小儿导赤片质量控制方法改进研究

目的建立小儿导赤片中大黄、栀子含量测定的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法及栀子的薄层色谱(TLC)鉴别方法。方法用TLC法和HPLC法对小儿导赤片中大黄及栀子进行定性、定量分析。结果 TLC色谱中,栀子苷和栀子对照药材斑点清晰。大黄素质量浓度的线性范围为8.096～104.48μg/mL(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.01%(RSD为1.25%);大黄酚质量浓度的线性范围为10.83～112.23μg/mL,r=0.999 9;芦荟大黄素的线性范围为8.12～89.90μg/mL,r=0.999 8;大黄酸的线性范围为9.96～89.48μg/mL,r=0.999 8;大黄素甲醚的线性范围为8.896～54.44μg/mL,r=0.999 7;栀子苷的线性范围为6.771～141.48μg/mL(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为99.04%(RSD为1.20)。结论定性鉴别方法专属、斑点清晰;含量测定方法可靠,重现性好。     

醒脑安神片中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定

目的:建立醒脑安神片中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱仪,用Packing Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)为固定相,以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85:15)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm.结果:大黄素线性范围是0.024～2.4 μg/mL(r=0.999 3),大黄酚线性范围是0.048～4.8 μg/mL(r=0.999 8);平均加样回收率大黄素为99.45%,RSD=0.82%(n=6),大黄酚为99.38%,RSD=0.94%(n=6).结论:高效液相色谱法简便、准确,重现性好,可用于控制醒脑安神片的质量.     

RP-HPLC法同时测定抗菌消炎片中7种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定抗菌消炎片中绿原酸、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的方法。方法:采用反向高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent Extend C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长分别为327 nm(绿原酸)、280 nm(黄芩苷)和450 nm(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:绿原酸、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚检测进样量线性范围分别为0.209 4~4.188 0μg(r=0.999 9)、0.372 0~7.440 0μg(r=0.999 9)、0.006 3~0.126 2μg(r=0.999 9)、0.011 6~0.232 2μg(r=0.999 9)、0.005 3~0.106 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.012 8~0.256 4μg(r=0.999 9)、0.016 5~0.330 3μg(r=0.999 8);定量限分别为2.01、1.93、0.76、1.25、1.24、0.53、1.53 ng,检测限分别为0.98、0.65、0.25、0.42、0.41、0.18、0.52 ng;加样回收率分别为98.41%~100.40%(RSD=0.76%,n=9)、96.17%~100.10%(RSD=1.58%,n=9)、96.11%~100.10%(RSD=1.33%,n=9)、96.29%~100.80%(RSD=1.85%,n=9)、96.88%~100.10%(RSD=1.22%,n=9)、97.81%~101.90%(RSD=1.64%,n=9)、96.46%~101.30%(RSD=1.85%,n=9)。结论:该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于抗菌消炎片中7种成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定壮药驳骨灵酒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量分析

