The treatment of obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity has a critical role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and prevention of weight gain and treatment after onset of obesity is crucial to the management of the disease. A recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) report on the evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity serves as a model for managing obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention is the fundamental approach and should be implemented by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals. Adjunctive therapies, such as anti-obesity pharmacotherapy and surgery, should only be considered if at least 6 months of lifestyle intervention has produced suboptimal results. If adjunctive therapy is indicated, it will only be successful long term if lifestyle therapy remains central to treatment. The objective of this review is to integrate the recommendations of the NIH into the primary care management of the obese individual with type 2 diabetes.     

Nutritional advice for obesity management and health

Obesity is one of the fastest developing public health problems in the world and is associated with increased risks in morbidity and mortality. Any treatment programme for overweight and obese people should place equal importance on weight reduction and the maintenance of the weight loss. The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease (Department of Health, 2000) identified the vital role of primary care teams in tackling overweight and obesity. The aim of this article is to give a basic overview of some of the issues and principles of weight management in primary care and to ensure nurses are equipped to provide good quality, evidence-based nutritional advice on weight management.     

State of the art: interdisciplinary collaboration for health professional education in genetics

Nursing has a long and productive history of interdisciplinary cooperation in providing education to nurses as well as other professionals. Interdisciplinary education is effective in socializing students and practicing clinicians for practice incorporating new discoveries, in areas such as genetics, for continuing relevance in health care delivery. The National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics (NCHPEG), established in 1996 with the cooperation of the American Nurses Association, the American Medical Association, and the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health, has provided leadership in bringing advances in genetics to the nation's care providers in nearly all health-related disciplines. Nursing plays a key role in this model initiative aimed at new genetic discoveries to improve the health care of all Americans.     

Scholarly perspectives on obesity among black women

There are a disproportionate number of Black women who are either overweight or obese. Health professionals who are overweight or obese were found to have less confidence in weight management practice. Studies show that overweight and obese nurses avoid the topic of obesity with their overweight and obese patients. This article describes the biological, psychological, social and cultural factors which may influence obesity in Black women. Specifically, this synthesis of the literature raises the question whether Black nurses with relevant health knowledge have different rates of obesity when compared to Black women that are not registered nurses.     

Diet,exercise, and the challenge of combating obesity in primary care

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and in most industrialized nations. More than 60% of US adults are now overweight or obese, predisposing over 97 million Americans to a host of chronic lifestyle diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease. Despite the existence of explicit evidence-based consensus reports on the health risks of obesity and the health benefits of even moderate amounts of weight loss, many patients do not receive advice from their health care providers to lose weight or on how to do so effectively. Even modest physical activity and small incremental healthy dietary changes when incorporated into one's lifestyle have a positive effect on weight loss and promote the maintenance of favorable body weight and body composition changes with advancing age. This article describes elements of effective counseling and practical guidelines for developing a healthy lifestyle approach for overweight and obese individuals.     

New agents in development for the management of obesity

Obesity is fast becoming the major cause of premature death in the developed world. The rising prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities also elevates healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence in the UK recommends pharmacotherapy, in conjunction with lifestyle modification, for obese individuals [i.e. body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m(2)] and for overweight persons with a BMI greater than 27 kg/m(2), accompanied by at least one comorbidity. However, the current pharmaceutical treatment available to combat this epidemic remains limited. We review the efficacy and pharmacology of the anti-obesity agents currently used in clinical practice as well as some of the potential agents in phase II and III trials.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者长期氧疗管理的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、遴选并整合慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者长期氧疗管理的最佳证据,为临床工作提供参考。方法 系统依次检索BMJ best practice、Up To Date、JBI循证卫生保健国际合作中心图书馆、系统摘要数据库、美国国立指南数据库、加拿大安大略注册护士协会、苏格兰学院间指南网、国际指南协作组、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所库、澳大利亚指南网、临床系统改进协会、慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议、美国胸科协会、英国胸科协会、爱尔兰胸科协会、澳大利亚和新西兰胸科协会、医脉通临床指南网、Cochrane Library、EMbase、CINAHL、PubMed、万方数据库、中国知网、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中所有关于慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者长期氧疗证据,包括指南、专家共识、最佳实践、系统评价、证据总结及随机对照研究。由2名研究员对文献质量独立评价,结合专业人士的判断,对符合纳入标准的文献进行资料提取。结果 共纳入20篇文献,包括临床决策2篇、证据总结4篇、指南8篇、系统评价1篇、专家共识3篇、随机对照试验2篇。总结长期氧疗定义、多学科团队、适用指征、氧疗设备基本要求与选择、实施、动态评估与监测、健康教育与出院随访8大类27条最佳证据。结论 本研究总结了目前慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者长期氧疗管理的最佳证据,为标准化临床护理方案提供循证依据,改善患者结局,提升护理质量。     

Survey of Australian practitioners' provision of healthy lifestyle advice to clients who are obese

Obesity is a global issue, with healthcare practitioners increasingly involved in clinical interactions with people who are overweight or obese. These interactions are opportunities to provide evidence-based healthy lifestyle advice, and impact on public health. This study used a cross-sectional survey of Australian healthcare practitioners to investigate what influenced the provision of healthy lifestyle advice to obese and overweight clients. A modified theory of planned behavior was used to explore knowledge translation processes. Knowledge translation was linked to three factors: (i) a healthcare practitioner's education and confidence in the currency of their knowledge; (ii) personal characteristics - whether they accepted that providing this advice was within their domain of practice; and (iii) the existence of organizational support structures, such as access to education, and best practice guidelines. To fulfill the potential role healthcare practitioners can play in the provision of evidence-based health promotion advice requires organizations to provide access to practice guidelines and to instill a belief in their workforce that this is a shared professional domain.     

