ESWL monotherapy for large-volume renal calculi: efficacy and morbidity

We assessed the efficacy and morbidity of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy in the treatment of 25 consecutive patients with large-volume renal calculi (surface area greater than or equal to 5.0 cm2). Eighteen of the calculi were infection (struvite) stones and 7 were sterile stones. In 21 cases internal ureteral stents were positioned before ESWL, but no patient underwent pretreatment percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) or percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PNL). An average of 2.1 procedures including ESWL, PCN, or ureteral interventions were required to achieve a stone-free renal collecting system and ureter, or residual stone particles less than 4 mm in diameter confined to the renal collecting system. Sixty percent of the patients required no ancillary procedures after ESWL. There were no differences in the mean duration of hospitalization, need for post-treatment ancillary procedures, time to clearance of ureteral fragments, and incidence of residual stone particles among patients with infection and sterile stones. Of 23 patients observed greater than three months (mean 10.9 mos) after ESWL, 43 percent had residual stone particles in the renal collecting system. Expansion of these particles or stone recurrence in the absence of residual particles has not been observed. We conclude that large volume renal calculi may be managed effectively and safely with ESWL monotherapy.     

多发性多部位肾结石的体外冲击波碎石后加用经皮肾穿刺造瘘取石(附34例报告)

目的:探讨提高多发性多部位肾结石疗效的方法.方法:对34例多发性多部位肾结石采用ESWL治疗,对其中的未排净残石或未碎结石再联用PCNL治疗.结果:34例中,29例ESWL治疗3～6次排净结石,排净率为85.3%;4例经联用PCNL Ⅰ期清除残石或未碎结石,结石总排净率达97.1%.结论:经ESWL治疗后,再联用PCNL取净肾内残留结石来治疗多发性多部位肾结石,具清除率高、损伤少、安全性好、并发症少等优点,是一种经济而有效的治疗方法.     

Treatment of staghorn calculi. Strategies and results of the combined use of new technics

From January 1984 to June 1986, 270 patients with staghorn calculi were treated by ESWL, PCNL, or a combination of both. The indications were determined according to stone burden, distribution of stone load, architecture of the renal collecting system, radiopacity, and chemical composition of the calculi. Another group (83 patients) treated from January 1982 to October 1983 exclusively with open surgery was also examined. In a retrospective study, the treatment and follow-up data of the two groups were evaluated and compared. At discharge, 78 (29%) of the patients treated by the new techniques were free of stones, while 192 (71%) still had residual fragments in the kidney or in the ureter. Among the group treated by open surgery, 54 (65.1%) were free of stones at discharge, 17 (20.4%) still had residual fragments, and 12 (14.5%) had to undergo nephrectomy. The follow-up data (18 months n = 186) for the ESWL-PCNL-group revealed a stone-free rate of 54.8%. Residual fragments were observed in 40.3% and recurrent stone formation occurred in only 4.9%. Follow-up examination of group treated by open surgery (42 months, n = 61) revealed a stone-free rate of 72.1%, while residual stones persisted in 8.2% and recurrent stone formation occurred in 19.7%. The incidence of urinary tract infection was only 11.3% after ESWL/PCNL, as against 30% after open surgery. It is remarkable that 80% of the patients with residual fragments after ESWL-PCNL did not have any such symptoms as infection or colic.     

肾下盏结石的治疗方法选择

目的探讨肾下盏结石较佳的治疗方法。方法对53例肾下盏结石患者中的42例,结石大小在0.6~1.5cm,行ESWL治疗,1周后复查KUB或IVP;11例结石大小在1.5cm以上,采用PCNL,在X线或B超引导下进行,术后2~3天复查。结果行ESWL者最多碎石3次,3个月结石排净率为71%;PCNL者均为一期,术后1例发热,无大出血、尿外渗等并发症;2例结石残留,行二期取石。结论根据肾下盏结石大小,对1.5cm以内的结石行ESWL治疗,结石大小在1.5cm以上采用PCNL治疗,能获得较好的效果。     

ESWL treatment of urinary calculi

A total of 711 patients with symptomatic upper and lower urinary tract calculi underwent extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) at the Ohio Kidney Stone Center during the first six months. At follow-up 84 percent of the first 180 patients are stone-free. Retreatment was required for 2.8 percent of the patients with residual stone material. Thirty-seven percent of the treatments required cystoscopy with ureteral stent placement for manipulation of stones or delineation of distal ureteral anatomy to facilitate ESWL. Complications were minimal at less than 3 percent.     

