情绪启动对大学生内隐和外显记忆影响的心境一致性记忆效应

目的 探讨视频启动的正负情绪对内隐和外显记忆的影响是否出现心境一致性记忆效应.方法 采用情绪启动研究范式,通过随机数字表法选取30名大学生观看视频启动不同情绪状态后,做情绪唤醒度和情绪效价评定,然后进行情绪词记忆和测验任务,运用Buchner的加工分离修正模型来分离内隐和外显记忆.结果 (1)负性情绪视频和正性情绪视频的情绪唤醒度显著高于中性视频的情绪唤醒度[(3.24±1.02)分,(2.85±1.35)分,(1.12±1.42)分,P＜0.01];正性情绪启动组和负性情绪启动组的情绪效价分均显著高于中性情绪组[(4.10±0.20)分,(3.60±0.22)分,(3.20±0.97)分,P＜0.01].(2)情绪启动组别在意识提取成绩上差异显著(F(2.87)=30.129,P＜0.05),而在自动提取成绩上差异不显著.(3)在意识提取成绩上,中性词成绩显著高于负性情绪词;正性情绪启动组和中性情绪组成绩均显著高于负性情绪启动组;且启动情绪类型和情绪词类型的交互作用显著(F(4.81)=10.640,P＜0.01).正性情绪启动组对正性情绪词和中性词的意识提取成绩显著高于负性情绪词(P＜0.05),负性情绪启动组对负性情绪词的意识提取成绩显著高于正性情绪词(P＜0.05);中性情绪组对正性情绪词和中性词的意识提取成绩均显著高于负性情绪词(P＜0.05).(4)在自动提取成绩上,情绪启动组别和词语类型的主效应及交互作用均不显著(P＞0.05).结论 情绪启动状态对外显记忆影响出现心境一致性效应,情绪启动状态对内隐记忆影响未出现心境一致性效应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the different effect of positive and negative emotion induced by film clips on explicit and implicit memory,and whether there is mood congruency effect. Methods Thirty participants who were randomly assigned to three experimental groups were investigated. They were exposed in different film clips and then worked on memory task. After each emotional condition,the 5-point Self Assessment Scale was registered , Buchner's processing dissociation corrected model was employed to separate explicit and implicit memory. Results (1) The emotion arousal level of different films is significantly different, the scores of negative film and positive film were more than that of neutral film( (3.24 ± 1.02),(2.85 ± 1.35),(1.12 ± 1.42) , P＜0.01) ; the scores of emotional valence of positive,negative and neutral priming condition were (4. 10 ±0. 20), (3. 60 ± 0.22) and (3.20 ±0. 97), and there was a significant difference between emotion priming conditions (F(2,27) = 46.81, P＜ 0. 01). (2) There was a significant difference among different emotion priming conditions in R (F(2,87) = 30.129, P＜0.05) .and there was no significant difference among different emotion priming conditions in A. (3) In R,there was a main effect in emotional words(F(2,81) = 10.516, P＜0.05) ,the R scores of neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words(P＜0.01) ,there was a main effect in emotion priming conditions(F (2,81) =10.516, P＜0.05) ,the R scores of positive emotion priming group and neutral emotion priming group were significantly higher than those of negative emotion priming group (P＜0.05). There was an interaction of emotional words and emotion priming conditions(F(4,81) = 10.640, P ＜ 0.01). Under positive emotion priming condition, the R scores of positive and neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words (P＜0.05);under negative emotion priming condition, the R scores of negative words were significantly higher than those of positive words (P ＜0.05); under neutral emotion priming condition, the R scores of positive and neutral words were significantly higher than those of negative words (P＜0.05). (4) In A, the main effect of emotion priming conditions and emotional words and interaction effect between them were not significant(P＞0.05). Conclusions Explicit memory showed mood congruency memory effect,but implicit memory,neither the positive emotion priming group nor the negative emotion priming group exhibited mood congruency memory effect.     

