Family hardiness,social support,and self-efficacy in mothers of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Family hardiness is an important construct to understand coping in parents of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), who are often at risk for considerable distress in the face of multiple stressors. The current study examined family hardiness, perceived social support and parent self-efficacy as predictors of family distress in 138 mothers of individuals with ASD, 4–41 years of age. Using a multiple mediation analysis, we demonstrated that perceived self-efficacy and social support mediated the link between the pile-up of stressors and family hardiness, and that hardiness was a partial mediator in explaining how stressors were associated with family distress. Researchers and clinicians should consider the role that perceived social support and parent self-efficacy play in explaining family hardiness, and how the perception of such hardiness is associated with less distress.     

抑郁症患者总体幸福感与社会支持和应对方式的相关性

目的调查抑郁症患者的幸福感,探讨其总体幸福感与社会支持和应对方式的相关性。方法于2019年2月-9月在安徽省精神卫生中心焦虑抑郁科门诊及住院患者中选择120例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁症诊断标准的抑郁症患者作为抑郁症组,同时从社区人员及患者家属中选择122例作为对照组。采用总体幸福感量表(GWB)(中国版)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)进行评定,应用Pearson相关分析及多元线性回归分析比较抑郁症患者GWB、SSRS与SCSQ评分的相关性。结果抑郁症患者GWB评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(62.43±13.48)分vs.(84.97±10.02)分,t=-14.780,P<0.01];抑郁症患者GWB评分与SCSQ总评分和积极应对方式评分均呈正相关(r=0.378、0.460,P均<0.01);抑郁症患者GWB评分与SSRS客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度评分及总评分均呈正相关(r=0.354~0.561,P<0.05或0.01);SSRS客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度评分及总评分与SCSQ总评分和积极应对方式评分均呈正相关(r=0.234~0.398,P<0.05或0.01)。结论抑郁症患者幸福感较低,且其幸福感水平与社会支持和积极应对方式相关。     

抑郁症的社会支持和防御方式研究

目的　探讨抑郁症患者应激状态、应对行为、社会支持和防御方式的临床特征。方法　采用应对行为调查表、生活环境调查表、社会支持量表和防御方式问卷 ,对 4 1例抑郁症患者进行测试 ,并与 36例正常人进行对照研究。结果　 (1)抑郁症组平均应激强度明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且抑郁症组面对应激时所采取的应对行为与对照组存在显著差异 ,主动娱乐、谋划对策、主动应付和工作投射因子分高 (P <0 .0 1) ,控制症状和消极发泄因子分低 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )抑郁症组的社会支持满意度明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且抑郁症组对“亲属”的选用明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;(3)抑郁症组中间型和不成熟型防御因子分高 (P <0 .0 1) ,投射、幻想、退缩因子 ,假性利他、隔离、交往倾向和消耗倾向因子分也明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。结论　 (1)生活事件与抑郁症状的发生可能存在直接的关系 ,且抑郁症患者面对应激更多采取外射型应对方式 ;(2 )抑郁症患者的社会支持系统满意度差 ,且防御方式存在明显的不成熟倾向。     

The relationship between Health-Related Quality of Life and sleep problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Although children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are thought to experience sleep problems at a much higher rate than typically developing peers, the relationship between sleep disturbance and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has not been explored within this pediatric population. Further, little is understood about the HRQoL of children with ASD in general. This study assessed the HRQoL and sleep health of a sample of children with ASD and investigated the relationship between HRQoL and overall sleep problems within the context of key clinical characteristics. Study participants included 86 parents of children with ASD between the ages of 4 and 12 years. Subjects were recruited from 3 autism specialty clinics at large academic medical centers and asked to proxy-report on their children's HRQoL and sleep habits. Adjusted regression models showed a consistent negative relationship between sleep disturbance and HRQoL, with greater overall sleep problems being associated with poorer total, physical, and psychosocial HRQoL. Sleep duration and sleep anxiety were also found to be negatively associated with HRQoL. These findings suggest that treatments that are effective in treating sleep disturbances may improve children's HRQoL.     

