重型胎盘早剥的诊断和处理

胎盘早剥病因未明,是妊娠晚期严重并发症,起病急,发展快,甚至危及母儿生命。尽早发现胎盘早剥能够避免母儿不良结局,如果发生重型胎盘早剥,及时的诊断及处理能够改善母儿预后。     

胎盘早剥的早期诊断

胎盘早剥最常见的症状是伴有疼痛性的阴道流血。预后的关键在于早期诊断和及时治疗。要提高对胎盘早剥的早期诊断能力,必须重视诱因和不典型的临床表现,并结合实验室检查早期诊断胎盘早剥,同其他重要的孕晚期出血疾病进行鉴别,及时处理,以改善母儿预后。     

胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中的发病危险因素、临床特征及母儿结局.方法 收集2002年1月至2006年12月上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院住院分娩的52例胎盘早剥产妇的临床资料,按是否并发子宫胎盘卒中分为两组:胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中17例为观察组,未并发子宫胎盘卒中的35例为对照组.采用回顾性研究方法对观察组子宫胎盘卒中的发病危险因素、临床特征及母儿结局进行分析,并与对照组进行比较.结果 (1)发生率:2002年1月至2006年12月共分娩35 049人次,胎盘早剥发生率为0.15%(52/35 049),胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中的发生率为0.05%(17/35 049),其中胎盘早剥产妇中子宫胎盘卒中的发生率为33%(17/52).(2)一般情况及分娩方式、分娩孕周:两组产妇的平均年龄、体重指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组产妇均以剖宫产结束分娩,而对照组产妇经阴道及剖宫产分娩为14及21例,比较两组分娩方式及分娩孕周,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).观察组产妇早产发生率为88%(15/17),而对照组为49%(17/35),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(3)发病危险因素:观察组产妇子痫前期发生率及发病持续时间分别为71%(12/17)及6.4 h,对照组分别为20%(7/35)及4.2 h,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组产妇胎膜早破、羊水过多及其他因素比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(4)临床特征:观察组产妇血性羊水、胎儿窘迫、宫腔积血及产后出血的发生率分别为82%(14/17)、65%(11/17)、35%(6/17)及59%(10/17),对照组分别为26%(9/35)、29%(10/35)、6%(2/35)及11%(4/35),两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).而两组产妇在主诉腹痛、阴道流血及腹肌张力高的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(5)胎盘附着部位、剥离面积比较:观察组胎盘附着部位在子宫的前、后壁5例(5/17),宫底宫角12例(12/17);对照组胎盘附着部位在子宫的前、后壁24例(24/35),宫底宫角11例(11/35),两组胎盘附着宫底宫角部位发生例数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).观察组胎盘剥离面积均超过1/3,其中有9例患者剥离面积≥2/3;而对照组胎盘剥离面积≤1/3者27例,剥离面积在1/3～2/3者8例,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).(6)母儿并发症及预后比较:观察组产妇发生失血性休克3例、DIC3例、子宫切除1例、死胎3例、新生儿窒息8例及新生儿死亡1例,而对照组除新生儿窒息5例及死胎2例外,其余指标均为0,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中发病的危险因素主要是子痫前期、发病持续时间长和胎盘附着宫角宫底部.胎盘早剥并发子宫胎盘卒中患者的母儿结局不良.     

仰卧位低血压综合征致胎盘早剥1例

患者 2 6岁 ,住院号 :12 4 2 4。因停经 4 0周 + 3 ,G1P0 ,LSA ,左骶前位 ,于 2 0 0 2年 12月 2 5日上午 10时入院。入院查体 :体温 37 0℃ ,脉搏 80 /min ,呼吸 19/min ,血压 14 7/9 3kPa(1kPa =7 5mmHg)。产科检查 :宫高 33cm ,腹围10 0cm ,臀先露 ,胎心率 136 /min。入院诊断 :宫内妊娠 4 0周 + 3 ,G1P0 ,LSA ,臀位 (混合臀位 )。入院当日下午 2点 30分 ,无宫缩 ,未破膜 ,胎心 14 4 /min ,NST反应型评 10分 ,胎儿估重 (36 0 0± 2 0 0 )g ,考虑到混合臀位、胎儿估重较大为手术指征 ,行剖宫产术。患者下午 3时 30分入手术室 ,神志…     

早发型重度子痫前期对母儿的影响及围产结局

对早发型重度子痫前期发病孕周、终止妊娠孕周、孕周延长时间、母亲严重并发症发生情况及小于孕龄儿发生情况等进行阐述.认为发病孕周是影响胎儿及新生儿病死率的主要因素,发病孕周早围生儿预后差.在终止妊娠前短期的保守治疗(期待疗法)是安全有效的,能明显降低围生儿死亡率及提高生存率.     

