开鲁县较贫困农村儿童生长发育监测

内蒙古开鲁县是国家食物与营养监测项目的一个较贫困农村监测点。为收集不同地区儿童营养状况的连续资料，按照国家项目组的要求，2000年7月对开鲁县415名5岁以下儿童及其住户进行了第二次现场监测。内容包括：5岁以下儿童身高、体重的测量和与儿童生长发育相关因素的 问卷调查。调查结果显示，5岁以下儿童的生长迟缓率（身高不足）为13．25％。低体重率为8．67％。调查前两周儿童呼吸系统疾病的患病率为16．87％，腹泻患病率为14．46％。2岁以下儿童辅食添加率分别是：谷类66．09％，乳类25．86％，蔬菜水果类61．49％，蛋类67．24％，禽畜肉类47．70％，鲁虾类30．46％，豆类24．71％。测定21名5岁以下儿童血红蛋白含量，贫血率21．33％。与1998年开鲁县监测结果比较，5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率无差异。低体重率，2000年高于1998年（P＜0．01）。调查前两周，呼吸系统疾病患病率无差异。腹泻患病率2000年高于1998年（P＜0．05）。     

甘肃省5岁以下儿童生长发育与呼吸系统疾病及腹泻患病率关系的分析

目的通过对甘肃省8个县(市)5岁以下儿童呼吸系统疾病、腹泻2周患病率进行流行病学调查,了解全省儿童2种病的患病情况,以及呼吸系统疾病、腹泻与儿童生长发育之间的关系。方法采用多阶整群抽样方法,对象为中签居委会(村)5岁以下儿童。以入户访问和测量的方式进行调查。结果5岁以下儿童呼吸系统疾病及腹泻2周患病率:城市、农村呼吸系统疾病患病率分别为32.96%、21.25%,城市高于农村;腹泻患病率农村明显高于城市,城市、农村分别为6.74%、16.15%。患腹泻的儿童平均身高、体重均低于无病儿童,差异有显著性(P<0.01);生长迟缓和低体重的儿童呼吸系统疾病和腹泻2周患病率明显高于正常儿童,差异有显著性(P<0.001)结论儿童疾病与儿童营养不良相互作用、相互影响;采取多种具有针对性的干预措施:提高儿童生长发育水平,提高免疫力,促进抗病能力,改善生活环境,降低呼吸系统疾病发病水平;改善饮水条件,预防和减少儿童腹泻等肠道疾病的发生。     

宁夏盐池县农村贫困地区6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养健康状况调查

目的调查分析宁夏盐池县农村贫困地区6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养健康状况,为实施儿童营养干预提供科学依据。方法按照中国疾控中心＂贫困地区6岁以下儿童营养健康状况调查＂方案和问卷,采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取宁夏国家级贫困县盐池县314名6岁以下儿童,测量身高（长）和体重,同时检测血红蛋白,并进行添加辅食状况和儿童膳食状况调查。结果 6岁以下儿童生长迟缓率为11.8%,低体重率为15.9%,消瘦率为5.1%,贫血率14.9%。结论贫困地区儿童营养不良状况严重,儿童辅食添加的时间、质量和数量以及儿童膳食营养结构等急需改善。     

蓝田县6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养状况调查

目的调查分析蓝田县6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养状况,了解蓝田县儿童生长发育与营养状况存在的主要问题,为进一步制定营养改进措施提供依据。方法按中国疾病预防控制中心"6岁以下儿童状况调查"方案,对陕西省国家贫困县蓝田县322名6岁以下儿童进行身高、体重的测量和血红蛋白检测,并以问卷的形式对以上儿童的家长进行了喂养方式及辅食添加状况进行调查。结果 6岁以下儿童低体重率为1.24%,生长迟缓率为2.17%,消瘦率为0.62%,贫血率10.87%。结论婴幼儿辅食添加的时间、质量和数量上尚存在不科学之处。原因与经济贫困有关外,还与当地的婴幼儿家长缺乏婴幼儿喂养知识有关。     

