截骨术矫正小颏畸形的研究进展

小颏畸形(chin microsomia)俗称"下巴短小",系颏部融合处骨发育不良所致的面下1/3外观失常,颏部向后退缩畸形[1],严重影响美观。颏部截骨术是矫正小颏畸形的常用方法,现就颏部截骨术矫正小颏畸形及其在数字化方面的相关     

治疗小颏畸形的三种术式对比分析

目的 对比分析硅胶假体置入隆颏术、自体骨移植隆颏术和颏部水平截骨颏成形术的临床效果和常见并发症。方法 通过三维CT、头颅正侧位X线检查和第2次手术观察，分析三种治疗小颏畸形手术各自的优缺点并明确其适应证。结果 硅胶假体置入隆颏术后存在假体位置异常、颏部骨质吸收、假体周围骨膜反应、颏部矫正不足等缺点；自体骨移植隆颏术后存在较严重的远期移植骨质吸收和颏部形态改善不足问题；颏部水平截骨颏成形术矫正小颏畸形效果良好。结论 硅胶假体置入隆颏术适用于轻度的下面部矢状方向发育不良、不伴有前下面高不足、无面部不对称且颏唇沟较浅的患者。颏部水平截骨颏成形术适用于各种程度及类型的小颏畸形的矫治，尤其适用于颏部偏斜和面部不对称的调整。自体骨移植隆颏术长期效果不佳，应谨慎使用。     

颏部二级阶梯状截骨术矫正严重小颏畸形

目的探讨治疗严重小颏畸形的手术方法。方法经口腔内黏膜切口,显露下颌骨颏联合区,于颏孔下方作两道平行弧形截骨线,阶梯状前移,以钛板钛钉坚强内固定。结果2004年6月至2005年12月,共收治10例患者,均采用二级阶梯状截骨法。术后半年随访,颏部平均前移1.1cm,颏高平均增加0.7cm。截骨区骨愈合良好,形态满意。结论该方法可使颏部前移达到满意的幅度,并有一个自然的过渡,可有效改善颏部畸形。     

颏部缩窄截骨结合Medpor隆颏矫正颏部宽大后缩畸形

目的：探讨一次性矫正颏部宽大及颏部后缩畸形的方法。方法：应用颏部缩窄截骨结合高密度多孔聚乙烯（Medpor）隆颏矫正颏部宽大后缩畸形患者11例。结果：11例患者颏部宽大及后缩畸形得到矫正,效果满意。结论：颏部截骨缩窄结合Medpor隆颏可一次性矫正颏部宽大及颏部后缩畸形,解决了单纯颏部截骨术后或单纯隆颏术后局部不能达到最佳的手术效果的弊端。     

假体隆颏术后骨吸收的原因分析及治疗

目的探讨假体隆颏术后颏部骨吸收的可能原因及治疗。方法分析假体隆颏术后因骨吸收进一步治疗患者i2例,通过临床于术所见和放射学检查结果,观察局部颏骨吸收情况。结果发生轻度或无骨吸收者7例骨吸收（≤2mm）,其中硅橡胶假体5例,膨体聚四氟乙烯假体2例。发生中度骨吸收者3例（骨吸收〉2mm,而≤4mm）,均为硅橡胶假体。发生重度骨吸收者2例（骨吸收〉4mm）,硅橡胶假体1例,膨体聚四氟乙烯假体1例。所有患者均接受假体取出术,其中8例行颏成形术．2例行高密度多孔聚乙烯隆颏术进一步治疗,效果满意。结论颏肌假体一骨之间的平衡失调是引起骨吸收的最主要原因之一。因此,对于轻度和中度小颏畸形可以选用合适的假体进行隆颏术,但需长期随访观察,对于重度的小颏畸形,或伴有黯颌面畸形和颏肌功能亢进的小颏或者小下颌患者不应选用假体隆颏术。否则,会发生严重骨吸收,需要采用截骨成形术进行矫正。     

颏部双阶梯水平截骨术在严重小颏畸形治疗中的应用

目的：介绍一种治疗严重小颏畸形的有效方法。方法：采用口内切口行颏部双阶梯水平截骨前移并坚固内固定,以增加颏突度和颏长度,改善颏部形态。结果：2003年10月～2010年9月共治疗25例,术后患者颏部形态均得到明显改善,颏部平均前移12mm,重塑的颏部外形满意,随访6个月～4年,手术效果稳定,截骨区骨愈合良好,无明显并发症出现。结论：应用颏部双阶梯水平截骨前移术治疗严重小颏畸形,可明显改善颏部形态,协调面部轮廓比例关系,效果显著。     