胎盘早剥早期诊断及处理的探讨

探讨胎盘早剥的早期诊断及处理要点。方法回顾性分析在我院分娩的27例胎盘早剥患者。结果胎盘早剥的发生率为0.3％，产前确诊率81.5％，胎儿窘迫发生率为66．7％，围产儿死亡率593％，产后出血率74．1％。妊高症占33．3％，胎膜早破占14．8％，为重要的发病诱因。子宫收缩放松不佳48．1％，阴道异常出血37．0％，为常见的临床表现。结论重视诱因及临床表现，结合辅助检查有助于胎盘早剥的早期诊断，加强围产期保健可预防胎盘早剥，以期降低围产儿死亡率。     

重度胎盘早剥的处理时限与妊娠结局

目的探讨重度胎盘早剥的诱因、出现症状至分娩的时间与妊娠结局的关系、并发症的处理。方法回顾性分析北京航天总医院2002年1月至2009年12月44例重度胎盘早剥的临床资料。结果主要诱因为妊娠高血压疾病、胎膜早破,并发子宫胎盘卒中27例（61.4%）、休克19例（43.2%）、DIC13例（29.5%）、围产儿死亡23例（52.3%）。27例子宫胎盘卒中自出现症状至分娩时间为6h5min±4h12min;18例失血性休克为6h35min±3h49min;13例DIC为7h2min±4h12min。结论早期诊断及正确处理是减少并发症,降低围产儿死亡率的关键。     

胎盘早剥的早期诊断及处理的探讨

回顾分析1984～1999年我院分娩的胎盘早期剥离患者72例,探讨胎盘早剥的早期诊断及处理要点。结果：胎盘早利的发生中为0．4％,产前确诊率为20．8％,胎儿窘迫发生率319％。,因产儿死亡率263‰,产后出血率20.8％。胎膜早被30.5％,妊高征22．2％,为重要的发病诱因。间隙性肛腹痛36.1％,胎心异常31．9％,为常见的临床表现。CA125作为一种无创伤性的诊断方法,对胎盘早利的早期诊断有一定帮助．结论：重视诱因及临床表现,并结合CA125检测等可有助于胎盘早利的早期诊断,以期降低围产儿死亡率。     

产后失血性休克诊断及处置的四字方针

按照发生的时间不同,产科出血可分为产前出血和产后出血.产前出血的主要原因有前置胎盘和胎盘早剥,产后出血的发生率和严重程度要显著高于产前出血,本文将着重探讨产后失血性休克的诊断和处置.     

Placental telomere length and risk of placental abruption

Objective: To investigate the associations of placental telomere length with placental abruption (PA) risk and interactions between placental telomere length and placental mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number on PA risk.

Materials and methods: Relative telomere length and mtDNA copy number in placental samples collected from 105 cases and 73 controls were measured in two batches using qRT-PCR. Mean differences in relative telomere length between PA cases and controls were examined. After creating batch-specific median cutoffs for relative telomere length (84.92 and 102.53) and mtDNA copy number (2.32 and 1.42), interaction between the two variables was examined using stratified logistic regression models.

Results: Adjusted mean difference in relative telomere length between PA cases and controls was ?0.07 (p?>?0.05). Among participants with low mtDNA copy number, participants with short relative telomere length had a 3.07-fold higher odds (95% CI: 1.13–8.38) of PA as compared with participants with long relative telomere length (the reference group). Among participants with high mtDNA copy number, participants with short relative telomere length had a 0.71-fold lower odds (95% CI: 0.28–1.83) of PA as compared with the reference group (interaction p values?=?0.03). Conclusion: Findings suggest complex relationships between placental telomere length, mtDNA copy number and PA risk which warrant further larger studies.     