Correlations between Event-related Potentials with Pictures Recognition and WMS-RC Scores in Patients with Memory Disorder Caused by Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

This study explored the possibility of using event-related potentials （ERP） for the measurement of picture-recognition memory and examined its correlation with the Chinese Wechsler Memory Scale-revised （WMS-RC） in patients with memory disorder caused by severe traumatic brain injury （sTBI）. The subjects included 20 sTBI patients with memory disorder and 22 healthy individuals. Memory function was measured by using WMS-RC. Behavioral and ERP responses were recorded on-line during performance on a battery of picture recognition and the responses were analyzed off-line for recognition memory effects. Mean memory quotient （MQ） of patients with sTBI was significantly lower than that of the control group. Mean reaction time （RT） was significantly longer and the mean correctness rate （CR） of picture recognition was significantly lower in sTBI group than that of the controls. In controls, the main components of average ERP of picture recognition includes two positive-going waves, designated as P170 and P500, that appear 170 ms and 500 ms after stimulation when the subject could later successfully recall and recognize the pictures. P500 amplitude of target stimulus was significantly higher than that of non-target stimulus. Compared to controls, P500 responses of sTBI group were significantly delayed in latency （P〈0.001） and lower in amplitude （P〈0.001）. P500 latency showed significant negative correlation with MQ and the scores of ＂addition＂, ＂visual recognition＂, ＂picture recall＂, ＂visual reproduction＂ and ＂tactile memory＂ in WMS-RC. ERP of picture recognition provides a neurophysiological approach to directly assess memory impairment, and P500 may serve as a helpful index for memory disorder caused by sTBI in forensic practice.     

Effect of Bushenyisui Formula on brain tissue apoptosis and Bcl-2 in beta-amyloid protein-induced Alzheimer’s disease rat models

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Bushenyisui Formula on cell apoptosis and positive B cell lymphoma(Bcl-2) in the Brain of rat models of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) induced by beta-amyloid protein(Aβ) and the mechanism underlying the effect.METHODS:Total of 40 SD rats,20 females and 20 males,were randomly assigned to 4 groups,controlled group(A),model group(B),conventional treatment group(C) and Bushenyisui Formula treatment(BYFT) group(D),10 rats in each group.Aβ 1-42 was injected into the bilateral hippocampus of the rats in group B,C and D to create the models of AD.Sham operation was performed on the rats of group A in the same way by injecting equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution into their bilateral hippocampus.5 days after operation,Bushenyisui Formula was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 450 mg/kg to the rats of group D(QD) for 20 days.Equalvolumeof0.9%sodiumchloridesolution wasintraperitoneallyinjectedintotheratsofgroupB withthesameprocedure.C suspension(20 mg/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into the rats of group B with the same procedure.The number of apoptotic cells in Brain and the positive Bcl-2 were counted.The changes of learning and memory abilities were evaluated usingY-maze.RESULTS:Right after the establishment of the models,group B,C and D compared to group A respectively,the outcomes of Y-maze were significantly different from that of group A,which suggested obvious learning and memory disorder in those groups(P<0.01).After treatment,the times of electronic shocks of group C and D were significantly less than that of group B(P<0.05),and the numbers of apoptotic cells and positive Bcl-2 were significantly different from those of group B,apoptotic sells’ number of group C and D smaller than that of group B and the number of positive Bcl-2 greater than that of group B.CONCLUSION:Bushenyisui Formula could increase the number of Bcl-2 in brain,which improved the function of nervous system pertaining to learning and memory abilities.     

面孔倒置效应和诱导效应的行为学研究

目的 比较被试对相同刺激在不同诱导条件下认知差异,探讨倒置效应和结构变化在面孔识别中的意义.方法 采用诱导启动范式,以16名正常大学在校男生为研究对象,给予其简化面孔和字母组合的相同视觉刺激,比较被试在不同认知条件下反应的准确率和反应时间的差异.结果 被试在加工面孔组比较刺激时受到倒置的影响而准确率显著降低[(79.03±10.53)%,(89.43±9.98)%,P<0.01];在加工面孔组的诱导刺激和比较刺激时均受到倒置的影响而使反应时间显著延长[(3720.40±607.71)ms.(2998.33±544.02)ms,(3521.80±1038.20)ms,(2750.87±867.13)ms,P<0.01],而倒置对字母组的两种刺激的反应时间无显著影响(P>0.05);反应时和准确率的相关均未达显著性水平(P>0.05).结论 激活诱导效应对认知加工具有重要影响,在面孔认知的结构编码之前有一个认知启动的阶段.结构变化时倒置效应在字母诱导组的缺失和在面孔诱导组的显现,印证了结构变化和倒置效应对于面孔加工的草要意义,且该效应不能用认知难度的变化来解释.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the cognitive difference of subjects'responses to the same visual stimuli under two different priming conditions,and to discuss the influence of inversion effect and configural changes upon facial recognition.Methods Priming pattern was employed,and subjects were induced to recognize the same stimuli as schematic faces or three English letters under different priming conditions.The participants'accuracy and reaction times were compared in two priming conditions. Results Participants'accuracy of the comparison stimuli in facial priming condition decreased significantly by inversion effect((79.03±10.53)%vs(89.43±9.98)%,P<0.01);reaction times of priming stimuli and comparison stimuli were delayed by inversion effect significantly((3720.40±607.71)ms vs(2998.33±544.02)ms,(3521.80±1038.20)ms vs(2750.87±867.13)ms,P<0.01),and there was no influence of inversion effect upon the reaction times of English letter stimuli(P>0.05).Correlations of accuracy to reaction times reached no significant difference under two conditions.Conclusion Priming effect make sense in the cognition,and there was a priming stage before the facial configuration.Inversion effect shows up in the face priming condition,and vanish in the English letter priming condition,which demonstrate the importance of configuration and inversion effect in the facial cognition.What's more,such effect can't be explained by the changes of cognitive difficulty.     

