Evaluation of the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of Hypericum reflexum L. fil

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum reflexum L. fil. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of all extracts tested from this species significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the methanol extract and chloroform fraction were significantly active in both phases of formalin-induced pain and in the tail flick assays, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions of this species significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of Sideritis lotsyi var. Mascaensis

The antiinflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities of crude ethanol extracts of Sideritis lotsyi var. mascaensis (Lamiaceae), and chloroform and aqueous fractions were evaluated in mice using paw and ear oedema induced by carrageenan and 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA), respectively, as inflammation models, the writhing test induced by acetic acid for evaluating analgesic activity and the disk-diffusion method for testing antimicrobial actions. The results obtained demonstrated significant topical antiinflammatory and analgesic activities for the ethanol extract and chloroform fraction, but no relevant antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested.     

Analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait

The present study investigates the analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities of the infusion, methanol extract and fractions of the aerial part in blossom of Hypericum canariense L. and Hypericum glandulosum Ait. in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick test and the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation model in mice were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of methanol extracts, and the aqueous, butanol and chloroform fractions of both species and the infusions of Hypericum glandulosum significantly inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Only the infusion, methanol extract and butanol and chloroform fractions of Hypericum glandulosum were significantly active in the tail flick assay, suggesting that they may have central analgesic properties. On the other hand, the topical treatment of all extracts tested from both species, with the exception of the infusions and the Hypericum canariense aqueous fraction, significantly reduced the TPA-induced ear oedema. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory activities in mice for the Hypericum species studied.     

瓜子金提取物及不同部位的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的 探讨瓜子金提取物及其不同部位的抗炎、镇痛活性.方法 采用醋酸扭体法进行镇痛实验,采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠腹腔通透性增加、角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀实验进行抗炎实验,对瓜子金的甲醇提取物及其各个萃取部位进行镇痛和抗炎实验.结果 瓜子金甲醇提取物及乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位对醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应有较好的抑制作用,...     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Liu-Shen-Wan and its individual fractions

Liu-Shen-Wan (LSW), a famous traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of upper respiratory tract inflammation, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Acetic acid-elevated vascular permeability, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na)-induced leukocyte migration and ear edema induced by picryl chloride were used to test anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were used to determine analgesic effect. It was observed that LSW exerted significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in these models at doses of 30 and 90mg/kg crude drug in vivo. In addition, LSW potently inhibited proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulated by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin at doses of 0.5-5microg/ml in vitro. LSW was then partitioned with chloroform, methanol, water and mineral fraction. Several fractions inhibited inflammation and pain in varying degrees. Among them, chloroform fraction was the most active in hot-plate and writhing tests, and exerted the remarkable inhibitory effect on human PBMC proliferation. Methanol and water fractions had more suppressive activities in vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and PC-DTH tests. These results suggest that LSW has significantly anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The chloroform fraction is a key fraction of LSW to the overall anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, while methanol and water fractions also partly contribute to anti-inflammatory activities of LSW.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extracts of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Caesalpiniaceae), Guillemin & Perrottet

The MeOH stem bark extract of Erythrophleum suaveolens dissolved in water and shaken up with ethylacetate (EtOAc) and fractionated on a polyamide column with methanol as eluent produced five principal fractions. These fractions were designated as fraction A (74.8 mg yield and rich in alkaloids), fraction B (36.6 mg), fraction C (7.8 mg yield, monomeric procyanidin), fraction D (26.6 mg yield, rich in monomeric and oligomeric procyanidin), and fraction E (18.1 mg yield, rich in polymeric procyanidin). The original MeOH extract administered (100 mg/kg po) produced about 47% inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw oedema 1 h after administration. Fraction D, obtained from the ethylacetate extract and rich in procyanidins produced over 33% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema while a dose of 19.2 microg/ml produced 100% inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase. A dose of 100 mg/kg of the MeOH extract also produced over 30% reduction of the sensitivity to pain while 50 mg/kg of fraction D rich in procyanidins produced over 45% analgesic effects. These results were judged significant compared to those obtained with indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. These findings suggest that extracts of the bark of Erythrophleum suaveolens possess potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic property and that the procyanidins lead to the observable pharmacological effects.     