胎盘早剥合并弥漫性血管内凝血急诊处理

胎盘早剥是妊娠中晚期的严重并发症,合并弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)时,可导致孕产妇和围产儿的发病率及死亡率明显增加,早期诊断和急诊处理是改善围产结局的关键。急诊处理胎盘早剥合并DIC的主要措施在于维持血容量,补充凝血因子,并及时终止妊娠。胎儿存活者应剖宫产终止妊娠,胎儿已死亡者可考虑经阴道分娩。     

Maternal sleep duration and complaints of vital exhaustion during pregnancy is associated with placental abruption

Objective: Sleep disorders are associated with cardiovascular complications and preterm delivery (PTD). Insufficient sleep results in metabolic alterations and increased inflammation, both known to contribute to placental abruption (abruption), a determinant of PTD. We examined associations of abruption with sleep duration and complaints of vital exhaustion.

Methods: The study included 164 abruption cases and 160 controls in a multicenter study in Peru. Data on habitual sleep duration and vital exhaustion during the first 6 months of pregnancy were elicited during interviews conducted following delivery. Women were categorized according to short, normal and long sleep duration (≤6, 7–8 and ≥9?h); and frequency of feeling exhausted. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results: Short and long sleep durations were associated with increased odds of abruption. The ORs of abruption in relation to short (≤6?h) and long (≥9?h) sleep duration were 2.0 (95% CI 1.1–3.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1–4.1), compared with normal sleep duration (7–8?h). Complaints of vital exhaustion were also associated with abruption (OR?=?2.37; 95% CI 1.46–3.85), and were independent of sleep duration.

Conclusion: We extend the existing literature and support the thesis that maternal sleep habits and disorders should be assessed among pregnant women.     

Seasonal variation in placental abruption

Objective: To characterize seasonal patterns of placental abruption among Jewish and Bedouin parturients in the Southern part of Israel. Methods: A retrospective population-based study comparing all singleton pregnancies of patients with and without placental abruption was conducted. Deliveries occurred between the years 1988 and 2010. A ‘classical’ model of time series was used, allowing to assess trend and periodic patterns of placental abruption. Results: During the study period, 241,408 deliveries took place, of which 1685 (0.7%) were complicated with placental abruption. Placental abruption was significantly more common among Bedouin parturients: 0.77% (n = 948) vs. 0.623% (n = 737), p < 0.001. A non-linear negative correlation was noted in the incidence of placental abruption (coefficient = ?0.002) during the entire study period. Time series analysis demonstrated annual cycle frequency, seasonal cycle and weekly cycle of placental abruption. The seasonal incidence of placental abruption was higher during spring (B = 7.15) and lower during summer (reference) for both populations (Jewish and Bedouins). Weekly cycle showed significantly higher incidence on Saturday (B = 3.4) and lowest on Tuesday (B = ?4.66) for both groups. The daily differences were accentuated in the Bedouin population (B = 3.7 vs. B = 2.93 in the Jewish population). Conclusion: Placental abruption was significantly more common in the Bedouin population. Both populations demonstrated the same annual and seasonal patterns, with higher incidence in spring and autumn.     

胎膜早破并发胎盘早剥的临床分析

目的　探讨妊娠晚期胎膜早破并发胎盘早剥的发生率、早期诊断和处理要点。方法　回顾分析2 0 0 1年～2 0 0 4年郑州大学第三附属医院产科分娩的胎膜早破病例,其中并发胎盘早期剥离者8例,与非胎膜早破发生胎盘早剥者进行比较。分析早期诊断和母婴结局。结果　3年分娩总数为4 12 4例,胎膜早破并发胎盘早剥者占全部胎盘早剥的2 8 6 % ,胎膜早破是胎盘早剥的首位发病诱因。胎膜早破并发胎盘早剥的发生率为2 77% ,而非胎膜早破者为0 5 2 % ,两者相比差异有显著性(P <0 0 1)。间断腰痛、血性羊水、胎心异常为常见的临床表现。胎膜早破并发胎盘早剥时围产儿的死亡率为12 5‰,无孕产妇死亡。结论　胎膜早破是胎盘早剥的诱因之一,重视临床表现,并结合B超和胎心监护有助于早期诊断,以降低母儿并发症。     