白水县6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养状况调查

目的调查分析白水县6岁以下儿童生长发育与营养状况,了解白水县儿童生长发育与营养状况存在的主要问题,为进一步制定营养改进措施提供依据。方法按中国CDC"6岁以下儿童状况调查"方案,对陕西省国家贫困县白水县323名6岁以下儿童进行身高、体重的测量和血红蛋白检测,并以问卷的形式对以上儿童的家长进行了喂养方式及辅食添加状况进行调查。结果 6岁以下儿童低体重率为1.55%,生长迟缓率为3.41%,消瘦率为0.62%,贫血率10.53%。结论婴幼儿辅食添加的时间、质量和数量上尚存在不科学之处。原因与经济贫困有关外,还与当地的婴幼儿家长缺乏婴幼儿喂养知识有关。     

甘肃省2岁以下婴幼儿辅食添加与生长发育状况调查分析

目的 了解甘肃省2岁以下婴幼儿辅食添加与生长发育状况。方法 采用分层抽样和多阶整群抽样的方法，抽取全省6个县(市)的874名儿童，采用问卷调查方式收集这些儿童辅食添加方面的信息，同时测量其身长、体重，并与WH0推荐的标准进行比较。结果 城市婴幼儿的身长、体重中位数已达到WH0标准，而农村婴幼儿的身长、体重中位数则低于WH0标准；各地婴幼儿辅食添加率已迭70．O％以上，但其各类辅食构成比差异则较大，其中以谷类和乳类比率较高，分别为33．2％和25．5％，动物蛋白和植物蛋白比率则较低，分别为13．4％和7，8％。结论 科学合理地指导乳母进行婴幼儿辅食添加，是改善农村婴幼儿营养状况的重要措施。     

北京市东城区部分儿童营养监测调查分析

目的：本文通过对420户居民中的424名6岁以下儿童的营养监测调查分析，结果：被调查儿童出生体重低于2500克有13名，占3．07％；按年龄，性别体体重患病率为0．2％，按年龄，性别体重过重占9．0％；按年龄，性别发育迟缓患病率1．90％；身高和体重与1992年按年龄，性别组进行比较，身高平均增长4．3cm，体重平均增长1．2kg;被调查儿童，血色素平均值为12．4g，离均差为0．92；血色素低于11g的占8＝7％；3岁以下儿童贫血患病率为11．0％，3－6岁儿童贫血患病率为1．9％（经x^2检验，P＜0．05，具有显著性差异）。     

416名学前龄前儿童营养监测分析

目的：为了解和掌握学龄前儿童营养状况及生长发育水平。方法：采用联合国产儿童基金会推荐的方法对自贡市贡井区农村４１６名６岁以下儿童的身高、体重、Ｈｂ进行了监测。结果：ＷＡＺ、ＨＡＺ及贫血患病率分别为１４．４％、２１．２％和５．５％,性别及年龄段间差异不显著。结论：该区学龄前儿童生长发育基本趋于正常,但与全国同类型经济地区相比有一定差距,其影响因素倾向于营养结构上的不合理,需要引起家长及全社会的关注．     

张掖市甘州区中小学生生长发育及营养现状调查研究报告

目的了解张掖市甘州区中小学生生长发育及营养现状,探索分析中小学生生长发育中存在的问题,为甘州区中小学生生长发育及营养现状的研究提供相应资料,并为评价相关干预效果提供基础数据。方法整群抽取甘州区12所中小学校共计16363名学生进行身高、体重测量,按“2000年全国7～22岁城乡汉族学生身高、体重百分位数评价表”和中国肥胖工作组（WGOC）制订的BMI标准筛查超重、肥胖学生,用中国学生体质测量评估体系系统软件对其生长发育及营养状况进行评价。结果甘州区7～17岁各年龄组男、女生平均身高和体重均高于2005年兰州市、甘肃省、全国平均水平,而低于2005年北京市的平均水平。学生营养不良率为19．0％,超重率为10．0％,肥胖率为9．0％;男生营养不良率显著低于女生。而超重率、肥胖率均高于女生。结论甘州区中小学生的生长发育状况良好,但超重率和肥胖率较高,且已进入儿童青少年肥胖高流行阶段,因此,建立规范的监测体系和实施综合措施以积极防治儿童青少年肥胖已刻不容缓。     