下颏水平截骨同时置入Medpor治疗严重的小颏畸形

目的 探讨下颏水平截骨同时置入Medpor治疗严重小颏畸形的临床疗效.方法 经口内入路于唇龈沟上方做切口,切开骨膜,并于骨膜下方分离,显露颏骨,于颏骨骨面行水平截骨,同时行Medpor置入,以改善严重的小颏畸形.结果 本组30例患者,术后颏部形态得到明显改善,均达到术前预期要求.对所有患者随访3个月至1年,效果满意,无并发症发生.结论 下颏水平截骨前移术同时置入Medpor是解决严重小颏畸形的有效方法.     

改良颏截骨前徙联合假体置入治疗小颏畸形

目的 介绍一种改良的颏截骨术联合假体置入治疗小颏畸形,使隆颏术后颏部具有更佳的美容效果.方法 选择口内切口入路,采用改良的颏部水平"几"型截骨后前徙内固定术,并联合置入合适假体,达到改善颏部后缩,延长颏突度和颏长度,同时改善颏正中区域外形.结果 采用该方法共治疗11例患者,其中3例行单纯颏截骨前徙术,8例行颏截骨前徙联合假体置入术,术后颏部形态均得到明显改善,患者满意度高.结论 改良颏截骨前徙联合假体置入治疗小颏畸形,可以明显改善患者的面部外观,重新建立颏部美容曲线,效果满意.     

双侧下颌角突出合并小颏畸形的治疗

目的 提高双侧下颌角突出伴有小颏畸形的手术治疗效果。方法 用口内入路行双侧下颌角连续弧线截骨术，同时行颏部水平骨前徒延长、小夹板坚强内固定、自体下颌角骨质断端间植骨术，不作咬肌部分切除手术。结果 1996－1999年共收治20例，术后下面部宽短畸形明显改善。咬肌虽未行部分切除，但术后随着咬肌附着点的上移、肌张力降低而发生部分萎缩，下颌角部曲线圆滑，形态自然。结论 双侧下颌角突出伴有严重小颏者，只有同时行双侧下颌角有和颏部水平截骨整形，才能达到全面矫治畸形的目的。下颌角连续弧线截骨术截骨设计灵活、向上可达下颌升支后缘、向下可延续至下颌体下缘，截骨量大；一次完成；截央后的下颌角更加圆滑自然；结合颏部截骨整 术，不仅提高了术后的整体效果，而且可利用截除的下颌角骨质充填于颏部水平截骨断端间，可以保证骨质的愈合，一举两得。     

颏形态综合分析在颏部水平截骨整形术中的应用

目的 探讨分析小颏畸形的颏部形态特征及其在颏部水平截骨整形手术应用中的效果。方法 通过头颅正侧位X线头影测量分析12例小颏畸形患者的颏部形态，按测量值与正常值之间的差值，计算截骨段移动范围，手术采用颏部水平截骨整形手术方法。结果 12例患者均按照术前预测值移动截骨段，术后头颅正侧位X线头影测量结果与术前预测值相近，治疗效果满意。结论 通过头颅正侧位X线头影测量分析小颏畸形的特点，精确计算截骨段的移动范围和方向，是保证颏部水平截骨整形术达到良好美容效果的基础。     

Dental considerations for cardiac surgery

Abstract   Many patients requiring cardiac surgery possess poor oral health. The presence of decayed teeth, untreated dental abscesses, and periodontitis can all represent potentially potent causes of an odontogenic infection. Ultimately, such an infection can have catastrophic consequences if it occurs during or soon after certain cardiac procedures. Since an association exists between poor oral hygiene and various systemic diseases, many patients scheduled for cardiac procedures inherently possess poor oral hygiene and untreated dental infections. Inadequate patient education, financial constraints, and dental phobia all serve as barriers for patients receiving routine intraoral care. Consequently, patients may unknowingly present for cardiac surgery with undetected oral infections that can magnify the likelihood of an adverse outcome, leading to increased costs, morbidity, and possibly mortality. It is recommended to view oral health in the perspective of systemic health, specifically, recognizing the deleterious impact that an untreated odontogenic infection can have upon cardiac surgery. Therefore, considering scheduling constraints and the urgency of the operation, if time and resources permit, then it is suggested that patients who undergo elective cardiac surgery should be screened preoperatively to ensure that any oral infection is diagnosed and definitively treated. Such an investment can yield significant improvements in surgical outcome and overall patient health.     