Extracts of Liriopsis tuber protect AMPA induced brain damage and improve memory with the activation of insulin receptor and ERK I/II

The brain insulin receptor and ERK I/II are known to play an important role in memory formation and neuroprotection. A series of experiments was designed to explore if Liriopsis tuber (LT) extracts could exhibit neuroprotection and memory enhancing actions. LT was extracted with 70% methanol and subsequently fractionated into chloroform (fraction C), chloroform/methanol-(3:1) (fraction CM), methanol-soluble (fraction M) and methanol-insoluble, water-soluble fractions (fraction A). The LT fractions (T, C, M, A) significantly inhibited the cortical depolarization induced by AMPA in cortical slices of rats. In addition, these fractions were also effective in promoting memory in the passive avoidance test in mice. To gain insight into the mechanism of memory enhancing effects by Liriopsis tuber extracts, the activities of hippocampal insulin receptors and ERK I/II were tested in rats. Extract of LT (T) dramatically stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, while fraction C of LT also significantly stimulated the same. In addition, ERK I/II were stimulated and cholinesterase activities were inhibited by fractions T, C, M and A in the rat hippocampus. These results suggest that Liriopsis tuber extracts may exert neuroprotection and memory enhancing effects via activation of the insulin receptor and ERK I/II as well as inhibiting cholinesterase.     

白芥子不同提取部位抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的：研究白芥子不同提取物的抗炎镇痛作用.方法：采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应和小鼠热板法观察白芥子不同提取部位的抗炎、镇痛作用.结果：白芥子2个提取部位均能显著减少醋酸所致的小鼠扭体次数和抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀,且其水部位（WTEF-BA）比乙酸乙酯部位（EAEF-BA）的作用更强.热板试验中,水部位能明显提高小鼠的痛阈值,乙酸乙酯部位具有提高痛阈值的趋势,但未见明显差异.结论：白芥子不同提取部位灌胃给药具有抗炎镇痛作用,其有效部位主要是水部位.     

Preliminary studies on the antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Calotropis procera root extract

A chloroform-soluble fraction from Calotropis procera roots showed significant dose-related antiinflammatory activity in rats using the pharmacologic models of carrageenin-induced pedal oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formaldehyde-induced arthritis. In addition, significant analgesic potential was demonstrated using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of Erigeron floribundus

This study was intended to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of an aqueous extract of Erigeron floribundus (H.B. & K) or (syn": Conyza sumatrensis (Retz) E.K. Walker) (Asteraceae). Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methodologies. The analgesic investigations were carried out against two types of noxious stimuli, chemical (formalin-induced pain and acetic acid-induced writhing) and thermal (hotplate and tail immersion tests). The effects following aspirin and naloxone pretreatments were also studied. For the antiinflammatory activities, the carrageenan-induced oedema of the hindpaw of rats was used and the paw volume measured plethysmometrically from 0 to 24 h after injection. This was compared to a standard drug indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The results were subjected to statistical analysis. The plant had saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, oils, phenols and tannins and significantly increased the reaction time of hotplate and immersion tests. It decreased the writhings of acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and lickings of formalin-induced pain. Aspirin had no effect on hotplate and tail immersion tests but showed an effect on writhing test. These results showed that the plant had both central and peripheral acting effects and this was confirmed by its effect on both phases of formalin-induced pain. The extract also significantly decreased the rat paw oedema volume at 50 mg/kg and above. In conclusion, Erigeron floribundus has central and peripheral analgesic properties as well as antiinflammatory activities.     