营养不良166例喂养方式和饮食习惯分析

目的：了解0～5岁儿童营养不良患病情况，分析营养不良与喂养方式和饮食习惯的关系，提出相应的措施及解决方案。方法：以身高和体重作为衡量儿童营养状况的指标，根据WHO推荐的NCHS标准对营养不良进行分型。结果：0～5岁儿童营养不良患病率为：营养不良占总受检人数的13．23％，其中低体重占15．94％，消瘦占20．21％，发育迟缓占50．14％，营养不良患病与添加辅食时间显著相关。结论：营养不良是多种因素相互作用的结果，是通过营养知识的宣传教育、饮食指导可以预防的疾病。     

贫困农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿发热和腹泻2周患病率的影响因素

目的：了解贫困农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿发热和腹泻2周患病现状及其影响因素。方法：2015年8月在 湖南省辖区内武陵山区和罗霄山区30个贫困县采用乡级概率规模抽样方法,随机抽取8 735名农村6~23月龄婴幼儿 作为研究对象,采用问卷调查婴幼儿过去2周发热和腹泻患病情况、个人及出生基本情况、家庭及喂养情况,计 算婴幼儿发热和腹泻2周患病率,采用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析婴幼儿发热和腹泻2周患病的影响因素。 结果：6~23月龄婴幼儿的发热和腹泻2周患病率分别为20.8%和12.2%。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示：18~23 月龄(OR=0.66,95% CI：0.58~0.75)、侗族(OR=1.42,95% CI：1.17~1.74)和低体重(OR=1.31,95% CI：1.11~1.54)是贫 困农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿发热2周患病的影响因素;性别为女(OR=0.86,95% CI：0.76~0.98)、12~17月龄(OR=0.80, 95% CI：0.69~0.93)、18~23月龄(OR=0.51,95% CI：0.43~0.60)、其他少数民族(OR=1.70,95% CI：1.13~2.56)、未添加 辅食(OR=1.65,95% CI：1.05~2.59)和低体重(OR=1.39,95% CI：1.14~1.70)是贫困农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿腹泻2周患 病的影响因素。结论：贫困农村地区6~23月龄婴幼儿发热和腹泻2周患病率仍处于较高水平,低月龄、侗族、低体重 是贫困农村地区婴幼儿发热2周患病的危险因素,男性、低月龄、未添加辅食、低体重是贫困农村地区婴幼儿腹泻2 周患病的危险因素。     

Complementary Feeding and Growth of Infant and Young Child in China

Objective To understand the status and problems of complementary feeding and to explore the strategy of improving complementary feeding for infants and young children in China. Method Data of urban and rural children were selected from the China Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (CFNSS) dataset to describe the status of complementary feeding and growth of children. Logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship between child growth and the complementary feeding pattern. Results Applications of foods that come from animals, vegetable/fruit and dairy product in complementary feeding were negatively correlated to the prevalence of stunting and underweight. Attributable risk (AR) of no application of vegetable/fruit in complementary feeding to stunting was 30.2%, to underweight 35.4%; AR of no application of foods from animal products in complementary feeding to stunting was 2g.2%, to underweight 11.7%; and the AR of no application of diary products in complementary feeding to stunting was 27.4%, to underweight was 15.9%. Conclusion Complementary feeding contributed to the improvement of infants and young children growth in China. There is an urgent need to develop health education in the public on infants and young children complementary feeding, in the mean time, it is pressing to pay attention and take actions to develop and promote affordable, acceptable, and accessible fortified complementary food in rural areas of China.     

Complementary feeding and growth of infant and young child in China

Objective To understand the status and problems of complementary feeding and to explore the strategy of improving complementary feeding for infants and young children in China. Method Data of urban and rural children were selected from the China Food and Nutrition Surveillance System （CFNSS） dataset to describe the status of complementary feeding and growth of children. Logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship between child growth and the complementary feeding pattern. Results Applications of foods that come from animals, vegetable/fruit and dairy product in complementary feeding were negatively correlated to the prevalence of stunting and underweight. Attributable risk （AR） of no application of vegetable/fruit in complementary feeding to stunting was 30.2%, to underweight 35.4%; AR of no application of foods from animal products in complementary feeding to stunting was 28.2%, to underweight 11.7%; and the AR of no application of diary products in complementary feeding to stunting was 27.4%, to underweight was 15.9%. Conclusion Complementary feeding contributed to the improvement of infants and young children growth in China. There is an urgent need to develop health education in the public on infants and young children complementary feeding, in the mean time, it is pressing to pay attention and take actions to develop and promote affordable, acceptable, and accessible fortified complementary food in rural areas of China.     