Challenges and strategies: weight management in type 2 diabetes

This article examines the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes and discusses some of the challenges health-care professionals face in helping people with diabetes achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Increasing numbers of people in both developed and developing countries are being classified as overweight or obese, which is resulting in growing numbers of people being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Worryingly this includes large numbers of children developing type 2 diabetes as the younger age groups are becoming overweight or obese. The health-care practitioner's role is explored and strategies to promote and achieve a healthy lifestyle for people with type 2 diabetes are offered. Such strategies are linked to obesity management through, diet, exercise and behavioural therapy.     

The management of obesity: the role of the specialist nurse

Obesity is a global problem, independent of age. The numbers of obese individuals are now reaching epidemic proportions around the world. This is contributing to the risk of inherent comorbidity. The pathophysiology of obesity, although widely debated, is still unclear with suggestions that multiple genetic mutations may have a key role in the development, but as yet no one genetic mutation is felt to be entirely responsible. Biochemical manifestations such as diabetes may play a role. The first goal of management of the obese patient will involve dietary and behavioural modification and a programme of physical exercise. In primary care settings, nurses are suitably placed to assess and manage obese patients (National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2001a). The nursing profession needs to rise to the challenge and prepare nurses for a specialist role in obesity management.     

An Evidence-Based Review of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery

Obesity has reached epidemic levels in the United States. In 1998, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute published guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obese adults. Despite these guidelines, health care providers are still doing a poor job of treating obesity. Millions of Americans meet the weight criteria for bariatric surgery, yet few actually undergo it. Many factors may contribute to this, including patient and provider attitudes regarding obesity and bariatric surgery, cost, and insurance coverage. Recently, numerous publications have described the safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery.     

Gut Microbial Carbohydrate Metabolism Hinders Weight Loss in Overweight Adults Undergoing Lifestyle Intervention With a Volumetric Diet

The rising incidence of obesity requires the reevaluation of our current therapeutic strategies to optimize patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine whether compositional and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota in adults predict responses to a comprehensive lifestyle intervention program in overweight and obese adults. We recruited 26 participants from the Mayo Clinic Obesity Treatment Research Program between August 6, 2013, and September 12, 2013, to participate in a lifestyle intervention program for weight loss. Adults aged 18 to 65 years with a body mass index of 27 to 39.9 kg/m² and able to provide informed consent were included in the study. Fecal stool samples were obtained at baseline and after 3 months. Loss of at least 5% of baseline weight after 3 months was defined as success. Clinical characteristics and gut microbial composition and function were compared between those who achieved at least 5% and those who achieved less than 5% weight loss. After 3 months, 9 of 26 participants lost at least 5% of their weight. The mean weight loss was 7.89 kg (95% CI, 6.46-9.32 kg) in the success group and 1.51 kg (95% CI, 0.52-2.49 kg) in the less than 5% weight loss group. An increased abundance of Phascolarctobacterium was associated with success. In contrast, an increased abundance of Dialister and of genes encoding gut microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes was associated with failure to lose 5% body weight. A gut microbiota with increased capability for carbohydrate metabolism appears to be associated with decreased weight loss in overweight and obese patients undergoing a lifestyle intervention program.     

What role for weight-loss medication? Weighing the pros and cons for obese patients

Obesity is a chronic medical disorder that is not going away anytime soon. Physicians need all the education, tools, and resources possible to successfully help their overweight and obese patients. Weight-loss medications alone are clearly not the answer. However, they are one tool physicians can use in combination with lifestyle changes to increase the success of long-term weight loss in selected patients.     

Behavioral techniques for treating the obese patient

With more than 50% of American adults overweight or obese, primary care physicians should play an active role in helping overweight patients lose weight. Modest weight losses of as little as 7% to 10% can produce significant health benefits, such as preventing the development of diabetes. To help individuals achieve this weight loss, behavior change strategies should be emphasized with all overweight patients. Changes in diet and exercise can produce long-term weight loss with tremendous positive impact. Primary care physicians are well positioned to support these behavior changes in their overweight patients.     

