铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药表型与外排泵表达水平的关系

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa)临床菌株外排泵抑制剂对碳青霉烯类抗生素活性的影响;探索铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南(IMP)和美罗培南(MEP)的耐药性与其外排泵表达水平关系.方法 对IMP耐药的Pa采用琼脂对倍稀释法进行外排泵抑制剂carbanyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP,107株)与Pile-Arg-β-naphthylamide(PAβN,71株)的抑制试验,观察IMP和MEP的MIC变化;对32株对IMP和MEP不同耐药表型的Pa,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测3种外排泵基因(mexA、mexD、mexF)的表达量.结果 联合外排泵抑制剂后,IMP、MEP耐药率与之前相比差异均无统计学意义,其中IMP联合CCCP、PApN前后耐药率X2值分别为0.338和0.086,P＞0.05;MEP联合CCCP、PABN前后耐药率X2值分别为1.065和1.458,P＞0.05.MIC值没有变化的菌株占50%以上;仅8株P且的MIC值降至原MIC值的1/4.在27株碳青霉烯类耐药Pa株中,24株(88.9%)存在外排泵高表达;其中3种外排泵(MexAB-OprM、MexCD-OprJ、MexEF-OprN)均高表达的菌株数量最多,13株,占54.2%.MexAB-OprM和MexCD-OprJ同时高表达以及MexAB-OprM和MexEF-OprN同时高表达菌株分别有3株,各占12.5%.仅MexEF-OprN高表达及仅MexAB-OprM高表达的菌株分别为2株,各占8.3%;未见仅MexCD-OprJ高表达者.3种外排泵基因mexA、mexD、mexF在对IMP及MEP均敏感的菌株中表达水平分别为0.48±0.48、0.48±0.53和0.30±0.41,与碳青霉烯类耐药组之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),碳青霉烯类耐药组的表达水平高于对IMP及MEP均敏感组的表达水平.MexA的表达水平在IMP、MEP均耐药组和IMP耐药、MEP敏感组间差别有统计学意义,前者高于后者.结论 当外排泵抑制剂CCCP和PAβN浓度分别为5μg/ml和20μg/ml时,对碳青霉烯类抗Pa活性影响较小,不能明显增强其对耐药菌的抗菌活性.MexAB-OprM的高表达与MEP耐药性有关,而MexCD-OprJ和MexEF-OprN的高表达与IMP耐药性有关,与MEP耐药性的关系尚有待进一步研究.     

Spread of efflux pump-overexpressing, non-metallo-beta-lactamase-producing, meropenem-resistant but ceftazidime-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a region with blaVIM endemicity

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the resistance mechanisms of meropenem-resistant, ceftazidime-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, in a clinical setting where VIM-2 or VIM-4 metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing pseudomonads are common. METHODS: During May to December 2003, 13 consecutive meropenem-resistant, ceftazidime-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from separate patients at the University Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece. The isolates were studied by Etest MBL, PCR for blaVIM, blaIMP and blaSPM genes and PFGE. Experiments were performed to detect synergy between meropenem or other antimicrobials and the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The isolates were also tested by PCR and RT-PCR for the expression of the genes mexB and mexY, which encode the efflux pumps MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM. RESULTS: Twelve of the isolates, belonging to six distinct PFGE types, gave negative results in the MBL Etest and lacked genes encoding MBLs but exhibited synergy between meropenem and CCCP, indicating that efflux pump activity contributed to the meropenem resistance. All 12 isolates were positive for mexB and 11 were also positive for mexY genes. RT-PCR showed that 10 and five isolates over-expressed mexB and mexY, respectively. One isolate was blaVIM-2-positive and did not show synergy with CCCP, or harbour mexB or mexY. CONCLUSIONS: In our hospital, where MBL-producing P. aeruginosa were previously prevalent, meropenem resistance due to the overexpression of efflux pumps has also now emerged. Early recognition of this resistance mechanism should allow the use of alternative beta-lactams, such as ceftazidime, which would be inactive even against phenotypically susceptible MBL producers.     

Carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates

In order to define the contributions of the mechanisms for carbapenem resistance in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we investigated the presence of OprD, the expressions of the MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN systems, and the production of the beta-lactamases for 44 clinical strains. All of the carbapenem-resistant isolates showed the loss of or decreased levels of OprD. Three strains overexpressed the MexAB-OprM efflux system by carrying mutations in mexR. These three strains had the amino acid substitution in MexR protein, Arg (CGG) --> Gln (CAG), at the position of amino acid 70. None of the isolates, however, expressed the MexEF-OprN efflux system. For the characterization of beta-lactamases, at least 13 isolates were the depressed mutants, and 12 strains produced secondary beta-lactamases. Based on the above resistance mechanisms, the MICs of carbapenem for the isolates were analyzed. The MICs of carbapenem were mostly determined by the expression of OprD. The MICs of meropenem were two- to four-fold increased for the isolates which overexpressed MexAB-OprM in the background of OprD loss. However, the elevated MICs of meropenem for some individual isolates could not be explained. These findings suggested that other resistance mechanisms would play a role in meropenem resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.     

Characterization of paired mucoid/non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Danish cystic fibrosis patients: antibiotic resistance, beta-lactamase activity and RiboPrinting

The purpose of this study was to characterize 42 paired mucoid and non-mucoid Danish cystic fibrosis (CF) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected in 1997, by RiboPrinting, antibiotic susceptibility and beta-lactamase activity. Eight P. aeruginosa isolates collected before 1991 were included for comparison. Eighteen of the 42 paired mucoid and non-mucoid isolates showed the same ribotype; the remaining 24 belonged to different ribogroups. Mucoid isolates showed higher susceptibility to antibiotics and lower beta-lactamase activity compared with non-mucoid isolates. Significant differences (P < or = 0.01) between mucoid and non-mucoid isolates were found for the meropenem and colistin MICs for the isolates with the same ribotype, and for the MICs of ceftazidime, piperacillin, aztreonam, meropenem, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and in the basal levels of beta-lactamase for the paired isolates belonging to different ribogroups. A dominant ribotype 73-S2 with hyperinducible beta-lactamase production and significantly higher MICs of piperacillin, meropenem and tobramycin compared with the other major ribotypes (73-S1, 207-S3 and 227-S8) was present among the 84 CF isolates. The isolates collected before 1991 had an antibiotic susceptibility pattern similar to the 1997 isolates. Despite prolonged and intensive antibiotic treatment, susceptible mucoid isolates were isolated from the CF sputum, possibly because these bacteria are protected from the selective pressure of antibiotics by the resistant non-mucoid isolates co-existing in the biofilm in the lungs of CF patients.     

Mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in an Italian survey

The mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in 325 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. These isolates were selected because of their resistance to meropenem and imipenem (breakpoint, >4 mg/L), carbenicillin (>128 mg/L), ceftazidime (>8 mg/L), piperacillin and ticarcillin/clavulanate (>64 mg/L). The most frequent mechanism of resistance was beta-lactamase-independent, so called 'intrinsic resistance', which was found in 183 isolates and was probably due to impermeability and/or efflux mechanisms. beta-Lactamase-mediated resistance was demonstrated in 111 strains (11.1%). Derepression of Ambler Class C chromosomal beta-lactamase was detected in 64 isolates, most of which were resistant to ceftazidime and piperacillin but susceptible to meropenem, whereas secondary plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases were found in 34 isolates, all of them resistant to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins and susceptible to carbapenems. Twelve strains showed more than one plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase plus derepression of chromosomal Class C enzyme. Resistance to carbapenems was independent of resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics, indicating a different mechanism of resistance, probably due to the loss of the D2 porin. In total, 32 strains were resistant to carbapenems: 24 only to imipenem and eight to both imipenem and meropenem.     

Role of OmpD2 and chromosomal beta-lactamase in carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Imipenem-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were divided into two categories: (i) isolates that were moderately resistant to imipenem (MIC 6.25 mg/L) that produced trace amounts of protein D2 detected with immunoblotting using anti-protein D2 antibody, but not when stained with Coomassie blue and had inducible class 1 beta-lactamase expression; (ii) isolates that were highly resistant to several beta-lactams, including meropenem, with no protein D2 by staining or immunoblotting and had stably derepressed beta-lactamase. Laboratory strains were isolated and analyzed: (i) mutants lacking protein D2, or (ii) lacking protein D2 and producing stably derepressed beta-lactamase with carbapenem resistance similar to the clinical isolates. (iii) mutants producing undetectable beta-lactamase which were four-fold more susceptible to imipenem than the mutant producing stably derepressed beta-lactamase or the strain with inducible beta-lactamase. These data suggests that beta-lactamase and outer membrane permeability govern meropenem-resistance in P. aeruginosa.     

