郁症诊断标准的门诊或住院患者68例,采用Excel 2010生成的随机序号进行分组,分为rTMS治疗组和假刺激组各34例,两组均服用草酸艾司西酞普兰治疗,治疗组联合rTMS治疗,假刺激组联合假刺激治疗,两组均治疗4周。治疗前后对两组进行数字广度测验(DST)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)。结果治疗4周后,rTMS组DST的正序评分及总评分均高于假刺激组(P0.05),rTMS组WCST总应答数、完成分类数、正确应答数均高于假刺激组,而错误应答数和持续错误数评分低于假刺激组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论草酸艾斯西酞普兰联合rTMS对改善难治性抑郁症患者执行功能的效果优于单用草酸艾斯西酞普兰治疗。     

Controlled study of decision-making and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.

Impulse control disorders (ICD) related to reward-processing dysfunction have been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). The relationship between clinical markers of limbic dysfunction with demographic variables and cognitive status of PD is incompletely known. Our objective was to further characterize the relationship between limbic and cognitive dysfunction in a representative sample of nondemented PD patients without antecedents of ICD, as assessed by a risk-taking test of decision-making and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Prospective, controlled study of 35 nondemented PD patients and 31 matched controls who received the Iowa gambling task (IGT), the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) and verbal fluencies for global cognitive function, the Stroop and digit span tests for executive function, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for memory. Compared to controls, PD patients performed significantly worse on the IGT. No clear relationship with demographic variables including dopaminergic treatment and motor response to levodopa (stable or fluctuating) emerged. Performance on the IGT was not related to executive function. In contrast, an inverse relationship was found between the IGT and memory and global cognitive performance, with patients with the better MDRS and memory scores performing significantly worse on the IGT. Our results confirm subclinical dysfunction of the limbic system in nondemented PD patients. Although impaired decision-making appears unrelated to executive dysfunction, patients with the better cognitive status appears more prone to assume risky behaviors.     

Theory of mind disability in major depression with or without psychotic symptoms: a componential view

Previous reports have conceptualized theory of mind (ToM) as comprising two components and questioned whether ToM deficits are associated with psychotic symptoms. We investigated 33 nonpsychotic depressed inpatients, 23 psychotic depressed inpatients, and 53 normal controls with the following measures: Eyes Task, Faux pas Task, Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Digit Span Test (DST) and WAIS-IQ. The depressed patients were also evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The nonpsychotic depressed patients and the psychotic depressed individuals were significantly impaired on tasks involving ToM social-perceptual and social-cognitive components, as well as the VFT. The psychotic depressed patients performed significantly worse than nonpsychotic depressed patients on ToM tasks. An association was found between ToM performances and both BPRS total and hostile-suspiciousness scores in the depressed group. Both of the ToM components were impaired in depressed patients. Similar mechanisms and neurobiological substrate may contribute to schizophrenia and major depression.     

An examination of executive dysfunction associated with frontostriatal circuitry in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder presenting with subcortical pathology and characterized by motor deficits. However, as is frequently reported in the literature, patients with PD can also exhibit cognitive and behavioral (i.e., nonmotor) impairments, cognitive executive deficits and depression being the most prominent. Considerable attention has addressed the role that disruption to frontostriatal circuitry can play in mediating nonmotor dysfunction in PD. The three nonmotor frontostriatal circuits, which connect frontal cortical regions to the basal ganglia, originate from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The objective of the current study was to use our understanding of frontostriatal circuit function (via literature review) to categorize neuropsychological measures of cognitive and behavioral executive functions by circuit. To our knowledge, such an approach has not been previously attempted in the study of executive dysfunction in PD. Neuropsychological measures of executive functions and self-report behavioral inventories, categorized by circuit function, were administered to 32 nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (NDPD) and to 29 demographically matched, healthy normal control participants (NC). Our findings revealed significant group differences for each circuit, with the PD group performing worse than the NC group. Among the patients with PD, indices of impairment were greater for tasks associated with DLPFC function than with OFC function. Further, only an index of DLPFC test performance was demonstrated to significantly discriminate individuals with and without PD. In conclusion, our findings suggest that nondemented patients with PD exhibit greater impairment on neuropsychological measures associated with DLPFC than with ACC or OFC circuit function.     