萱草花对抑郁模型大鼠行为学及学习记忆的影响

Objective To observe the effects of the extract from daylily on the learning and memory in depression model rats, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Rats were randomly divided into control group, model group ( CUMS), the positive group (CUMS + fluoxetine) , high, medium and low dose group (stress + daylily extract in different doses), 12 rats in each group. The depression model was established by combining separation and chronic unpredictable stress. Body mass, open-field-test and sugar consumption experiment were used to evaluate the changes of behaviors in rats. And morris water Maze test was used to evaluate the ability of learning and memory. Results There was no statistically distinction between the rats of each group on weight and the behavioral indicator before modeling. Compared with the control group, the vertical movement,horizontal movement of open box test in the model group were reduced (P＜0.05 ) ,and sugar consumption and preference degree decreased (P<0.05 ).The target quadrant time, platform resident time, effective area residence time and crossing platform times in the water maze test of the model group was less than those of the control group. The daylily effect was evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days respectively post treatment. There were significant differences in depression behaviors between model group and daylily group(P＜0.05). And each indicator in the water maze test of the daylily group (high, medium dose) was more than that of model group (P ＜ 0. 05). Control group, model group, positive group, high, medium and low dose group, vertical movement scores were (41.83 ± 17.63; 8.14 ±4.23; 12.73 ±7.21; 23.17 ± 18.75; 8.38 ±3.46; 13.50 ±5.44); horizontal movement scores were (69.92 ±34.04; 28.33 ±20.36; 62.25 ± 15.72; 69.42 ±35.17 ; 49.08 ±32.85; 48.08 ±21.19). Conclusion Daylily may be partially work on the depression of rats, with some antidepressant effect, meantime,daylily can improve the ability of learning and memorizing of the depressed rats.     

Postural control and sensory information integration abilities of boys with two subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in childhood. ADHD children with overlapping symptoms and signs of motor problems have more serious prognosis than that of children with ADHD only. However, the motor and sensory processing problems in children with ADHD have not been studied well. Few people adopt the technique of computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) in the study of ADHD, which is applied widely in clinical and laboratory research to objectively evaluate human’s balance performance. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of postural control and sensory information processing of boys with two subtypes of ADHD by using CDP, so as to provide the proof for non-drug therapy of ADHD.

Method From June 2003 to September 2004, a total of 73 boys (7–15 years of age) with ADHD and 73 normal developing boys matched by age and intelligence quotient from Peking University Institute of Mental Health were recruited in the study. The Sensory Organization Test was adopted to test the static balance performance under six sensory input conditions by SMART EquiTest 8.0 (NeuroCom) instrument. The sensory information from three sensory systems were available under condition 1, the visual inputs were removed or distorted under condition 2 or 3, the somatosensory inputs were in conflict with or without the visual inputs removed under condition 4 or 5, and both the visual and somatosensory inputs were in conflict under condition 6. The indexes of equilibrium score, somatosensory, vestibular, and visual ratios, and strategy scores were analyzed to indicate the subjects’ postural control ability.