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定驳骨灵酒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量的方法。方法采用Inertsil C18(250×4.6mm,5μm)柱;甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85:15)为流动相;流速:1.0ml/min;检测波长为254nm。结果大黄素线性范围为0.1705～1.364μg(r=0.9997),平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=1.4%(n=6),大黄酚线性范围为0.1008～0.8064μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.9%,RSD=1.4%(n=6)。结论该方法简便,准确,可控制驳骨灵酒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定六味能消丸中8种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定六味能消丸中土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、没食子酸、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、大黄酚含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Diamonsil C_(18),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-0.1%冰醋酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm(土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、大黄酚)、270 nm(没食子酸),柱温为25℃,进样量为10μL。结果:土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、没食子酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄素甲醚、大黄酚检测进样量线性范围分别为0.121～3.63μg(r=0.999 9)、0.122～3.66μg(r=0.999 9)、0.219～6.57μg(r=0.999 9)、0.016 4～0.492μg(r=0.999 7)、0.017 3～0.519μg(r=0.999 9)、0.015 3～0.459μg(r=0.999 9)、0.007 2～0.216μg(r=0.999 9)、0.016 2～0.486μg(r=0.999 9);定量限分别为0.41、0.26、0.35、0.13、0.17、0.14、0.15、0.13 ng,检测限分别为0.12、0.08、0.11、0.04、0.05、0.04、0.05、0.04 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为98.05%～102.46%(RSD=1.75%,n=6)、98.55%～102.89%(RSD=1.91%,n=6)、98.53%～102.34%(RSD=1.66%,n=6)、101.71%～103.41%(RSD=0.57%,n=6)、101.04%～103.01%(RSD=0.69%,n=6)、101.63%～102.75%(RSD=0.39%,n=6)、96.94%～101.11%(RSD=1.61%,n=6)、98.06%～99.10%(RSD=0.40%,n=6)。结论:该方法准确、简便,可用于六味能消丸中8种成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定枳实导滞丸中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及大黄素甲醚的含量

目的:建立枳实导滞丸中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及大黄素甲醚的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Waters Symmery C₁₈（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液（85:15）,检测波长:254nm,流速:1.0ml·ml^-1。结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.011～0.226μg（r=0.9998）、0.005～0.092μg（r=0.9999）、0.010～0.194μg（r=0.999 9）、0.011～0.212μg（r=0.9999）、0.005～0.102μg（r=0.9998）;浓度范围内进样量与峰面积线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为97.47%（RSD=1.56%）、99.57%（RSD=0.91%）、100.66%（RSD=1.09%）、101.97%（RSD=1.60%）、101.54%（RSD=1.58%）（n=6）。结论:所建方法简单、快速、准确,可用于枳实导滞丸的质量控制。     

黄连降糖胶囊大黄素及大黄酚的含量测定

目的:研究黄连降糖胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量测定方法,建立内控质量标准.方法:采用HPLC法,迪马C18色谱柱,流动相甲醇-乙腈-1%磷酸溶液(37:35:28),流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长430nm.结果:大黄素在1.08～5.40μg、大黄酚在2.66～13.32μg范围内线性关系良好.大黄素平均回收率为99.98%,RSD为1.97,r=0.999 8(n=9);大黄酚平均回收率为97.75%,RSD为1.23%,r=0.9998(n=9).结论:本法专属性强,重现性好,可用于本制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC同时测定栀子金花丸中黄芩苷、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定测定栀子金花丸中黄芩苷、大黄素、大黄酚的含量。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液,采用梯度洗脱;检测波长为254 nm:柱温:室温,流速:1.0 ml.min-1。结果:黄芩苷进样量在0.154～1.540μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 6,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD=1.5%(n=9);大黄素进样量在0.071～0.714μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为99.7%,RSD=1.2%(n=9);大黄酚进样量在0.147～1.472μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为100.0%,RSD=1.2%(n=9)。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好。     

HPLC测定一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的建立一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定方法.方法采用HPLC法进行测定,色谱柱为Dikma C18(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(8515);检测波长为254 nm柱温25℃.结果一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的的线性范围分别为3.28-32.80μg·ml-1,7.12～71.20μg·ml-1,r=0.999 9.大黄素平均回收率为96.47%,RSD1.4%;大黄酚平均回收率为98.26%,RSD 0.87%.结论该方法简便,结果准确,重现性好,可作为一清颗粒的质量控制方.法.     

高效液相色谱法测定唇齿清胃丸中大黄素和大黄酚含量

目的建立测定唇齿清胃丸中大黄素和大黄酚含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.01%磷酸(80∶20);流速:1.0mL.min-1;紫外检测波长:254nm。结果大黄素和大黄酚线性范围分别为0.01078~0.4312μg、0.02315~0.9260μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(均为r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为98.7%、99.4%(n=9),RSD=1.5%、RSD=1.2%。结论本方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.