Discitis and isthmic spondylolisthesis: a case report

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are common causes of low back pain in children and adolescents. Disc space infection is less common, but is another cause of severe back pain in this population. The combination of both processes in the same segment is rare. This case report is of a 13-year-old patient with isthmic lumbosacral spondylolisthesis and disc space infection at the same level. A patient who presented with severe low back pain and a radiological picture of isthmic slip with end plate irregularities and anterior bridging osteophyte was diagnosed with disc space infection at the slip level. He was managed with intravenous antibiotics for 6 weeks, followed by oral medication for an additional 2 weeks. At follow-up 28 weeks later, a spontaneous radiological fusion at the slip level was noted with complete relief of his symptoms. The patient was able to resume sports activities. In conclusion, isthmic spondylolisthesis and disc space height infection might coexist. Nonoperative treatment will usually result in spontaneous fusion and the complete relief of symptoms.     

Micromonas micros: A rare anaerobic cause of late implant failure following spinal surgery

Context: Delayed, postoperative, spine infections are rare, most commonly occurring secondary to fastidious, less virulent pathogens. The etiology may involve a distant infectious focus, not related to the index operation. Patients may present months, or even years postoperatively with pain related to mechanical implant failure, often without additional signs of systemic infection.Findings: We present the case of a 59-year-old male who developed rapid disk degeneration and implant failure seven months following instrumented lumbar fusion surgery. The causal organism was found to be Micromonas micros, an anaerobic bacterium typically located in the oral cavity and associated with periodontal disease. The patient was found to have extensive oral caries, which were presumed to have occurred secondary to poor oral hygiene and his use of fentanyl lozenges for chronic back pain. The patient was treated with revision staged spinal surgery and long-term intravenous antibiotics.Conclusion/clinical relevance: This case highlights an unusual etiology of delayed postoperative spinal implant failure and provides evidence for periodontal disease as a source of hematogenous seeding in postoperative spinal infections. The orthopaedist should also be aware of the potential relationship between poor oral hygiene and the use of high sugar content fentanyl lozenges in treating chronic back pain in these patients.     

口腔美容术后感染防治探讨

目的:探讨口腔美容术后感染的相关因素,防治方法。方法:收集2012年10月8日~2013年11月9日的28例口腔美容术后感染患者的样本及病例资料,分析患者年龄,病灶部位,致病菌种类等因素与感染发生的关系,探讨防治术后感染的相应对策。结果:口腔美容术后感染的发生和患者创伤部位、手术类型、口腔卫生及术后进食等情况密切相关。结论:术前、术中的手术处理,患者个体差异都是影响口腔美容术后感染的因素,医护人员必须对患者术前术后做好预防措施,降低术后感染的可能。     

Assessment of patient selection criteria for treatment of the infected hip arthroplasty

In a group of 37 infected hip arthroplasties (36 patients) treated consecutively between January 1997 and October 1999, the feasibility of published patient selection criteria for direct exchange arthroplasty was tested. These criteria include the requirement of a healthy patient with good soft tissues, minimal femoral bone loss, and an organism identified preoperatively as an antibiotic sensitive gram-positive organism. After assignment of the selection criteria, only four patients (four hips) (11%) were deemed potential candidates for a direct exchange procedure. Infected arthroplasties excluded from a primary exchange included 14 patients (15 hips) with gram-negative or methicillin-resistant gram-positive organisms obtained from preoperative joint aspirations, 10 patients (10 hips) with moderate or severe femoral bone loss, four patients (four hips) who required a proximal femoral osteotomy for component removal, two patients (two hips) with poor health status, and two patients (two hips) with poor soft tissues. Because of the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and an increased prevalence of revision arthroplasties with associated bone loss, the feasibility of published selection criteria for direct exchange are limited. A philosophy of delayed reconstruction for the treatment of the infected hip arthroplasty seems most appropriate in the current era of patient treatment.     

The importance and provision of oral hygiene in surgical patients

The provision of mouth care on the general surgical ward and intensive care setting has recently gained momentum as an important aspect of patient care. Oropharyngeal morbidity can cause pain and disordered swallowing leading to reluctance in commencing or maintaining an adequate dietary intake. On the intensive care unit, aside from patient discomfort and general well-being, oral hygiene is integral to the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) is widely used to decrease oral bacterial loading, dental bacterial plaque and gingivitis. Pineapple juice has gained favour as a salivary stimulant in those with a dry mouth or coated tongue. Tooth brushing is the ideal method of promoting oral hygiene. Brushing is feasible in the vast majority, although access is problematic in ventilated patients. Surgical patients undergoing palliative treatment are particularly prone to oral morbidity that may require specific but simple remedies. Neglect of basic aspects of patient care, typified by poor oral hygiene, can be detrimental to surgical outcome.     