Results ADHD boys had significantly lower composite equilibrium score (CES) than the normal group (P <0.05). Under condition 1 and conditions 3–6, the equilibrium scores (ES) of the ADHD group were significantly lower (all P <0.05) than those of the control. Significantly lower visual and vestibular ratios and strategy scores under conditions 4–6 were found in boys with ADHD compared with the control group (P <0.05). Boys of ADHD-predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) type had a significantly lower CES and ES under conditions 4–6 than the controls (all P <0.05) while the ESs of ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) boys under each condition were similar with that of boys with ADHD-I and no significant difference was found between boys with ADHD-C and the control group (all P >0.05). Compared with the control group, the ADHD-I boys showed significantly lower visual and vestibular ratios and strategy scores under conditions 4–6 whereas the ADHD-C boys showed a trend of lower visual ratio (all P <0.05).

Conclusions ADHD boys had a poorer static postural control ability and impaired function of processing visual and vestibular information compared with the normal control. Boys with ADHD-I showed particularly severe defect of static postural control and vestibular function integrating conflict information than normal boys. These deficits may be an important contributor to the clinical presentation of ADHD children and their cognitive deficits. Assessment and training of postural control function would be suggested during the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD children.

     

Effects of Bushen Tiaochong Recipe (补肾调冲方) containing serum on ovarian granulosa cell proliferation, steroidogenesis and associated gene expression in rats

Objective:To observe the effect of Bushen Tiaochong Recipe (补肾调冲方,BSTCR) on rats' ovarian granulosa cell (GC) proliferation,steroidogenesis and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR),and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression using serum pharmacological method.Methods:Rats' GCs were incubated with 10% blank serum (as negative control group),follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)-containing serum (S-FSH,as positive control group),or BSTCR (in different dosages) containing serum (S-BSTCR,as the BSTCR groups) for 48 h.~3H-TdR incorporation was then performed;DNA was measured to analyze the distribution of GCs in the cell cycle and their proliferation index (PI) using a flow cytometer;estradiol (E_2) and progesterone (P) content in the culture fluid were examined by radioimmunoassay;and levels of FSHR and IGF-1 mRNA expression in GCs were measured by real-time RT-PCR.Results:A dose-dependent increase of ~3H-TdR incorporation in GC was shown in the BSTCR groups.Cells in G_0/G_1 phase had markedly less,while those in S phase had a significantly higher increase in the BSTCR groups compared with the negative control group.A high value of PI was also shown in the BSTCR groups,especially in the high dose group where the influence of cell proliferation was stronger than that in the positive control group.The levels of E_2 and P in the BSTCR groups of all dosages were significantly higher than those in the negative control group,and did not show any significant difference compared with those in the positive control group.Levels of FSHR and IGF-1 mRNA expression in the BSTCR groups increased in a dose-dependent manner at levels higher than those in the negative control group.Conclusion:S-BSTCR can obviously stimulate the proliferation and steroidogenesis of ovarian GCs.It is speculated that BSTCR could play a regulatory action on ovarian function through two different pathways of endocrine and autocrine by promoting FSHR and IGF-1 mRNA expression.     

Serum Beta-hCG of 11 Days after Embryo Transfer to Predict Pregnancy Outcome

Objective To assess the clinic value of a single maternal serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) assay 11 d after embryo transfer in ART pregnancies and to predict pregnancy outcome. Methods A total of 384 pregnancies after embryo transfer were included. Inviable pregnancies were defined as biochemical pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies and first trimester abortions. Ongoing pregnancies were defined as singleton pregnancies and multiple pregnancies whose gestation were achieved more than 12 weeks. Serum β- hCG concentrations were compared among different groups. Results On the post embryo transfer d 11, the mean β-hCG concentration of the ongoing pregnancy group (323.7±285.2 mIU/ml) was significantly higher than that of the inviable pregnancy group (81.4±68.1 mmIU /ml) (P<0.001). In multiple gestations, the levels of β-hCG were significantly higher compared with singleton pregnancies. If the β-hCG level was between 10 mIU/ml and 50 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of biochemical pregnancies and ectopic pregnancies was 81.8%, the negative predic- tive value was 94.4%. If the level was less than 100 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of first trimester abortions was 80.8%, the negative predictive value was 77.8%. If the level was greater than 250 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of multiple pregnancies was 83.3%, the negative predictive value was 74.4%. Conclusions A single serum β-hCG level on d 11 after embryo transfer has good predictive value for clinical pregnancy outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and helps to plan the subsequent follow-up.     

