外排型转运体介导的抗肿瘤药物多药耐药的研究进展

多药耐药（MDR）是指肿瘤细胞接触一种抗肿瘤药物后,也对其他多种结构不同、功能不同的抗肿瘤药物产生耐药性,其中外排型转运体所介导的MDR是其中至关重要的一部分。外排型转运体是指位于肿瘤细胞生物膜上的具有将抗肿瘤药物从细胞内外排到细胞外的转运体。已知的具有外排作用的转运体有P糖蛋白（P-gp）、多药耐药相关蛋白（MRP）、乳腺癌耐药蛋白（BCRP）和肺耐药蛋白（LRP）。综述这几种外排型转运体的一般性质并着重于阐述逆转这些转运体介导的多药耐药的药物及方法。     

P-糖蛋白药物外排作用的研究进展

P-糖蛋白是一个ATP依赖性外排泵,在多药耐药肿瘤细胞和血脑屏障上均有高度表达。P-糖蛋白的药物外排作用参与了肿瘤多药耐药性,降低了药物在脑内的浓度。P-糖蛋白抑制剂则可以抑制P-糖蛋白的药物外排作用,从而逆转肿瘤多药耐药性,增加药物的脑摄取量。     

外排型转运体与肿瘤多药耐药

肿瘤多药耐药（MDR）是导致肿瘤化疗失败的主要原因之一。肿瘤MDR的机制有多种,其中外排型转运体的过表达是导致MDR的主要机制,因此研究外排型转运体介导的肿瘤MDR机制和发现可以逆转肿瘤MDR的抑制剂成为国内外研究的热点。就目前研究的3种三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体：P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白、乳腺癌耐药蛋白介导的MDR及逆转MDR的机制进行综述,以期为提高肿瘤治疗疗效提供依据。     

调控血脑屏障 ABC转运体信号转导通路的研究现状

血脑屏障中的ABC转运体是介导内源性物质、药物和毒物转运的一类外排转运体,主要包括P－糖蛋白（ P－gp）、多药耐药相关蛋白（ Mrp）以及乳腺癌耐药蛋白（ Bcrp）。这类转运体能限制外来异物进入中枢神经系统,使得很多治疗药物难以透过血脑屏障产生治疗作用,阐明这些转运蛋白的转运机制,可为药物的中枢转运提供新的靶点,有助于降低脑部耐药的发生,改善药物治疗的结局。本文主要针对ABC转运体以及涉及的肿瘤坏死因子－α／蛋白激酶C－β／鞘氨醇1磷酸酯受体1（TNF－α／PKCβ／S1PR1）信号通路、血管内皮生长因子信号通路和雌激素受体信号通路进行探讨。     

介导肿瘤多药耐药的ATP结合盒转运体的研究进展

多药耐药（MDR）是阻碍肿瘤化疗成功的一大障碍,其机制之一就是耐药的肿瘤细胞高表达三磷酸腺苷（ATP）结合盒（ABC）转运体。依据此机制提出克服肿瘤细胞耐药的策略即开发外排转运体抑制剂,以期逆转MDR。最近的研究发现肿瘤干细胞也可能是通过表达外排转运体天然耐药,这就提供了一个新的抗癌药物作用靶点。对介导肿瘤细胞多药耐药的ABC转运体及其抑制剂的开发作一综述。     

介导肿瘤多药耐药的ATP结合盒转运体的研究进展

多药耐药（MDR）是阻碍肿瘤化疗成功的一大障碍,其机制之一就是耐药的肿瘤细胞高表达三磷酸腺苷（ATP）结合盒（ABC）转运体。依据此机制提出克服肿瘤细胞耐药的策略即开发外排转运体抑制剂,以期逆转MDR。最近的研究发现肿瘤干细胞也可能是通过表达外排转运体天然耐药,这就提供了一个新的抗癌药物作用靶点。对介导肿瘤细胞多药耐药的ABC转运体及其抑制剂的开发作一综述。     

P糖蛋白介导的多药耐药及其逆转的研究进展

多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)[1]是指肿瘤细胞对一种抗肿瘤药物产生耐药性的同时,对结构和作用机制完全不同的其他多种抗肿瘤药物产生交叉耐药性。MDR由多种途径诱导,可分为经典和非经典MDR两大机制。其中有P糖蛋白(P-gp)介导的MDR及其逆转是目前研究最为广泛和深入的课题之一。本文通过对近几年来有关P-gp介导的多药耐药及其逆转的研究进展的综合描述得出以下结论:通过化疗药物合用P-gp抑制剂、增加化疗药物脂溶性使药物迅速被吸收及调节信号通路抑制P-gp表达可以逆转肿瘤细胞的耐药性。1P-糖蛋白在人类基因组中,MDR基因含…     