免疫功能缺陷患者碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染一例

目的调查1例免疫缺陷患者出现耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌肺部感染的原因,探讨其发病机制并评价治疗措施。方法该患者为中年男性、58岁,肝移植术后,为免疫功能缺陷宿主(ICH),出现快速进展性碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)肺部感染。以患者诊疗过程为主线,结合宿主危险因素、时间及空间交叉医疗环境分析及发病机制探索,通过院感诊断分析思路判断病原菌来源,二代基因测序检测耐药基因,行抗菌药物精准治疗。结果以追溯影像学初始病灶为突破点,判断该患者为术后CRKP院内感染。对本次住院病区前后1个月肺炎克雷伯菌(KP)检出患者进行汇总,筛选出5例患者(4例来自痰液,1例来自尿液)。筛选10例高危病例进行肛拭子筛查,1例CRKP阳性,考虑定植。采集50份环境卫生标本,1份RICU床栏表面标本检出CRKP,综合分析排除外源性感染因素,判断为医院CRKP内源性感染。耐药基因含产KPC酶,无金属酶,应用头孢他啶/阿维巴坦等药物,加强院感防控管理,取得良好疗效。结论ICH出现院内耐药菌感染的风险较高,预后较差,应将院感分析思维带入临床诊疗工作中,对ICH医院获得性肺炎(HAP)行精准治疗,防范CRKP的水平或垂直播散。     

骨盆Salter截骨治疗发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位的原因分析

目的探讨骨盆Salter截骨治疗发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位的原因。方法采用骨盆Salter截骨治疗63例儿童发育性髋关节脱位。7例术后发生渐发脱位,分析其发生原因。结果患儿均获得随访,时间12~89个月。术后发生渐发脱位7例中,3例因术后关节囊松弛,不能有效维持关节稳定性,通过佩带髋外展支具后髋关节恢复稳定;2例因术中骨盆截骨旋转角度过大,髋臼后方包容欠佳,术后髋臼软骨发育不良,再次行骨盆Pemberton截骨关节囊紧缩修复矫正;2例因术前合并多关节松弛症,关节稳定性相对较差,术后并发Perthes病行髋臼周围截骨手术矫正治疗。结论儿童发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位与患者自身合并疾病、髋关节病变程度、手术操作等因素均有密切关系,准确的术前评估、适合的手术方式、精确的手术操作、术后早期干预治疗是防治术后渐发脱位的有效方法。     

严重脊柱侧后凸畸形后路全脊椎截骨术后残留后凸畸形的原因及处理策略

目的 对严重脊柱侧后凸后路全脊椎截骨术后残留后凸畸形的危险因素进行分析,并提出相应的处理策略.方法 2002年4月至2006年1月,采用后路经椎弓全脊椎截骨术矫治严重脊柱侧后凸畸形患者75例,男39例,女36例;年龄10～32岁,平均16.9岁.术前侧凸Cobb角平均72°(51°～130°),后凸Cobb角平均82°(69°-147°).7例术前存在不同程度的下肢不全性瘫痪症状.治疗策略:一期后路经椎弓顶椎区全脊椎截骨、矫形内固定术.根据术后残留后凸的程度,75例中有28例又进行了二期前路凹侧自体胫骨条支撑融合术(A组,11例)或凸侧植骨融合术(B组,17例).结果 后路截骨术后28例残留后凸,其原因为:术前后凸过大(＞100°)11例,同侧连续半椎体5例,半椎体伴分节不良4例,凹侧截骨不充分3例,肋骨头切除不足2例,人为残留3例.全组无死亡,无感染.28例残留后凸患者中22例获得平均21个月的随访,A组1例术后12个月因支撑胫骨条骨折而发现假关节,固定棒断裂;1例存在假关节可能,其余病例均达到骨性融合.1例术后因外伤发生原胫骨取骨处骨折.B组病例均骨性融合,无一例发生脱钩或断棒等内固定并发症.结论 对严重脊柱侧后凸后路全脊椎截骨术后残留较大后凸畸形的患者,二期行前路凹侧支撑或凸侧植骨融合术,可减少术后远期发生内固定失败、畸形加重及神经损害等并发症.