儿童期虐待对新兵社会支持及应对方式的影响

目的研究儿童期虐待对新兵社会支持及应对方式的影响。方法对505名入伍新兵进行儿童受虐问卷（CTQ-SF）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）、青少年社会支持量表评定。结果遭受儿童期虐待的新兵在应付方式选择及社会支持上显著低于无虐待组（P〈0．05）。简单相关分析显示儿童期情感虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视及总虐待分均与积极应对呈负相关（P〈0．01）;儿童期经历过情感虐待、情感忽视、性虐待、躯体虐待、躯体忽视及虐待总分均与消极应对呈正相关（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。儿童期情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视及总虐待分均与社会支持总分、客观支持、支持利用度呈负相关（P〈0．01）;儿童期经历过情感虐待、情感忽视、性虐待、躯体虐待、躯体忽视及虐待总分均与主观支持成负相关（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。情感忽视、躯体忽视与积极应对方式呈负相关（P=0．000,P=0．003）;虐待总分、情感虐待与消极应对方式呈正相关（P=0．032,P=0．026）,与社会支持总分呈负相关（P=0．000,P=0．011）。结论儿童期遭受虐待的新兵在应对方式上往往采取消极应对,且社会支持不良。     

Testing nonverbal IQ in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

15 high-functioning school aged children with ASD and 15 neurotypically developing age matched controls were assessed using the WISC-IV and the KABC-II in order to assess whether the WISC-IV has rectified problems associated with the WISC-III's undue emphasis on timing measures. No significant group differences were found for the PRI sub-scale of the WISC-IV nor for the nonverbal scale of the KABC-II, but the ASD group scored significantly lower than controls on the Processing Speed Index of the WISC-IV. This supports the need to isolate of timing criteria when IQ testing in populations with ASD, as is now the case with the WISC-IV. However significantly higher scores were obtained for the KABC-II versus the PRI for children with ASD only. The reasons for this are discussed with regard to a possible cultural bias in the Picture Concepts subtest of the WISC-IV.     

Factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is complex and parents worldwide often experience difficulties and frustration during the diagnostic process. This study examined the duration of the diagnostic period, the number of professionals consulted, the relationship with the professional(s) and the perceived helpfulness of information provided in relation to how they impact on parental satisfaction and stress during the diagnostic process. The study also obtained professional perspectives regarding current diagnostic practices to understand aspects of the process which may be helpful in increasing professional confidence in diagnosing ASD. One hundred and two parents of 2-17 years old children and young people with ASD recruited from ASD special schools, intervention centres and hospitals in Singapore completed a survey, which included information on various aspects of the diagnostic process and measures of autism severity, parental stress and satisfaction. Seventeen professionals completed a similar survey. Parents from higher educational and socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to raise concerns about their child's development at an earlier age. Higher parental stress was associated with more professionals consulted and lower perceived collaboration with professionals. Higher parental satisfaction was associated with higher perceived collaboration with professionals, higher perceived helpfulness of received information, lower severity of child ASD symptoms and lower levels of stress. Findings are discussed in relation to clinical practice guidelines and existing literature on the process and impact of diagnosis on families.     

Brief Report: Adults with Mild Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Scores on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Comorbid Psychopathology

While knowledge about symptom presentation of adults with mild ASD, including comorbid psychopathology, is limited, referral of adults with suspected mild PDD is increasing. We report on pilot research investigating whether patients diagnosed with mild ASD (n = 15) and patients who were not diagnosed with ASD (n = 21) differed in terms of (a) AQ scores and (b) Axis I and II disorders, assessed by the SCAN and the IPDE. Additionally, AQ scores were compared with those from non-ASD patients referred to a general outpatient clinic (n = 369). The results showed very few differences between ASD patients and non-ASD patients. Self-report may not differentiate mild ASD patients from non-ASD patients and Axis I and II disorders seem equally prevalent among these two groups.     