Infant feeding practices of mothers in an urban area in Nepal.

Background: Child health in developing countries including Nepal is a matter of serious concern as the prevalence of malnutrition among children continues to be high with 48.6% of children under five in Nepal being underweight. Since infant feeding practices adopted by mothers play a major role in influencing health of these children, there is a need to study the infant feeding practices prevalent in different areas in order to have pragmatic approaches to solve this problem. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among mothers who attended the immunization clinics of 18 wards of Pokhara municipality area. They were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire on various aspects of infant feeding. Result: A total of 168 mothers were interviewed and prevalence of breastfeeding was 99.4% (167). Only 43.5% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth and 60.5% were practicing exclusive breastfeeding at 5 months. Almost 40% of the mothers started complementary feeding before the recommended age of 6 months and 22.5 % delayed introduction of complementary feeding beyond the recommended age. Conclusion: Breast feeding practices adopted by mothers of Pokhara urban area are still lacking in terms of late initiation of and early starting of complementary feeding. There is a need to educate the mothers regarding proper infant feeding practices. Key words: infant feeding, breastfeeding, weaning.     

Prevalence of rotavirus infection in children below two years presenting with diarrhea

Background

Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea in children. There is a need for data on prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea especially in our setting. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children upto two years presenting with diarrhea and to ascertain factors associated with rotavirus infection in them.

Methods

A cross sectional observational study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection amongst children less than 2 years presenting with diarrhea. The clinical profile of the children was analyzed along with detection of rotavirus antigen in stool.

Results

A total of 250 children with diarrhea were included in the study. The Male: Female ratio was 0.97:1. We found 24% children presenting with diarrhea to be positive for rotavirus antigen. 78.3% of children with rotaviral diarrhea were in the age group of 6–15 months. There was a significant association between type of feeding and rotavirus diarrhea with reduced prevalence while on exclusive breast-feeding. Though only 10.4% of children with rotavirus diarrhea had severe dehydration, 61.5% of children with severe dehydration were positive for rotavirus.

Conclusion

Rotavirus diarrhea caused substantial morbidity in our study population. The rotavirus positivity in these children was 24% and there was a significant association of rotavirus infection with type of feeding and severity of dehydration.     

新疆维吾尔族自治区阿合奇县3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血发病率调查

目的：了解新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜州阿合奇县3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血的情况.方法：通过对阿合奇县在妇幼保健站体检的1525名3岁以下儿童血常规的检查,并在阿合奇县医院进行诊断性铁剂治疗后,统计出3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血的发病率,并进行分析.结果：阿合奇县3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血发病率为52.3%,高于全国标准,其中男孩发病率为46.9%,女孩为58.3%,女孩略高于男孩;而汉族发病率（24.9%）要远低于少数民族（59.1%）,随着年龄的增长,儿童缺铁性贫血的发病率逐年下降.结论：新疆阿合奇县3岁以下儿童缺铁性贫血普遍较高,可能与当地喂养习惯有关,改变喂养陋习刻不容缓.     

中国六省及自治区小儿脑性瘫痪患病状况的调查

目的 调查中国1－6岁小儿脑性瘫痪（简称脑瘫）的患病现状。方法 1997年5月－1998年12月在中国江苏等6个省及自治区对1－6岁小儿脑性瘫痪现况进行了整群抽样调查。结果 共调查1－6岁儿童1047327名,诊断脑瘫患儿2009例,患病率为1．92‰,男性的患病率为2．24‰,女性为1．55‰;孕周小于37周的早产儿患病率为35．13‰,足月儿患病率为1．58‰,过期产儿的患病率为2．1‰。结论 本组合资料脑瘫的患病率与世界各国家及地区相比处于较低范围,这可能与中国早产儿发生率低和早产儿存活率低有关;同时脑瘫患病率还与地区、性别、年龄、民族、出生体重及孕周有关。