Chinese Medicine Improves Postoperative Quality of Life in Endometriosis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective:To investigate the effect of Chinese medicine(CM) and Western medicine(WM) on quality of life(QOL) after conservative surgery for endometriosis.Methods:A total of 320 patients with endometriosis were randomized into two groups by using random block design,CM group(160 cases,activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis treatment based on syndrome differentiation) and WM group(160 cases,gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or gestrinone treatment) after conservative surgery.Treatment was given for 3-6 months(according to the revised American Fertility Society scoring system stage),and the World Health Organization QOL-BREF(WHOQOL-BREF) was applied to patients before and after treatment to assess QOL.Results:There were 136 cases in the CM group and 141 cases in the WM group completing therapy.In the CM group,the use of the WHOQOL-BREF showed that the physical,psychological and environmental scores post- treatment were significantly higher than those at pre-treatment(P<0.05),and for 12 items(pain and discomfort, energy and fatigue,sleep and rest,mobility,activities of daily living,work capacity,negative feelings,health and social care:accessibility and quality,participation in and opportunities for recreation/leisure activities,appetite, QOL score,overall health status and QOL),the difference in scores was significant(P<0.05).In the WM group,4 items(pain and discomfort,opportunities for acquiring new information and skills,QOL score,overall health status and QOL) had significantly different scores post-treatment compared with those at pre-treatment(P<0.05).Before treatment,the QOL in the two groups of patients showed no significant difference(P>0.05).After treatment,the scores for physical health in the CM group were significantly higher than those of the WM group(P<0.05) and the scores of 4 items(mobility,activities of daily living,sexual activity,QOL score) in the CM group were significantly higher than those in the WM group(P<0.05).Conclusions:CM and WM treatment could improve the QOL of patients with endometriosis after conservative surgery.CM treatment is more effective than WM.     

THE ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN GASTRIC CANCER AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS

Objective To determine the role of Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) in the development of gastric cancer and gastric precancerous lesions. Methods From the biopsy specintestinal metaplasiaens of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions lip organisms were detected by a combination use of three methods ( Clo-test,Giemsa and PCR ). Mutations of C-Ha-ras and p53 genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis-direct sequencing ( PCR-SSCP-S ) . Results The detection rates of lip in gastric cancer, dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia were significantly higher than that of normal gastric mucosa , and the mutational rates of C-Ha-ras and p53 genes in Hp positive patients were significantly higher than those in lip negative patients. In gastric cancer patients, the mutational rate of p53 gene in lip positive patients was significantly higher than that of lip negative patients, in which spot mutation was the main pattern of gene changes.Conclusion Hp infection might be related to gastrocarcinogenesis and gene mutation might play a role in Hp related gastric cancer.     

抽动—秽语综合征患者外显记忆与内隐记忆的研究

目的：探讨抽动－秽语综合征患者外显记忆与内隐记忆的特征。方法：采用病例对照研究匹配设计，选取确诊对抽动－秽语综合征患者24例，健康对照26例。分别用指向记忆、联想学习方法测定其外显记忆，用字根补笔、自由联想任务测定其内隐记忆。结果：①外显记忆：与健康对照相比，抽动－秽语综合征患者的指向记忆、联想学习两项测验结果均显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。②内隐记忆：与健康对照组相比，抽动－秽语综合征患 者的内隐记忆结果出现分离。其中字根补笔测验引发的知觉性启动效应显著低于对照组（P＜0．05），自由联想测验引发的语义性启动效应与对照组相比无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：抽动－秽语综合征影响患者的外显记忆及内隐记忆中的知觉性启动效应，而对于语义性启动效应无明显影响。     

抽动-秽语综合征患者外显记忆与内隐记忆的研究

目的 探讨抽动-秽语综合征患者外显记忆与内隐记忆的特征.方法 采用病例对照研究匹配设计,选取确诊的抽动-秽语综合征患者24例,健康对照26例.分别用指向记忆、联想学习方法 测定其外显记忆,用字根补笔、自由联想任务测定其内隐记忆.结果 ①外显记忆:与健康对照组相比,抽动-秽语综合征患者的指向记忆、联想学习两项测验结果 均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).②内隐记忆:与健康对照组相比,抽动-秽语综合征患者的内隐记忆结果 出现分离.其中字根补笔测验引发的知觉性启动效应显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),自由联想测验引发的语义性启动效应与对照组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 抽动-秽语综合征影响患者的外显记忆及内隐记忆中的知觉性启动效应,而对于语义性启动效应无明显影响.     