小儿肾结石的ESWL和PCNL治疗

目的　总结小儿肾结石ESWL和经皮微造瘘输尿管镜取石术 (mini PCNL)治疗经验。　方法　回顾性分析 10 5例小儿肾结石诊治资料 ,男 72例、女 3 3例 ,平均年龄 8.7岁。其中伴尿路畸形 2 1例 (2 0 .0 % )。ESWL治疗 68例 ;mini PCNL治疗 3 3例 ,4例联合ESWL ;改行开放手术 4例。　结果　 68例ESWL治疗 92次 ,结石完全排空 57例 (83 .8% ) ,1次ESWL治疗成功 47例 (69.1% ) ,2次治疗 18例 (2 6.5% ) ,3次治疗 2例 (4.4% ) ;2例石街经输尿管镜治疗成功。 3 3例mini PCNL治疗者 ,一期PCNL成功 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期PCNL治疗 9例 (2 7.3 % ) ;3例伴肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻者同时行顺行肾盂输尿管内切开术 ,一期结石清除率 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期结石清除率 2 9例(87.9% ) ,联合ESWL 4例 ,总结石清除率为 97.0 %。 4例开放手术中 2例同时行肾盂输尿管成形术 ,1例多发结石术后有残余结石。　结论　ESWL是治疗小儿肾结石安全、有效的首选方法 ;选择PCNL治疗应根据结石和设备技术情况 ,联合ESWL成功率更高     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in paraplegic and quadriplegic patients

As it is known, paraplegic and quadriplegic patients are at an increased risk for urolithiasis. We have studied the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 15 patients with spinal cord dysfunction who were treated in our ESWL unit. A total of 23 treatments were performed. The number of shock waves ranged between 1500 and 3000 per treatment. Only 1 and 3 patients were stone-free at one-month and 3-month follow-up, respectively. Ten of 15 patients with long-term follow-up of 6 to 20 months were stone-free. The remaining 5 patients with residual fragments had staghorn calculi or stones larger than 2.5cm. We conclude that ESWL is an effective and well tolerated method for this population but the fragment clearance is delayed and below that for unselected patients.     

Current concepts in the relative efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Summary Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL) have largely replaced open surgical operations for the management of upper urinary tract calculi. ESWL is generally preferred for calculi less than or equal to 2 cm as morbidity is lower than PCNL and success rates comparable. However, the morbidity of ESWL rises substantially for stones greater than 2 cm, while the stone-free rate is lessened compared to PCNL (41% vs. 82%, p<0.01), suggesting that PCNL is preferred for most larger stones. Results for staghorn calculi comparable to anatrophic nephrolithotomy with lowered morbidity may be achieved with PCNL followed by ESWL. PCNL is also preferred for stone-containing, calyceal diverticula.     

Fate of residual fragments after successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the reason residual fragments from upper urinary tract calculi failed to clear after successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). METHODS: Risk factors were analyzed in 161 patients with residual fragments (< or = 4 mm) that had remained for more than 3 months after ESWL. The factors examined in the present study were gender, a history of urolithiasis, the number, location and size of stones, hydronephrosis 3 months after ESWL and bacteriuria before ESWL. The mean follow-up period was 20.0 months (range 6-69 months). RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 14.3%. The stone-free rate in patients with multiple stones or hydronephrosis 3 months after ESWL was significantly lower than that in patients without these conditions (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The cumulative non-clearance rate in patients with hydronephrosis was significantly higher than in patients without this condition (P < 0.05). Results of Cox's proportional hazards model indicated that hydronephrosis was the most important and only significant factor for failure to clear of the seven factors investigated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hydronephrosis was most highly correlated with the fate of residual fragments after ESWL.     