Quiet ego,perceived social support,and subjective well-being in mothers having children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundThis research aimed to examine the relationship of quiet ego and perceived social support with the subjective well-being of mothers having children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and to find out the predictors of subjective well-being among these mothers. Where multiple resource factors beneficial for the well-being of these mothers are studied worldwide, this study investigates and highlights importance of the scarcely studied concept of quiet ego in a precisely defined study sample.MethodCorrelational research design was used and mothers (N = 70; M_age = 36.20, SD = 5.70) were selected using purposive sampling strategy from different special schools and centres of Lahore, Pakistan. The questionnaires used in the study were, Quiet Ego Scale (Wayment et al., 2015), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (Diener et al., 2009)ResultsResults showed a significant positive relationship of quiet ego, and all the aspects of social support, with subjective well-being. After controlling for the effect of control variables, social support from the significant other emerged as significant unique predictor of both cognitive and affective components of subjective well-being while friends’ support significantly predicted affect balance onlyConclusionsThe importance of internal and external protective factors highlighted in this study can be employed by professionals as a part of their counselling or therapeutic interventions while dealing with such mothers, as well as for the awareness of their families and society, at large.     

脑卒中后抑郁与社会支持应对方式关系的研究

目的探讨社会支持、应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁发生之间的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,应用Zung抑郁量表、社会支持量表及应付方式问卷等工具评定31例脑卒中后伴明显抑郁症状的患者,并与39例不伴明显抑郁症状的脑卒中患者进行对照。结果在社会支持总评分、客观支持评分、主观支持评分抑郁组均低于非抑郁组,有统计学差异显著性（P〈0．05）。社会支持利用度评分无统计学差异显著性。非抑郁组的积极应对得分高于抑郁组（P〈0．01）;而消极应对得分无统计学差异显著性。结论不适当的应对方式和缺乏社会支持可能是影响脑卒中后抑郁发生的心理社会因素。     

Parenting dimensions in mothers and fathers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Rearing a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a unique challenge for both parents. Previous studies addressed how mothers are affected by the challenges of raising a child with ASD, mostly in terms of stress pattern. In this study, we focused on comparisons between mothers and fathers of children with ASD in parental stress, attitude and mental health. We examined 99 parents of children with ASD using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Parental Style Questionnaire, the Self-Perceptions of the Parental Role and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The results revealed the gender differences in the parental attitude and mental health. Mothers reported that they engaged in more social behaviors with their children than fathers. In addition mothers reported higher level of depression than fathers. No difference among parents emerged in the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting distress is associated with depression, balance of parents’ diverse roles in their life and dysfunctional interaction between parents and children. These findings highlight both similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with ASD and the existence of a relationship between parental stress, mental health and attitude. Results suggest the importance of developing specific intervention programs which incorporate these fundamental parenting domains.     

受助人员社会支持、应付方式与心理健康状况的相关研究

目的探讨受助人员社会支持、应付方式与心理健康状况的相关性。方法随机抽取180名受助人员和172名健康人员,运用社会支持评定量表、应付方式问卷和SCL-90症状自评量表进行问卷调查,并作对照研究。结果受助人员在社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度得分以及解决问题和求助的应付方式得分都明显低于对照组(P<0.01),在自责的应付方式得分和SCL-90总分以及各因子得分明显高于对照组(P<0.01),而在幻想、退避和合理化应付方式得分和对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。客观支持、自责、解决问题、合理化4个指标对SCL-90总分有显著性影响(P<0.01)。结论社会支持及应付方式的选择情况与受助人员的心理健康水平有显著性相关。     

有家庭暴力行为酒依赖患者社会支持与应对方式的研究

目的探讨酒依赖患者的家庭暴力行为与社会支持及应对方式的相关性。方法采用家庭暴力调查问卷、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3)的新疆精神卫生中心戒酒科及新疆自治区人民医院临床心理科愿意接受研究的138例住院酒依赖患者进行调查。结果施暴组(n=80)的主观支持得分(25.90±3.70)、客观支持得分(31.39±3.25)、支持利用度得分(7.40±1.67)和社会支持总得分(64.73±5.04)与无施暴组(n=58)的主观支持得分(26.81±3.62)、客观支持得分(31.28±3.18)、支持利用度得分(7.64±1.92)和社会支持总得分(65.72±5.08)之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。施暴组积极应对得分(31.94±5.64)、消极应对得分(20.39±4.31)与无施暴组积极应对得分(33.12±6.36)、消极应对得分(19.67±4.27)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论酒依赖患者家庭暴力行为与其社会支持及应对方式无相关性。     