P-糖蛋白抑制药逆转肿瘤多药耐药的研究进展

P-糖蛋白（permeability glycoprotein，P-gp）过度表达是多药耐药（multidrug resistance，MDR）产生的主要原因，P-糖蛋白抑制药可以抑制P-糖蛋白对肿瘤药物的外排作用，使肿瘤细胞内的药物浓度提高，从而逆转肿瘤MDR，第3代P-糖蛋白抑制药具有高效、低毒、选择性高等特点，中药可以通过多种途径抑制P-糖蛋白的表达和功能，从而逆转MDR。     

P-糖蛋白及肿瘤多药耐药的逆转

目的:为开发出安全、有效、低毒的P-糖蛋白抑制剂提供参考,以便在临床应用中有效地逆转肿瘤多药耐药,使药物充分发挥其作用以达到治疗疾病的目的。方法:对P-糖蛋白的分布、转运机制、功能、底物及P-糖蛋白在肿瘤多药耐药逆转方面的研究进展作一概述。结果与结论:P-糖蛋白在抑制与诱导P-糖蛋白介导的药物-药物相互作用中具有重要的临床意义,有效的P-糖蛋白抑制剂可抑制P-糖蛋白的药物外排作用,进而逆转肿瘤MDR。     

P-糖蛋白抑制剂的研究进展

介绍P-糖蛋白抑制剂的发展、P-糖蛋白抑制剂的特性及第二代和第三代抑制剂的临床应用现状。多药耐药是肿瘤化疗失败原因之一，其以P-糖蛋白的过度表达为特征，导致化疗药物从癌细胞中的外排增加，使疗效降低。因此有效抑制P-糖蛋白的活性可逆转肿瘤的多药耐药性。     

Mechanism of silica-induced ROS generation in Rat2 fibroblast cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cell signaling pathway. Previously, we found that silica induced immediate ROS generation and sequential cellular responses such as kinase activation in Rat2 cells as well as an increase of intracellular calcium concentration in A549 cells. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the immediate ROS generation induced by silica in fibroblast cells remains to be elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the mechanism of ROS generation by silica within Rat2 fibroblast cells by examining the effects of a diverse group of inhibitors for the enzymes related with signal transduction events. Inhibitors for protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin (CaM) kinase II effectively suppressed ROS generation in silica-stimulated Rat2 cells, whereas those for protein kinase A and phospholipase A(2) did not. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor for NADPH oxidase was also found to be effective in inhibiting silica-induced ROS generation. These results suggest that PTK, PLC, PKC, CaM kinase II, and NADPH oxidase are all involved in signal transduction pathways for ROS generation in silica-stimulated Rat2 cells.     

Plant-derived protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents

Protein tyrosine kinases play a fundamental role in signal transduction pathways regulating a number of cellular functions such as cell growth, differentiation and cell death. Tyrosine kinases are, therefore attractive targets for the design of new therapeutic agents, not only against cancer, but also against many other diseases. Numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been discovered by screening of plant extracts based on ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomical knowledge. Specific screening approaches have led to the isolation of structurally distinct classes of inhibitors, including phenylpropanes, chalcones, flavonoids, coumarins, styrenes, quinones and terpenes. These natural inhibitors have served as valuable leads for further design and synthesis of more active analogues. Many of these inhibitors have also been used in probing the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the protein tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction. In this review, plant-derived protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their synthetic analogues were systematically evaluated based on their plant origin, structure-activity relationship and anticancer efficacy.     

Muscarinic receptor-activated signal transduction pathways involved in the neuritogenic effect of astrocytes in hippocampal neurons

Astrocytes have been shown to release factors that affect various aspects of neuronal development. We have previously shown that the acetylcholine analog carbachol, by activating muscarinic M(3) receptors in rat astrocytes, increases their ability to promote neuritogenesis in hippocampal neurons. This effect was mediated by an increased expression and release by astrocytes of several permissive factors, a most relevant of which was fibronectin. In the present study we investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in these effects of carbachol in astrocytes. Results show that multiple pathways are involved in the effects of carbachol on astrocyte-mediated increases in fibronectin expression and neuritogenesis. These include the phospholipase D pathway, leading to sequential activation of protein kinase C (PKC) ζ, p70S6 kinase and nuclear factor-κB; the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway; and the PKC ε pathway leading to activation of mitogen activated protein kinase. These pathways were shown to mediate the effect of carbachol on neurite outgrowth as well as the increased expression of fibronectin, further substantiating the important role of the latter in astrocyte-mediated neuritogenesis. Interference with these signaling pathways would be expected to impair astrocyte-neurons communication leading to impaired neuronal development.     