Minimally invasive treatment of hemiacidrin soluble staghorn renal stones

Among 78 patients with hemiacidrin soluble staghorn renal stones, 23 were treated with a combination of one session of percutaneous debulking and high-energy extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Group A); 17 were treated with high-energy ESWL only (Group B); and 38 were treated with low-energy only ESWL (Group C). In all patients percutaneous nephrostomies were inserted and the ESWL procedure was followed by hemiacidrin irrigation. ESWL was performed with anesthesia in Groups A and B, but without anesthesia in Group C. Groups A and B did not differ in number of ESWL sessions or length of hospital stay, and the therapeutic results at discharge and at 6-month follow-up were comparable, whereby 59% of the patients in both groups were either stone-free or had only small ( less than or equal to 3 mm) residual fragments. In Group C more ESWL sessions were performed, and the hospital stay as well as the hemiacidrin irrigation periods were longer. The fraction of stone-free renal units at discharge was significantly higher in Group C than in Group A (p less than 0.05) and after 4 weeks higher than in both Groups A (p less than 0.025) and B (p < 0.05). At 6 month follow-up, 92% of the patients in Group C were either stone-free or had only small ( less than or equal to 3 mm) residual fragments. Combined low-energy ESWL and hemiacidrin irrigation can successfully be used for treatment of even very large infection staghorn stones.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for distal ureteral calculi: what a powerful machine can achieve

PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) for distal ureteral calculi with the HM3 (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc.) lithotriptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 585 consecutive patients with distal ureteral calculi were treated with ESWL using an unmodified HM3 lithotriptor. Of these patients 67 referred for treatment only for whom no followup was available were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 518 cases were followed until they were radiologically documented to be stone-free or considered treatment failures. Before ESWL additional procedures were performed in 144 patients, including stone push back, ureteral catheter or Double-J (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) stent placement, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureteral endoscopic maneuvers or stone basket manipulation. A total of 374 patients needed no preliminary treatment before ESWL. RESULTS: Of the 518 patients 469 (91%) were successfully treated with 1 ESWL session, while 49 (9%) needed 2 or 3. Manipulation after ESWL was performed in 22 cases, including stent placement, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureteral endoscopic stone removal and a stone basket procedure. On day 1 after ESWL 327 patients (63%) were stone-free, 158 (30%) had less than 5 mm. fragments and 33 (7%) had more than 5 mm. fragments. At 3 months the stone-free rate increased to 97%. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that ESWL for distal ureteral calculi with the powerful unmodified HM3 lithotriptor has a high success rate with a low rate of minimally traumatic manipulations before and after intervention. Results in terms of the re-treatment and stone-free rates are superior to those of any other second or third generation lithotriptor and comparable to the results of the best ureteroscopic series.     

Clinical Implications of Clinically Insignificant Stone Fragments After Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Purpose

We determined the natural history and clinical significance of small, asymptomatic, noninfection related stone fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*).

Materials and Methods

We prospectively followed 160 patients with 4 mm. or less asymptomatic calcium oxalate/phosphate stone fragments after ESWL for 1.6 to 88.8 months (mean 23) to stone-free status, censorship or intervention. Kaplan-Meier estimates of probability to anatomical stone-free, decreased or stable status were determined as well as the probability of symptomatic episodes or required urological intervention.

Results

Stone-free status or a decreased, stable or increased amount of residual stone occurred in 38 (23.8 percent), 26 (16.3 percent), 67 (41.9 percent) and 29 (18.1 percent) of the 160 patients, respectively. At 5 years after ESWL the probability of a stone-free, stone-free or decreased status, or stone-free, decreased or stable status was 0.36, 0.53, and 0.80, respectively. A total of 91 patients (56.9 percent) remained asymptomatic while 69 (43.1 percent) had a symptomatic episode or required intervention 1.6 to 85.4 months (mean 26) after ESWL (probability estimated at 0.71 at 5 years).