Protection of brain cells against AMPA-induced damage by Asiasari Radix extracts

We determined whether Asiasari Radix (AR) extracts have protective actions in brain cells. Methanol extracts of Asiasari Radix (fraction 1) have significant inhibitory effects on the AMPA-induced rat cortical depolarization in the grease gap assay. In differentiated PC12 cells, it almost completely protected against AMPA-induced cell death. In addition, it had some protective actions in C6 glial cells death induced by AMPA. The methanol extracts (fraction 1) of AR were subsequently fractionated into chloroform-(fraction 2), chloroform/methanol-(3:1) (fraction 3), methanol-soluble (fraction 4) and methanol-insoluble, water-soluble fractions (fraction 5). Among these, fraction 4 had the strongest inhibitory effects against AMPA-induced cell death in the PC 12 cells and also dramatically inhibited AMPA-induced depolarization of rat brain cortex in the grease gap assay. Interestingly, fraction 4 blocked the Zn-induced oxidative damages in C6 glial cells.     

Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Dodonaea angustifolia and Salvia africana-lutea

Water extracts of Dodonaea angustifolia L. and Salvia africana-lutea L., were investigated for analgesic and antipyretic activities using acetic acid writhing and hot plate tests, and lipopolysaccharide (LP)-induced pyrexia test in mice and rats, respectively. D. angustifolia and S. africana-lutea significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and also significantly delayed the time of reaction of mice to thermal stimulation produced by the hot plate. D. angustifolia and S. africana-lutea significantly reduced fever induced by LP. Paracetamol produced similar effects to D. angustifolia and S. africana-lutea on the acetic acid-induced writhing but has no effect on hot plate-induced nociception and on pyrexia produced by LP. These data indicate the analgesic and antipyretic potential of D. angustifolia and S. africana-lutea.     

复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的探讨复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法采用Freund’s完全佐剂致大鼠佐剂性关节炎模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳廓炎症,观察复方蚂蚁酒的抗炎作用;用小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应等方法,观察其镇痛作用。结果复方蚂蚁酒对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的早期炎症和继发病变均有明显抑制作用,并能显著抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓炎症,对小鼠热板法致痛和醋酸致扭体反应均有明显抑制作用(与对照组比较均P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论复方蚂蚁酒具有明显抗炎、镇痛作用。     

丹芷胶囊抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的:评价丹芷胶囊的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法:用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀试验、角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀试验,考察丹芷胶囊的抗炎作用;用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法,考察丹芷胶囊的镇痛作用。结果:丹芷胶囊能明显抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀;对醋酸致小鼠扭体反应有明显的抑制作用,提高小鼠热痛阈值。结论:丹芷胶囊有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of an extract from Parkia biglobosa used in traditional medicine in the Ivory Coast

In the Ivory coast, Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) is used in traditional medicine as an analgesic drug, especially against dental pain. Of the three extracts obtained from the plant bark, the hexane fraction was studied to determine its analgesic and/or antiinflammatory activities. The results show that this extract possesses a marked analgesic activity when evaluated with the abdominal writhing test in mice, but, like paracetamol, was ineffective with the hot-plate method, a feature suggesting a peripheral mechanism of action. This activity was accompanied by an antiinflammatory effect, somewhat weaker than the analgesic one.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory property of the methanol extract from Ligustrum morrisonense leaves in rodents

Ligustrum morrisonense Kaneh and Sasaki (abbreviated as LM), an endemic Ligustrum plant in Taiwan, is similar to Ligustrum lucidum, which is usually used for curing hepatic and inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of LM by chemical-induced algesia and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rodents. Its triterpenoid contents were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. LM leaf extracts effectively inhibited writhing responses induced by 1% acetic acid and biphasic-licking responses caused by 1% formalin. LM leaf extract also reduced the edema induced by 1% carrageenan. Furthermore, LM leaf extract reduced the abdominal Evan's blue extravasations caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), serotonin, histamine and bradykinin. LM leaf extract has higher contents of amyrin and lupeol among six assayed triterpenoid compounds. In conclusion, LM is a potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory Ligustrum plant, and its anti-inflammatory effects are partially related to decreasing microvascular permeability via inflammatory mediators and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 activity.     