临床分离的美罗培南和环丙沙星共同耐药的铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制的研究

目的探讨临床分离的对美罗培南和环丙沙星均耐药的铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制。方法收集经VITEK-2 Compact微生物分析系统检测为美罗培南和环丙沙星耐药的铜绿假单胞菌30株,琼脂稀释法复查最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值。改良三维试验检测碳青霉烯酶,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增耐药基因,逆转录PCR分析细菌外排系统表达情况。结果琼脂稀释法与VITEK-2 Compact微生物分析系统检测结果相同。所有菌株均未产碳青霉烯酶,PCR扩增测序未发现基因改变,逆转录PCR检测外排系统发现以mexX和mexC基因表达增加为主,其调控基因扩增测序发现4株mexC过度表达的调控基因nfxB Gly→Val(GGC→GTC),6株mexX过度表达的调控基因mexZ Val→Gly(CTG→CAG)。结论外排系统调控基因突变而引起的外排系统MexXY-OprM和MexCD-OprJ过度表达是引起美罗培南和环丙沙星耐药的主要原因。     

50株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及耐药基因分析

目的分析铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及其耐药基因类型,指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法收集广州中医药大学第一附属医院临床送检标本中分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,用K-B纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验;筛选出20株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,采用聚合酶链反应检测β-内酰胺酶基因类型。结果铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗生素存在不同程度的耐药现象,其中最常用的亚胺培南耐药率达96%,20株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中检出TEM(40%)、OXA-2群(5%)、OXA-10群(5%)、CARB(30%)4种β-内酰胺酶基因,未检出质粒型AmpC酶和金属β-内酰胺酶基因。膜孔蛋白编码基因oprD2均为缺失型。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药现象严重,其原因可能与铜绿假单胞菌多耐药基因表达有关。     

Mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prevalence of OprM-overproducing strains in a French multicentre study (1997)

One hundred and forty-three non-repetitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected in 13 French hospitals in 1997. A decreased susceptibility or resistance to ticarcillin (MIC > 16 mg/L) was found in 61 isolates (43%) and this was attributed to three major mechanisms: (i) overexpression of OprM and hence related efflux components such as MexAB or MexXY (42.6%), (ii) production of acquired beta-lactamase (29.5%) and (iii) overexpression of chromosomally encoded AmpC cephalosporinase (21.3%). Four of seven 'intrinsically' resistant strains (11.5%) with normal amounts of OprM were shown to produce low levels of AmpC, whereas in three isolates no resistance mechanism to beta-lactams could be identified. Overproduction of OprM thus appears as an important mechanism of ticarcillin resistance in French isolates of P. aeruginosa.     

A highly carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate with a novel blaVIM-4/blaP1b integron overexpresses two efflux pumps and lacks OprD

OBJECTIVES: A Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate that exhibited high-level carbapenem resistance and produced metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) was recovered from a Greek patient. This study was conducted to determine the underlying mechanisms that conferred the carbapenem resistance phenotype. METHODS: MICs were determined by Etest and Etest MBL. PCR assays were performed for identification of bla(VIM-type), other antibiotic resistance and efflux pump genes and mapping of class 1 integrons. Expression of efflux pump genes was quantified by real-time PCR. Nucleotide sequencing was used to determine the bla(VIM) allele. The location of the MBL allele was investigated by mating experiments, plasmid analysis and hybridization studies. RESULTS: The isolate was highly carbapenem-resistant (MICs of imipenem and meropenem were 512 and 128 mg/L, respectively) and multidrug-resistant. It harboured the beta-lactamase genes bla(VIM-4) and bla(P1b) in a novel class 1 integron named InV4P1, and a second integron with aac(6')-Ib and bla(OXA-35) gene cassettes. The isolate was deficient in porin OprD and overexpressed efflux pumps MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM. Conjugation experiments failed to detect transferable MBL determinants, plasmids were not visualized and bla(VIM) was detected by PCR in the chromosomal band. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple carbapenem resistance mechanisms are demonstrated to coexist in a single P. aeruginosa isolate and might confer the high-level carbapenem resistance.     