Comorbid psychopathology in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders and intellectual disabilities

There is an abundance of research investigating Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in children; however, little emphasis has been placed on ASD in adults, especially in regards to comorbid psychopathology. Although scales are available that measure comorbidity in adults with ID, what is needed are scales that measure comorbidity in adults with ID and ASD. One such scale is the newly developed Autism Spectrum Disorders-Comorbidity for Adults (ASD-CA). There are two purposes of this study. The first is to further develop the ASD-CA by calculating cutoff scores for its subscales. The second is to compare the frequency of symptom endorsements on the ASD-CA among three groups: individuals with ID; individuals with ID and ASD; and individuals with ID, ASD, and additional psychopathology.     

Reliability and validity of the Psychoeducational Profile-third edition Caregiver Report in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The aim of this study was to examine the internal consistency, inter-respondent reliability, and convergent and divergent validity of the Psychoeducational Profile-third edition Caregiver Report (PEP3-CR) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). We examined the internal consistency on 66 mothers of children with ASD who completed the PEP3-CR. Inter-respondent reliability was examined on 46 pairs of mothers and fathers who completed the PEP3-CR independently within one week. Moreover, 64 children were administered the Psychoeducational Profile-third edition Performance Test (PEP3-PT) and 20 children and their parents were administered the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) to examine the convergent and divergent validity of the PEP3-CR. The Cronbach's alpha of the PEP3-CR subtests, ranging from 0.83 to 0.85, indicated sufficient internal consistency. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the two parents, ranging from 0.66 to 0.79, indicated moderate inter-respondent reliability. The correlations between the PEP3-PT, CARS, VABS and the PEP3-CR supported the convergent and divergent validity of the PEP3-CR. Therefore, the PEP3-CR is a reliable and valid caregiver report for assessing adaptive functioning and autistic behaviors in children with ASD.     

广泛性焦虑症患者应对方式、社会支持与心理健康的关系

目的 探讨广泛性焦虑症患者应对方式、社会支持与心理健康的关系.方法 采用一般情况问卷、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90),对221例广泛性焦虑症患者进行问卷调查.结果 (1)广泛性焦虑症患者SCL-90得分与积极应对、主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度得分呈负相关(P＜0.05),与消极应对正相关(P＜0.01).(2)结构方程模型分析结果显示:积极应对对社会支持有直接(正向)效应(β=0.47,P＜0.01),对SCL-90得分有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.28,P＜0.01);消极应对对社会支持有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.23,P＜0.01),对SCL-90得分有直接(正向)效应(β=0.22,P＜0.01);社会支持对SCL-90得分有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.33,P＜0.01);积极应对和消极应对还可以通过社会支持间接影响心理健康.结论 应对方式对广泛性焦虑患者的心理健康有直接效应和间接效应;社会支持作为中介变量调节应对方式与心理健康的关系.运用积极应对、减少消极应对既可直接改善患者的心理健康水平,又可通过提高患者的社会支持来改善患者心理健康状况.     

Investigating distinct and related contributions of Weak Central Coherence,Executive Dysfunction,and Systemizing theories to the cognitive profiles of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and typically developing children

Many attempts have been made to explain the cognitive profiles of children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The current study investigated three prominent theories of cognitive processing – Weak Central Coherence, Executive Dysfunction, and Systemizing – to determine how they could define the cognitive patterns of performance in children with ASD. Utilizing tasks that tapped into visuospatial and linguistic domains, and both parent-report and child performance, the present research found support for the Weak Central Coherence and Executive Dysfunction theories in accounting for distinct cognitive profiles in children with ASD. No differences were observed between children with ASD and TD children on Systemizing abilities or preferences. The results also indicate that cognitive profiles in ASD may manifest in different ways in children historically considered High-Functioning Autism and Asperger's Syndrome. Additionally, the present research demonstrated the importance of using comprehensive measures to assess cognition and behavior in children with ASD. These results provide support for the consideration of individual differences in cognitive profiles of children with HFA and children with AS when developing educational and therapeutic programming.     