Event-related potentials for response inhibition in Parkinson's disease

This study investigated inhibitory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task. Fourteen healthy volunteers and 13 patients with PD without dementia performed a cued continuous performance test that included Go and NoGo trials. The peak latency, amplitude, and topographic distributions of the ERPs to Go and NoGo stimuli were analyzed. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Kana Pick-out Test, and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). Performances in the WCST and VFT were significantly impaired in the PD group as compared with the control group. The PD group had significantly higher rates of omission and commission errors during the ERP task. The ERP study found no differences in the latency and amplitude of the Go-P3 between the two groups. By contrast, the NoGo-P3 latency was significantly longer in the PD group than in the control group. The amplitudes of the NoGo-P3 and NoGo-N2 were also significantly smaller in the PD group than in the control group. The NoGo-P3 latency was significantly correlated with the Kana Pick-out Test and VFT scores. The NoGo-P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with the WCST and VFT scores, as well as with the number of commission errors. There were no significant correlations between the cognitive function tests and either the Go-P3 or NoGo-N2 measures. The behavioral and ERP data suggest that there is selective impairment of inhibitory function in PD and that this deficit may be related to impaired inhibitory executive function in the frontal lobe.     

Current smoking and response to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's disease

Current smoking has been suggested as predicting poor response to cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. This observational study compares response in subjects with NINCDS-ADRDA 'probable' Alzheimer's disease who are current smokers and subjects who are non-smokers. Smoking status was not associated with response. Smokers were significantly more likely to improve Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) scores following treatment. In non-smokers, improvement from baseline DSST scores was associated with good response but this was not the case in smokers. The change in the DSST is in keeping with smokers having increased numbers of nicotinic receptors. In smokers, the lack of association between improvement in DSST scores and good response may be representative of inhibitory properties of cigarette smoke that are unrelated to nicotine.     

The clock drawing test as a measure of executive dysfunction in elderly depressed patients

The aims of this research were to determine whether performance on the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) could accurately distinguish between older patients with depression and older patients with depression and previously undocumented executive dysfunction and to determine if there was a correlation between CDT and depression severity. The authors studied 52 patients consecutively admitted to a geriatric psychiatry inpatient unit of a university hospital who met DSM-IV criteria for major depression or depression not otherwise specified but had no concurrent diagnosis of dementia. All the subjects completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), and the CDT, as well as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The patients were divided into 2 subgroups based on the DRS score: <129 (cognitive impairment) versus = 129. Results indicated that the depressed patients with a score of DRS <129 had significantly lower CDT scores than did patients with DRS = 129 and normal comparison subjects (P< .01). The results support the hypothesis that CDT score is lower in elderly depressed patients with executive dysfunction versus nondepressed seniors as well as depressed patients without executive dysfunction.     

Striatal contribution to cognition: working memory and executive function in Parkinson's disease before and after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy

The basal ganglia are intimately connected to the frontal cortex via five fronto-striatal circuits. While the role of the frontal cortex in cognition has been extensively studied, the contribution of the basal ganglia to cognition has remained less clear. In Parkinson's disease, posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) involves surgical lesioning of the internal section of the globus pallidus (GPi, the final output pathway from the basal ganglia) to relieve the motor symptoms of the disorder. PVP in Parkinson's disease provides a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of disruption of striatal outflow to the frontal cortex on cognition. We assessed executive function and working memory after withdrawal of medication in 13 patients with Parkinson's disease before and 3 months after unilateral PVP compared to 12 age- and IQ-matched normals assessed twice with an interval of 3 months. The tests used were: Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCST), Self-Ordered Random Number Sequences, Missing Digit Test, Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT), and Visual Conditional Associative Learning Test (VCALT). After PVP, the patients performed significantly better on the Self-Ordered Random Number Sequences and the WCST, an improvement that was also observed in the normals across the two assessment and is therefore likely to reflect practice effects. Relative to the normals, the patients showed significant differential change following PVP on the Missing Digit Test and PVSAT, on which they performed worse after compared to before surgery, while the controls performed better on the second assessment. For the patients, performance on the VCALT also indicated deterioration after PVP, but the changes approached significance. The side of PVP had no effect on the results. The pattern of change observed 3 months after PVP was maintained at 15-month follow-up. The results suggest that striatal outflow to the frontal cortex may be essential for those aspects of executive function that showed deterioration after PVP.     

Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with Parkinson's disease

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), supposed to effectively distinguish between endogenous and nonendogenous depression, was performed in a group of 34 patients with Parkinson's disease. Abnormal DST results were observed in 50% of the patients. The patients were clinically divided into subgroups of depressed and nondepressed parkinsonians. Abnormal DST results were significantly more frequent in depressed (75%) than in nondepressed parkinsonians (27.7%).