铜绿假单胞菌整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1分布及ERIC-PCR分型

目的研究临床分离铜绿假单胞菌的整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1的分布情况,并对其进行基因分型。方法分离临床234株铜绿假单胞菌,用WHONET5.4分析菌株药敏情况,PCR检测整合酶Ⅰ、整合子Ⅰ、ISCR1以及ISCR1携带的耐药基因。ERIC-PCR进行基因分型。结果铜绿假单胞菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林、氯霉素、头孢唑啉、米诺环素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦高度耐药,对环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美洛培南较敏感,118株整合酶Ⅰ阳性,95株Ⅰ类整合子可变区阳性,3株ISCR1和ISCRI携带的耐药基因阳性。118株整合酶Ⅰ阳性铜绿假单胞菌分为89个基因型。结论Ⅰ类整合子广泛存在于铜绿假单胞菌中,ISCRI携带率较低,ERIC-PCR可用于临床分离铜绿假单胞菌的基因分型。     

Imipenem-induced resistance to antipseudomonal beta-lactams in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Using clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we studied the ability of imipenem to antagonize the activity of nine other antipseudomonal beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. Imipenem caused truncation of the zones of inhibition in a disk diffusion test for 91 to 100% of the strains, depending on the beta-lactam tested. Addition of subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem caused a fourfold or greater increase in MICs for 72 of 74 isolates and in 20 to 87% of the tests, again depending on the antibiotic tested. beta-Lactamase assays with both whole-cell suspensions and cell sonicates showed that exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem resulted in a beta-lactamase production supported the hypothesis that induction of beta-lactamase was responsible for antagonism. In hydrolysis studies with a beta-lactamase extract, most of the antagonized drugs were either not hydrolyzed or only poorly hydrolyzed. We conclude that imipenem induces significantly elevated levels of beta-lactamase in P. aeruginosa. This increase in beta-lactamase is associated with increased resistance of the organism to many other beta-lactam agents.     

Comparative in vivo efficacy of meropenem, imipenem, and cefepime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pumps

To identify the optimal pharmacodynamic exposures of meropenem, imipenem, and cefepime, and the emergence of resistance in vivo for Pseudomonas aeruginosa overexpressing MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pumps, we used the murine thigh model. Mice were challenged with P. aeruginosa isolates: PAO1 (K767 wild type), K767+ (MexA-MexB-OprM efflux mutant), and DeltaK767 (knockout strain). Efficacy (Delta log colony-forming unit [CFU]) was determined at various exposures of %T > MIC at both standard (10(5) CFU/thigh) and high (10(7) CFU/thigh) inoculums. At 10(5) CFU/thigh, meropenem and imipenem produced a maximal activity against PAO1 (-2.82, -1.88) and K767+ (-2.24, -2.68) at 40%T > MIC; cefepime at 70%T > MIC produced a comparable kill (-2.74 and -2.19, respectively). Similar magnitudes of kill were observed at the 10(7) inocula. Except for DeltaK767 with cefepime, no development of resistance emerged at various %T > MIC. All agents exhibited reduced activity against DeltaK767. DeltaK767 cefepime-resistant strains were isolated up to 100%T > MIC. The overexpression of MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pumps did not result in the loss of efficacy of the antibiotics tested regardless of the amount of bacterial inocula; however, their presence also did not lead to increased selection for resistance. The effects of efflux mechanisms on beta-lactam agents in vivo warrant further research.     

Prevalence, mechanisms, and risk factors of carbapenem resistance in bloodstream isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We examined the prevalence of various carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream isolates from a university-affiliated hospital. Isolates obtained in 2003 and 2004 were screened for meropenem/imipenem resistance, and clonality was assessed by repetitive-element-based polymerase chain reaction. The presence of carbapenemase and AmpC overexpression was ascertained by spectrophotometric assays. Outer membrane protein profiles were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and efflux pump overexpression was confirmed by Western blotting. We examined 129 nonrepeat isolates; 21 isolates (from 13 distinct clones) were resistant to meropenem or imipenem (prevalence rate = 16.3%). Nineteen (90.5%) carbapenem-resistant isolates had reduced OprD expression, and 6 (28.6%) isolates had overexpression of MexB. Increased length of hospital stay was identified as a significant risk factor for bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Understanding the prevalence and mechanism of carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa may guide empiric therapy for nosocomial infections in our hospital.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa may accumulate drug resistance mechanisms without losing its ability to cause bloodstream infections