Preliminary pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: In vivo studies.

Elephantopus scaber has been used in Brazil as a traditional remedy to cause diuresis, antipyresis and to eliminate bladder stones. In the current study, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of whole plants were tested for acute toxicity, analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, cardiovascular, diuretic and constipating activities. Both extracts (0.3-6 g/kg i.p.) induced writhing, loss of muscle tone, ataxia, prostration and death in mice. No analgesic effects of these extracts were detected using mouse hot-plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. Both extracts failed to modify diuresis or carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. In contrast, given intraperitoneally, both reduced brewer's yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats, but when given orally did not affect it. Moreover, the aqueous extract decreased the intestinal transit time in mice while the hydroalcoholic extract increased it. Finally, these extracts, given intravenously, reduced blood pressure and heart rate in rats; these effects could be blocked by atropine but not by co-administration of pyrilamine and cimetidine.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves

The leaves of Alchornea cordifolia were collected, identified, dried, and reduced to coarse powder and extracted with aqueous methanol. Using various solvent treatments, the powdered dried leaf was fractionated into five fractions, A1, A2, B, C, D and E. The fractions were subjected to phytochemical analysis to identify the biologically active constituents. The anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract (ME) of Alchornea cordifolia leaves and the five fractions were evaluated using egg-albumen-induced rat hind paw oedema as a model of inflammation. The crude extract was also subjected to acute toxicity test. Fraction A2, which exhibited the most promising anti-inflammatory effect, was also subjected to analgesic and ulcerogenic tests. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins and traces of alkaloids. The LD(50) of the aqueous ME was found to be 1131.4 mg/kg. The crude ME (50 mg/kg) gave anti-inflammatory activity which was significant (P<0.05) at all the observation times (1-3h). The different solvent fractions exhibited varying degrees of anti-inflammatory activities, with terpenoid fraction (A2) and the tannin-containing multi-component fraction (D) showing very high and significant (P<0.01) activity at 100mg/kg, with percentage inhibition of oedema value of 87.69 each. In conclusion, the aqueous ME of Alchornea cordifolia leaves could be beneficial in the management of different inflammatory disease states. Its anti-inflammatory activity may not be attributed only to the terpenoid content.     

忍冬藤痛风颗粒抗炎镇痛作用实验研究

目的:研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。方法:采用热板法、醋酸扭体法镇痛实验模型和二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀等炎症模型研究忍冬藤痛风颗粒的抗炎镇痛作用。结果:忍冬藤痛风颗粒对二甲苯所致急性炎症有明显抑制作用,能提高小鼠痛阈值,减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数。结论:忍冬藤痛风颗粒有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

Appraisal of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of extract and fractions from the leaves of Torreya grandis Fort Ex. Lindl

Torreya grandis (Taxaceae) was studied for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Leaves were extracted with 80% ethanol at 80 °C for 3 h and fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. The aqueous ethanolic extract (aq.EE), ethylacetate fraction (EaF) and butanol fraction (BtF) at the doses of (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.g.) body weight were used for study. Evaluation of antinociceptive activity was carried out by acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking time in the first and second phases of mice. The paw edema induced by formalin- and xylene-induced ear edema were used to assess anti-inflammatory activity. It was found that Torreya grandis extract and fractions at the doses of (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.g.) were significantly attenuated the writhing responses induced by acetic acid and second phase of pain response induced by subplantar injection of formalin in mice. In addition, these extract and fractions inhibiting the formaldehyde-induced arthritis as well as xylene-induces edema prolifically. From acute oral toxicity studies no mortality was pragmatic even at highest dose (2500 mg/kg, i.g.). Furthermore, our phytochemical studies indicated that the aq. ethanolic extract of leaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The results provide justification for the folkloric uses of Torreya grandis in the treatment of analgesic and inflammatory-based diseases across the China.