Conclusions

While patients with small noninfection related stone fragments after ESWL may be followed expectantly, a significant number will require intervention or have symptomatic episodes within 2 years. The term clinically insignificant applied to any residual stone after ESWL is likely a misnomer.     

经皮肾镜取石术联合套石网篮治疗 ESWL 排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（ percutaneous nephrolithotomy , PCNL ）联合套石网篮治疗体外震波碎石（ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ,ESWL）排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法2009年4月～2012年8月采用PCNL联合套石网篮治疗ESWL排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石78例。 B超定位,58例肾盏结石长径＜1 cm或分布于单组肾盏,采用微通道经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石;20例肾盏结石长径＞1 cm或分布于多组肾盏采用新型经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道或超声联合气压弹道碎石。结果78例手术均获成功,手术时间52～98 min,平均61 min。71例一期取净结石,结石取净率91．0％（71/78）;2例二期碎石后取净;3例辅助行ESWL治疗;2例因残留结石较小药物排石排出。住院5～12 d,平均7．2 d。无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。78例随访3个月,未见结石残留。结论PCNL术中联合套石网篮可减少皮肾穿刺通道数,避免大出血及集合系统狭窄风险,是处理ESWL排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石恰当的选择。     

经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的比较

目的比较经皮肾镜（PCNL）与输尿管软镜（FURS）治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的安全性及有效性。 方法回顾性纳入并分析我院2017年4月至2019年4月43例肾下盏小鹿角形结石,其中PCNL治疗20例（PCNL组）,FURS治疗23例（FURS组）,比较两组手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症和术后住院天数等。 结果43例均顺利完成手术,PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院天数均显著长于FURS组（P<0.05）;术后1~4 d PCNL组结石清除率85.0%,显著高于FURS组52.2%,术后4周及术后半年两组结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但FURS组的二次干预率更高（P<0.05）;两组在术后发热、出血及石街形成等方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但PCNL组的血红蛋白丢失量及术后止痛药使用率更高（P<0.05）。 结论PCNL与FURS在治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石均安全、有效,两者远期疗效相当,但FURS比PCNL创伤更小,术后恢复更快,值得临床推广。     

The management of paediatric urolithiasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic ureterolithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open nephrolithotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 3-year period (1997-1999), 59 children were treated for urolithiasis and underwent a total of 79 procedures. Thirty-two ESWL sessions were performed in 23 children (mean age 7.4 years, median 6.0). PCNL was undertaken in 30 renal units in 25 children (mean age 6.4 years, median 4.0). Eight patients (mean age 7.8 years, median 5) underwent 17 ureteroscopic procedures, six of which involved the use of a holmium laser. Three children with staghorn calculi underwent open nephrolithotomy under conditions of renal ischaemia and hypothermia. RESULTS: Of the 23 children treated using ESWL, 21 (91%) became stone-free; 17 underwent one ESWL session (74%), three had two sessions and three (13%) had three sessions. All eight patients who underwent ureteroscopy became stone-free. Four patients in whom the stone could not be reached by ureteroscopy initially had a JJ stent inserted, and the stone and stent subsequently removed. Stones were cleared using PCNL in 27 of 30 renal units (90%); three patients who had residual stone fragments were rendered stone-free by ESWL. Two of three children undergoing open nephrolithotomy were stone-free after surgery and the remaining one rendered stone-free with ESWL. Metabolic evaluation showed that 25 of 45 children (55%) had a urinary infection, eight (18%) had hyperoxaluria, three (7%) had hypercalciuria, two (4%) had cystinuria, and no identifiable cause was found in seven (16%). Treatment by a single modality rendered 52 of the 59 children (88%) stone-free; when the different modalities were combined, 57 of 59 patients (97%) were cleared of their stones. CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances in ESWL, ureteroscopy and PCNL have had a significant effect on the management of urolithiasis in children, allowing a safe and successful outcome. The comprehensive care of children with urolithiasis should include a full metabolic evaluation. Anatomical anomalies contribute to the complexity of many cases, necessitating a close liaison between adult and paediatric urologists, nephrologists and radiologists to optimize stone management in children.     