The impact of lifestyle counselling on weight management and quality of life among working-age females

ObjectiveOverweight and obesity are increasing globally. General practitioners (GP’s) are at the first point of contact for medical support and consequently have a major role in resolving this overwhelming problem. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a brief lifestyle counselling on weight management and on the participants’ quality of life (QoL).DesignA cohort study with a one-year follow-up.SettingOccupational health care, city of Pori in southwestern Finland.ParticipantsFemale municipal employees (n = 625) with a mean age of 48 (SD 9) years.InterventionA nurse and a physiotherapist gave lifestyle counselling to all the participants; however, only the overweight/obese subjects were recommended to lose at least 5% of their initial weight.Main outcome measureSuccess in weight management and quality of life.ResultsAt the follow-up visit, 10.4% (95% CI: 7.5–14.0) of the overweight/obese subjects had lost at least 5% of their weight, but 10.0% (95% CI: 6.7–14.3) of the normal-weight participants had become overweight. The mean weight change was +0.1 kg (95% CI: −0.3–0.5) in the overweight/obese group and +0.5 kg (95% CI: 0.2–0.8) in the normal weight group. The change in QoL was inversely correlated with relative weight change in overweight/obese subjects, albeit the effect size was small.ConclusionWeight management counselling should also be directed to individuals with a normal weight. Even with brief lifestyle counselling it may be possible to stabilize weight gain. Successful weight loss may improve the QoL of overweight/obese individuals.

KEY POINTS

• Primary health care has to deal with the increasing problem of overweight and obesity.
• Brief lifestyle counselling performed by a nurse and a physiotherapist seems to be quite effective in weight stabilization, considering the effort needed.
• People with normal weight tend to gain weight and weight management counselling should also be directed to them. Successful weight management may improve the quality of life of overweight/obese people.

     

Treatment modalities of obesity: what fits whom?

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in both developed and developing countries, with rates reaching approximately 10-35% among adults in the Euro-American region. Obesity is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and some type of cancers. Obesity significantly affects the quality of life and reduces the average life expectancy. The effective treatment of obesity should address both the medical and the social burden of this disease. Obesity needs to be treated within the health care system as any other complex disease, with empathy and without prejudice. Both health care providers and patients should know that the obesity treatment is a lifelong task. They should also set realistic goals before starting the treatment, whereas keeping in mind that even a modest weight loss of 5-15% significantly reduces obesity-related health risks. Essential treatment of obesity includes low-calorie low-fat diets, increased physical activity, and strategies contributing to the modification of lifestyle. Anti-obesity drugs facilitate weight loss and contribute to further amelioration of obesity-related health risks. A short-term weight loss, up to 6 months, is usually achieved easily. However, the long-term weight management is often associated with a lack of compliance, failures, and a high dropout rate. Regular physical activity, cognitive behavioral modification of lifestyle, and administration of anti-obesity drugs improve weight loss maintenance. Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy to treat severely obese patients. Bariatric surgery leads to a substantial improvement of comorbidities as well as to a reduction in overall mortality by 25-50% during the long-term follow-up. Obesity treatment should be individually tailored and the following factors should be taken into account: sex, the degree of obesity, individual health risks, psychobehavioral and metabolic characteristics, and the outcome of previous weight loss attempts. In the future, an evaluation of hormonal and genetic determinants of weight loss could also contribute to a better choice of individual therapy for a particular obese patient. A multilevel obesity management network of mutually collaborating facilities should be established to provide individually tailored treatment. Centers of excellence in obesity management represented by multidisciplinary teams should provide comprehensive programs for the treatment of obesity derived from evidence-based medicine.     

Overweight and obesity: key components of cardiometabolic risk

The current obesity epidemic is a major public health concern worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, and in adults and children alike. Obesity confers physical stress on multiple biologic processes and is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, and certain forms of cancer, among other serious diseases. Therefore, it is essential that all health care providers take an active role in addressing the issue of obesity with their patients to reduce their cardiometabolic risks. Indeed, there is a 3-fold increase in the odds that a patient will attempt weight loss if it is recommended by a trusted health care professional. A reduction of only 5% to 10% of body weight improves lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial function, and reduces thrombosis and inflammatory markers. There is evidence, however, that humans are highly sensitive to the availability and nature of food in the environment, which presents a formidable obstacle to achieving lasting weight loss. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health recommends lifestyle modification as the primary intervention. For individuals who do not respond or for those who also have a weight-related illness, a weight loss medication may need to be added to their treatment plan. While there are few medical options currently available, new compounds for the treatment of obesity are under investigation.     

Counseling for physical activity in overweight and obese patients

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. More than 60 percent of U.S. adults are now overweight or obese (defined as at least 30 lb [13.6 kg] overweight), predisposing more than 97 million Americans to a host of chronic diseases and conditions. Physical activity has a positive effect on weight loss, total body fat, and body fat distribution, as well as maintenance of favorable body weight and change in body composition. Many of the protective aspects of exercise and activity appear to occur in overweight persons who gain fitness but remain overweight. Despite the well-known health and quality-of-life benefits of regular physical activity, few Americans are routinely active. Results of research studies have shown that physician intervention to discuss physical activity (including the wide array of health benefits and the potential barriers to being active) need not take more than three to five minutes during an office visit but can play a critical role in patient implementation. This article describes elements of effective counseling for physical activity and presents guidelines for developing physical activity programs for overweight and obese patients.