Pregnancy following placental abruption

The aim of the present study by a retrospective chart review was to examine the recurrence rate after placental abruption. Between 1985 and 1998, 81 patients had a placental abruption. We had 2-year follow-up information about 31 patients and 27 of them had a total of 34 subsequent pregnancies. Recurrent placental abruption was observed in 6 pregnancies in 6 patients (6/27, 22.2%). Of the 6 recurrent placental abruptions, the gestational age was 1–3 weeks earlier than that of previous abruption in 4 patients. One patient delivered a healthy baby after her first abruption and then experienced a second abruption. We conclude that careful management is needed after 30 weeks in pregnant women with a previous history of placental abruption. Received: 24 April 2001 / Accepted: 2 July 2001 Acknowledgments We thank medical staff of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Handa City Hospital, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, and Toyohashi Municipal Hospital for their support.     

Risk factors for perinatal mortality in patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of placental abruption

Objective: Placental abruption is a clinical term used when premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall occurs prior to delivery of the fetus. Hypertension, substance abuse, smoking, intrauterine infection and recent trauma are risk factors for placental abruption. In this study, we sought for clinical factors that increase the risk for perinatal mortality in patients admitted to the hospital with the clinical diagnosis of placental abruption.

Materials and methods: We identified all placental abruption cases managed over the past 6 years at our Center. Those with singleton pregnancies and a diagnosis of abruption based on strict clinical criteria were selected. Eleven clinical variables that had potential for increasing the risk for perinatal mortality were selected, logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with perinatal death.

Results: Sixty-one patients were included in the study with 16 ending in perinatal death (26.2%). Ethnicity, maternal age, gravidity, parity, use of tobacco, use of cocaine, hypertension, asthma, diabetes, hepatitis C, sickle cell disease and abnormalities of amniotic fluid volume were not the main factors for perinatal mortality. Gestational age at delivery, birthweight and history of recent trauma were significantly associated with perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality rate was 42% in patients who delivered prior to 30 weeks of gestation compared to 15% in patients who delivered after 30 weeks of gestation (p?<?0.05). A three-fold increase in severe trauma was reported in the group of patients with perinatal mortality than in the group with perinatal survivors (25% versus 7%, respectively, p?<?0.05).

Conclusions: In patients admitted to hospital for placental abruption delivery prior to 30 weeks of gestation and a history of abdominal trauma are independent risk factors for perinatal death.     

The effect of maternal thrombophilia on placental abruption: Histologic correlates

Objective.?To determine if the histology of placental abruption differs by maternal thrombophilia status.

Study design.?This was a multicentre, case–control study of women with abruption and delivering at ≥20 weeks' gestation, collected as part of the ongoing New Jersey-placental abruption study. Women were identified by clinical criteria of abruption. Maternal blood was collected postpartum and tested for anticardiolipin antibodies, and mutations in the Factor V Leiden and prothrombin genes. Cases were comprised of women with an abruption and a positive thrombophilia screen. Controls were comprised of women with an abruption and a negative thrombophilia screen. All placental histology was systematically reviewed by two perinatal pathologists, blinded to the abruption status.

Results.?A total of 135 women with placental abruption were identified, of which 63.0% (n = 85) had at least one diagnosed maternal thrombophilia. There were increases in the rates of meconium-stained membranes (7.9%vs. 2.1%, p = 0.015) and decidual necrosis (4.5%vs. 2.1%, p = 0.023) when a maternal thrombophilia was diagnosed. Although there was no difference in the overall presence of infarcts between the two groups (27.0%vs. 38.3%, p = 0.064), the presence of an old infarct was more common among women with a positive thrombophilia screen (83.3%vs. 44.4%, p = 0.003).

Conclusion.?Placental abruption with a positive maternal thrombophilia screen is associated with higher rates of old placental infarcts and decidual necrosis compared with abruption when thrombophilia is not diagnosed. These lesions suggest a chronic etiology of placental abruption in the presence of a maternal thrombophilia.