T-cadherin mediates low-density lipoprotein-initiated cell proliferation via the Ca(2+)-tyrosine kinase-Erk1/2 pathway

The GPI-anchored protein T-cadherin was found to be an atypical LDL binding site that is expressed in various types of cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurons. Notably, the expression of T-cadherin was reduced in numerous types of cancers, although it was up-regulated in tumor-penetrating blood vessels, atherosclerotic lesions, and during neointima formation. Despite these intriguing findings, our knowledge of the physiological role and the signal transduction pathways associated with this protein is limited. Therefore, T-cadherin was overexpressed in the human umbilical vein-derived endothelial cell line EA.hy926, the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, and LDL-initiated signal transduction, and its consequences were elucidated. Our data revealed that T-cadherin serves as a receptor specifically for LDL. Following LDL binding to T-cadherin, mitogenic signal transduction was initiated that involved activation of PLC and IP3 formation, which subsequently yielded intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Downstream to these early phenomena, activation of tyrosine kinase(s) Erk 1/2 kinase, and the translocation of NF kappa B toward the nucleus were found. Finally, overexpression of T-cadherin in HEK293 cells resulted in accelerated cell proliferation in an LDL-dependent manner, although cell viability was not influenced. Because LDL uptake was not facilitated by T-cadherin, our data suggest that T-cadherin serves as a signaling receptor for LDL that facilitates an LDL-dependent mitogenic signal in the vasculature.     

SB-431542 is a potent and specific inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily type I activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7

Small molecule inhibitors have proven extremely useful for investigating signal transduction pathways and have the potential for development into therapeutics for inhibiting signal transduction pathways whose activities contribute to human diseases. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a member of a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that are involved in many biological processes, including growth control, differentiation, migration, cell survival, adhesion, and specification of developmental fate, in both normal and diseased states. TGF-beta superfamily members signal through a receptor complex comprising a type II and type I receptor, both serine/threonine kinases. Here, we characterize a small molecule inhibitor (SB-431542) that was identified as an inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)5 (the TGF-beta type I receptor). We demonstrate that it inhibits ALK5 and also the activin type I receptor ALK4 and the nodal type I receptor ALK7, which are very highly related to ALK5 in their kinase domains. It has no effect on the other, more divergent ALK family members that recognize bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Consistent with this, we demonstrate that SB-431542 is a selective inhibitor of endogenous activin and TGF-beta signaling but has no effect on BMP signaling. To demonstrate the specificity of SB-431542, we tested its effect on several other signal transduction pathways whose activities depend on the concerted activation of multiple kinases. SB-431542 has no effect on components of the ERK, JNK, or p38 MAP kinase pathways or on components of the signaling pathways activated in response to serum.     

Taming platelets with cyclic nucleotides.

Cardiovascular diseases are often accompanied and aggravated by pathologic platelet activation. Tight regulation of platelet function is an essential prerequisite for intact vessel physiology or effective cardiovascular therapy. Physiological platelet antagonists as well as various pharmacological vasodilators inhibit platelet function by activating adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases and increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, respectively. Elevation of platelet cyclic nucleotides interferes with basically all known platelet activatory signaling pathways, and effectively blocks complex intracellular signaling networks, cytoskeletal rearrangements, fibrinogen receptor activation, degranulation, and expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. The major target molecules of cyclic nucleotides in platelets are cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases that mediate their effects through phosphorylation of specific substrates. They directly affect receptor/G-protein activation and interfere with a variety of signal transduction pathways, including the phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Regulation of these pathways blocks several steps of cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation and controls a multitude of cytoskeleton-associated proteins that are directly involved in organization of the platelet cytoskeleton. Due to their multiple sites of action and strong inhibitory potencies, cyclic nucleotides and their regulatory pathways are of particular interest for developing new approaches for the treatment of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders.     

蛋白酪氨酸激酶信号转导途径与抗肿瘤药物

细胞信号转导(signal transduction)在细胞的代谢、分裂、分化、生物功能及死亡过程中起着重要作用，肿瘤的发生和发展与细胞信号转导过度激活有关。本文简要阐述了蛋白酪氨酸激酶(protein tyrosine kinases，PTKs)介导的信号转导途径，分别介绍了受体酪氨酸激酶介导的Ras/Raf/MAPK和PI-3K/Akt途径，非受体酪氨酸激酶介导的Src、Bcr-Abl和JAK/STAT途径。以此5条信号转导通路中参与的重要蛋白分子为靶点，统计和介绍了相关的已经上市或处于临床研究的抗肿瘤药物。     

Respiratory burst: role in signal transduction in alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages play an important role in defense against airborne pathogens and particles. These macrophages respond through both the adaptive and acquired immune responses, and through the activation of a multitude of signaling pathways. One major macrophage defense mechanism is respiratory burst, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the ROS produced may act directly in pathogen killing, they may also be involved as secondary signaling messengers. This review focuses on the activation of four main signaling pathways following the production of reactive oxygen species. These pathways include the nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB), activating protein-1 (AP-1), mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. This review also briefly examines the role of ROS in DNA damage, in particular looking at the base excision repair pathway (BER), the main pathway involved in repair of oxidative DNA damage. This review highlights many of the studies in the field of ROS, signal transduction, and DNA damage; however, work still remains to further elucidate the role of ROS in disease.