工作记忆中关系信息保持的事件相关电位

目的 比较颜色、语义分别与其空间位置整合后在工作记忆保持阶段的事件相关电位(ERPs)时空模式特点.方法 14名受试者分别从事工作记忆中颜色-位置和语义-位置整合的延迟匹配样本任务,同时记录其19通道的ERPs,行为数据采用配对t检验分析,ERPs数据利用配对t值的统计参数映像呈现.结果 颜色-位置整合任务的反应时间显著短于语义-位置整合任务,且前者反应正确率显著高于后者.ERPs的t值统计参数映射显示两者显著差异主要出现在额中央回和顶部的大部分区域(200ms前后),双侧前额部和额部(260～320ms),左侧枕部(500～580ms).结论 汉语语义-位置的关系记忆的保持涉及更多脑区,特别是额区的效应最大提示工作记忆的目标保持阶段.     

Psychopharmacology and memory

Psychotropic and other drugs can alter brain mechanisms regulating the formation, storage, and retrieval of different types of memory. These include "off label" uses of existing drugs and new drugs designed specifically to target the neural bases of memory. This paper discusses the use of beta-adrenergic antagonists to prevent or erase non-conscious pathological emotional memories in the amygdala. It also discusses the use of novel psychopharmacological agents to enhance long term semantic and short term working memory by altering storage and retrieval mechanisms in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Although intervention in the brain to alter memory as therapy or enhancement holds considerable promise, the long term effects of experimental drugs on the brain and memory are not known. More studies are needed to adequately assess the potential benefits and risks of these interventions.     

空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆检测阿尔茨海默病模型的研究

目的：损伤大鼠双侧基底核形成阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型,用空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆共同检测该模型的可靠性方法：选用3月龄大鼠16只,随机选8只制成模型组,将鹅膏蕈酸钠（IBO）注入大鼠双侧基底核,其余8只为青年对照组。另选24月龄大鼠8只为老年对照组。用Morris水迷宫对3组大鼠进行行为学检测。结果：模型纽与青年组、老年组相比,空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆均明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论：空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆是检测AD模型的可靠方法。     

保生大帝吴夲生平及民间纪念考略

在福建及台湾,有很多供奉保生大帝的庙宇。保生大帝姓吴,名卒,字华基,别号雪东,生于北宋太平兴国四年（979）,卒于北宋景佑三年（1036）,终年58岁。吴夲自幼聪慧,天文地理,礼乐行政之书,无不通览。年少时,其父因病而逝,其母亦因忧伤操劳而亡。吴卒遂立志学医。24岁时,吴夲中举,委任御史之职。数年后,吴卒奏请辞官,修道于泉州府白礁乡大雁山,修道之余,潜心岐黄,济世救人。吴夲谢世后,出于对其的崇敬和缅怀,民间追谥其为“医圣真人”,并修庙塑像供奉。此后,历代帝王多有敕封。宋仁宗敕封其为“保生大帝”,并赐龙袍,令地方官春秋两季致祭。自此,保生大帝逐渐成为福建及台湾民间信仰的医神。     

抑郁症患者的自传体记忆研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者自传体记忆的特征及其影响因素。方法：应用自传体记忆测验（AMT）、汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表（HAMD）、贝克抑郁量表（BDI）、贝克焦虑量表（BAI）、综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）、箭头任务Stroop测验（ATST）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、倒行掩蔽测验（BMT）和持续操作测验（CPT）对60名抑郁症患者和60名正常人的自传体记忆、情绪和认知执行功能进行评估。结果：抑郁症组的具体性记忆明显较少,与抑郁和焦虑得分以及ATST的顺逆读所需时间和时差呈负相关;抑郁症组的概括化记忆增多,反应时间长,二者均与负性情绪得分以及ATST的顺逆读所需时间和时差呈正相关。结论：抑郁症患者的自传体记忆具有概括化和回忆迟缓特征,与负性情绪、认知执行功能受损有关。     

生物学的记忆方法

简述了记忆的几种方法,在建构学生知识体系过程中起着重要的作用。结合生物学教学的一些基本特点,对记忆基本规律在生物学教学中的应用进行了探讨。教会学生如何科学记忆及方法,有利于开发学生智力、培养分析问题的能力和应用能力,从而提高学习效率。