In this study, we systematically investigated the resistance mechanisms to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones of 120 bacteremic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping showed that 97 of these strains were represented by a single isolate, 10 by 2 and 1 by 3 clonally related isolates, respectively. Seventy-five percent (90 out of 120) of the bacteremic P. aeruginosa strains displayed a significant resistance to one or more of the tested antimicrobials (up to 11 for 1 strain). These strains were found to harbor a great diversity of resistance mechanisms (up to 7 in 1 strain), leading to various levels of drug resistance. Interestingly, 11 and 36% of the isolates appeared to overproduce the MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM efflux systems, respectively. Altogether, our results show that P. aeruginosa may accumulate intrinsic (overproduction of cephalosporinase AmpC, increased drug efflux, fluoroquinolone target mutations, and deficient production of porin OprD) and exogenous (production of secondary beta-lactamases and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes) resistance mechanisms without losing its ability to generate severe bloodstream infections. Consequently, clinicians should be aware that multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa may remain fully pathogenic.     

某三级结核病专科医院多重耐药菌分布及耐药性

目的分析安徽省胸科医院（结核病专科医院）2016年临床分离多重耐药菌的分布及对常见抗菌药物的耐药状况。 方法对安徽省胸科医院2016年1至12月期间送检标本中分离出的165株多重耐药菌进行回顾性分析,分析分离菌株的构成、多重耐药菌标本来源构成、年龄段和患者来源构成以及药敏结果。 结果多重耐药菌主要以产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物鲍曼不动杆菌（CR-AB）、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌（MDRPA）组成,其分离标本主要来自痰液、灌洗液、中段尿。CR-AB对氨基糖苷类药物阿米卡星耐药率最低为57.0%,ESBLs大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率最低均为0%,ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率均达到86.8%。MDRPA对氨基糖苷类药物阿米卡星和庆大霉素耐药率低,分别为11.6%和17.3%,MRSA、MRCNS对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感率均为100%。 结论虽然多重耐药菌对大部分药物产生高的耐药性,但亚胺培南、美罗培南在ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和ESBLs大肠埃希菌的治疗中还是具有很好的抗菌活性,但还是已经检出耐碳青酶烯酶类肠杆菌科菌株;而阿米卡星和庆大霉素在CR-AB和MDRPA的治疗中还具有比较好的抗菌活性,万古霉素和利奈唑胺对MRSA、MRCNS的抗菌活性均最强。     

医院内感染多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及预防对策

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株的多重耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗及医院内感染监控提供实验依据。方法采用美国DADE公司生产的MicroScan WalkAway-96全自动细菌分析系统,对临床分离菌进行菌种鉴定,同时对常用抗菌药物进行MIC测定。结果共分离铜绿假单胞菌762株,其中多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌239株,占31.4%。多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌主要集中在ICU、呼吸科和烧伤科病房,分别占31.8%、22.2%和19.7%;标本主要来源于下呼吸道的痰标本,占59.0%,其次为创面分泌物,占20.9%;多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低（38.6%）,其次为美罗培南（43.7）,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率大多在60%以上。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌分离率较高,多重耐药性明显,临床应加强其耐药性监测及预防管理,以减少多重耐药菌的产生和扩散。     

碳青霉烯耐药的铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性研究

目的分析159株临床分离的非重复碳青霉烯耐药铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药性;为临床合理联合应用抗菌药物治疗碳青霉烯耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染提供实验室证据。方法收集2010年5月至2011年5月,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院临床检验中心细菌室分离的来自不同患者的铜绿假单胞菌159株。测定单药的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),测定联合用药的MIC,计算部分抑菌指数(FIC),判断药物组合的效应。结果 159株临床分离的非重复碳青霉烯耐药铜绿假单胞菌,单药MIC显示铜绿假单胞菌对于美国临床实验室标准化委员会2010推荐和临床常用抗菌药物敏感率低,呈现多重耐药表型。不同药物组合对于碳青霉烯耐药铜绿假单胞菌的作用也有很大差异。全部菌株在亚胺培南单药耐药的情况下,亚胺培南+妥布霉素表现出53.3%的相加作用,美罗培南+妥布霉素的相加作用与此类似,接近50%。结论碳青霉烯耐药的铜绿假单胞菌通常情况下也会对头孢菌素类、β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂、氨基糖甙类、氟喹诺酮类等产生多重耐药性。对于碳青霉烯耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,三代头孢菌素联合氨基糖甙类体外实验表现出较高比率的协同作用。