并发呼吸功能不全的创伤患者的院前转诊救治

随着急救医学的发展,院前长途转诊已成为院前急救的重要组成部分。并发呼吸功能不全的创伤患者容易受到急救环境、急救药品携带、设备等限制以及转送途中颠簸等意外影响。根据创伤分级制度安全平稳的将这类患者转诊到高级别医院尤为重要。笔者抽取2008年5月-2009年5月成功转运的使用呼吸机接人我院的严重多发伤患者126例临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结如下。     

两类急救呼吸机在呼吸衰竭患者长途转运中的应用比较

因各级医院医疗水平存在差异,在院前急救工作中,如何使呼吸衰竭患者在经过本地医院积极抢救、稳定病情后,使用呼吸机在各级医院间安全有序地转诊是院前急救工作的一个重要组成部分.呼吸机的使用能够提高抢救成功率,目前国内救护车上主要使用气动和电动型两类急救呼吸机来转运患者,现对我院2004年1月至2011年1月间长途转运的43例呼吸衰竭患者使用J-Ⅲ型急救呼吸机(河南辉瑞医疗器械)和54例使用Shangrila 510急救呼吸机(北京谊安)的体会总结如下.     

院前医疗急救与非院前医疗急救的差异化研究

院前医疗急救是指以急救中心为主体的院前医疗机构通过"120"呼救电话受理承接的以属地现场抢救及途中监护治疗为主的医疗行为,是具有公共服务职能和公共卫生属性的医疗服务,从属急诊医学科范畴。而由长途出诊演变而来的非院前医疗急救是指通过救护车护送,为非急救患者所提供的无地域限制无分科差别的转诊转运服务,属于营利性、市场化、有...     

地震对基地医院急诊普通危急重症患者救治的影响

目的：研究地震对非伤员的其他内外科危重患者急诊医疗的影响。方法：采用病例对照研究方法，研究和分析汶川地震发生前后一周急诊科内外科危重患者情况。结果：地震后内外科危重患者数量明显减少，转诊患者和救护车来诊比例降低，但抢救患者比例增加，优化处理流程后急诊诊疗时间明显缩短。结论：虽然地震期间急诊科内外科危重患者总量减少，但存在抢救患者比例增加和院前急救资源减少的问题。应该重视这部分患者的急救医疗需求以及优化处理流程。     

长途转运危重患者70例院前急救与护理

目的:探讨长途转运危重患者的院前急救和护理措施。方法:对我院急诊科长途转运的70例危重患者在转运过程中进行密切监护和针对性护理。结果:转运距离单程70~160 km,转运往返时间为2~6 h;1例经对症处理后病情加重转入附近医院抢救;1例突发心搏骤停,经紧急气管插管、胸外按压,心肺复苏成功;1例心搏骤停,紧急抢救无效死亡;其余患者均被平安转送至我院急诊科。结论:长途转运危重患者的过程中,救护车是一个流动的急诊监护室,进行实时监护和生命支持,密切观察病情变化并及时处理非常重要,完善急救设备和监护仪器有利于保障长途转运危重患者的生命安全。     

气管插管危重症患者长途转运途中的呼吸道护理

随着急诊医学和急救护理学的迅速发展，各种急、危、伤、重症患者在各级医院间转诊、转运、途中监护抢救护理，已成为院前急救工作的重要组成部分，地区及县市的危重症患者常因诊断和治疗，需要到医疗水平和条件更好的大型综合医院进一步诊治。长途转运由于路途长、时间长，不可预见的各种意外，均会增加危重症患者的转运并发症，其中，尤以转运途中的呼吸道并发症多见。     

创伤现场急救的护理分析

目的探讨现场急救护理必要措施,进行有效急救。方法选取民航广州医院急救中心于2008年11月至2009年12月现场出诊救治创伤患者124例,进行抢救护理处理。结果经过合理有效的急救,体表软组织挫伤患者伤口用敷料加压包扎止血或用止血钳钳夹止血,伴有休克者进行抗休克,骨折患者给予临时夹板固定。结论现场急救是急诊医疗体系的重要组成部分,对突发事件现场抢救危重伤员非常重要。     

长途转诊949例临床分析

目的:探讨进一步提高长途转诊的技术水平。方法:回顾性分析2004年6月～2005年5月949例长途转诊的临床资料。结果:长途转诊中男572例,占60.3%,女377例,占39.7%;年龄段集中在18～60岁;出诊数各月份基本相似;出诊病种以骨伤为主。949例病人均能安全转送回医院。结论:长途转诊是一项新的院前急救技术,可以为广大病人提供高质量医疗服务,但需要作好出车的各项准备和调控好出车过程的各种处理技术。     

长途转运患者的护理

目的:加强长途转诊中患者的急救护理。方法:对163例长途转诊患者的院前急救护理情况进行回顾性分析。结果:163例全部由救护车转运,死亡1例,共有162例患者平安转运至目的地。结论:转运前只有做好急救物品、环境的准备和患者病情交接,尊重家属的知情权,转运途中保持静脉通路、呼吸道等管道的固定通畅,严密观察病情,做好转诊记录、保障通讯的畅通等,才能确保患者的安全转运。     

现场气管插管在急诊抢救中的应用78例分析

目的：总结气管插管在急救中应用的经验。方法：回顾性分析2007-01/2009-02北京市和平里医院急诊进行的78例气管插管抢救危重患者的临床资料。结果：78例急诊气管插管中,72例为1次插管成功。6例为2次插管后成功。结论：气管插管是急诊抢救危重患者的基础,对保证进一步心肺复苏、挽留手术机会以及提高危重患者抢救成功率有重要意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.