孤独症谱系障碍患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性分析

背景 孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）发病率呈上升趋势,ASD患儿的治疗和训练过程漫长,给患儿家庭带来沉重的负担,导致家长容易产生病耻感,目前缺少ASD患儿家长病耻感相关的调查研究。目的 探讨ASD患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性,为降低该群体的病耻感水平并采取针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法 以2021年1月-2022年5月乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院儿童保健门诊收治的ASD患儿的家长为研究对象。采用一般资料问卷、连带病耻感量表（ASS）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行调查,采用Pearson相关分析考查病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性。结果 ASD患儿家长ASS总评分为（52.40±11.22）分。相关分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长ASS总评分与SCSQ消极应对维度评分呈正相关（r=0.787,P<0.01）,与SCSQ积极应对维度评分和SSRS总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.565、-0.795,P均<0.01）。回归分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长病耻感受应对方式和社会支持的影响（?R²=0.768,F=114.931,P<0.01）,可解释总变异的76.80%。结论 ASD患儿家长病耻感处于中等偏高水平,家长的应对方式和社会支持是影响病耻感的重要因素。     

精神分裂症患者康复期心理状态与耻感、应对方式及社会支持的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者康复期心理状态与耻感、应对方式及社会支持之间的关系,为康复干预方案的制定提供参考.方法 选择2015年1～12月在精神病医院住院治疗的178例恢复期精神分裂症患者作为研究对象,根据卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表(CDSS)评分将其分为抑郁组(54例)和非抑郁组(124例),采用精神病患者病耻感评估量表、应对方式量表和社会支持量表分别对两组患者进行调查,分析其各量表得分差异,以及抑郁评分和各量表得分之间的相关性.结果 抑郁组和非抑郁组患者在年龄、性别比例、病程等一般资料方面比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);抑郁组患者病耻感中社交因子、能力因子评分以总评分均明显高于非抑郁组;积极应对评分明显低于非抑郁组,而消极应对评分明显高于非抑郁组;抑郁组患者社会支持各方面评分以及总分均明显低于非抑郁组患者.相关性分析表明抑郁心理与患者病耻感评分呈正相关(P＜0.05);消极应对与抑郁呈正相关(P＜0.05),积极应对与抑郁呈负相关(P＜0.05);社会支持各方面评分均与抑郁呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者康复期抑郁心理状态与耻感呈正相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关,与社会支持呈负相关.     

抑郁症患者生活事件、特质应对方式、父母养育方式及社会支持情况研究

目的了解抑郁症患者生活事件、特质应对方式、父母养育方式及社会支持状况及其性别差异。方法选取符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁症诊断标准的天津市精神卫生中心2013年3月-2014年2月门诊和住院患者104例,在社区中选取与所调查抑郁症患者社会人口学特征较为接近且汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)评分8分的健康人106例作为对照组;对两组进行生活事件(LES)、特质应对方式(TCSQ)、父母教养方式(EMBU)及社会支持(SSRS)量表测评。结果抑郁症患者负性刺激量、积极应对方式、父亲处罚严厉、母亲处罚严厉、母亲拒绝否认因子评分与对照组比较[(29.96±11.81)vs.(15.00±9.81),(29.31±5.39)vs.(25.36±5.00),(14.69±4.11)vs.(18.41±10.29),(10.23±2.69)vs.(12.34±4.39),(10.02±2.29)vs.(12.64±4.13)],差异有统计学意义(t=-5.699~9.976,P均0.01)。男性抑郁症患者的积极、消极应对方式及社会支持的总得分均高于女性(P0.05)。结论 1抑郁症患者经历更多的负性生活事件并多采用积极应对方式;2父母亲的教育方式均表现为低处罚严厉、低拒绝否认,母亲还表现为低过度保护;3抑郁症患者的客观社会支持较多、主观社会支持较少;4男性比女性抑郁症患者采用更多的积极应对方式和消极应对方式,并有更多的社会支持。