The staghorn calculus: anatrophic nephrolithotomy versus percutaneous litholapxy and extracorporeal shockwave therapy versus extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy monotherapy. A report of over 6 years' experience

From 1982 to December 1987, 71 with incomplete (C4 by Rocco) and 37 with complete (C5 by Rocco) staghorn calculi underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy (AN; n = 29), or combined percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and ESWL (PCNL + ESWL; n = 21), or ESWL monotherapy without or with preoperative JJ stenting (n = 37/21). The patients with incomplete staghorn calculi (C4) and preoperative ureteral stenting were free of stones after 6 months in 15 of 17 cases (88%), which is comparable to our results with AN (90%) and combined PCNL + ESWL (85%). ESWL without JJ stenting were free of stones in only 52%. The treatment of infected C4 calculi with JJ stenting was especially successful (92%). Complete staghorn calculi (C5) represented the best results after AN (78%) and combined PCNL + ESWL (75%), in contrast to ESWL without JJ stenting (44%). Four patients with C5 calculi were treated with ESWL and preoperative stenting, three of them were free of stones after 6 months. For incomplete staghorn calculi (C4), ESWL monotherapy with JJ stenting seems to be a justifiable noninvasive method which offers excellent results in stone elimination (88%), with lower costs than AN or PCNL + ESWL. More invasive procedures should be reserved for complete staghorn calculi.     

Open stone surgery: Is it still a preferable procedure in the management of staghorn calculi?

We reviewed 43 patients with staghorn calculi to determine the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) combined therapy, and open stone surgery. While ESWL monotherapy and ESWL+PCNL were performed in 25 and 8 patients, respectively, 10 patients underwent open stone surgery. Of the 25 patients treated with ESWL, 8 were stone-free, whereas 4 out of 8 patients treated with ESWL+PCNL and 8 out of 10 patients treated with open surgery were stone-free. The complications of ESWL monotherapy consisted of pyelonephritis in one patient, and stone street formations in three. In the group of ESWL+PCNL, one patient developed pyonephrosis, and another perinephritic abscess. No serious complication was noted in patients who underwent open surgery, but an average of 525 ml of blood transfusion was required. We conclude that open stone surgery, although invasive, is still beneficial in the treatment of staghorn calculi. Presented at the 10th Congress of the European Association of Urology, July 1992, Genoa.     

Staghorn calculi: analysis of treatment results between initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy with reference to surface area.

Treatment recommendations and results reported for the management of staghorn calculi are highly variable. In an attempt to provide a more objective means to compare treatment results for staghorn renal calculi, stone burden as measured by stone surface area was used. Stone surface area was determined by computer analysis. A total of 380 cases of staghorn calculi treated at the same institution was evaluated. Treatment consisted of initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with or without extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) in 298 cases and ESWL monotherapy in 82. When considered as a group, the overall stone-free rate for initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (mean surface area 1,378.3 mm.2) was 84.2% compared to 51.2% (p less than 0.0001) for ESWL monotherapy (mean surface area 693.4 mm.2). For staghorn calculi smaller than 500 mm.2 a stone-free rate of 94.4% was achieved in the percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with or without ESWL group compared to 63.2% for ESWL monotherapy (p = 0.0214). For calculi of 501 to 1,000 mm.2 the stone-free rates were 86% and 45.7%, respectively (p less than 0.0001). When stone surface area exceeded 1,000 mm.2 the stone-free rate for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with or without ESWL was 82.4% but it was only 22.2% for ESWL monotherapy (p = 0.0002). Overall, when adjusted for stone surface area the odds of being stone-free were more than 8 times higher for initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy versus ESWL monotherapy (odds ratio = 8.36, p less than 0.0001). While percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with or without ESWL appears to be the procedure of choice for most staghorn stones, ESWL monotherapy may have a role for some stones smaller than 500 mm.2. In 12 such cases associated with a nondilated renal collecting system (mean surface area 380.5 mm.2) a stone-free rate of 91.7% was achieved. The number of procedures required to complete therapy was higher in the initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy group (2.8 versus 2.1, p less than 0.0001). Although complications were more common in the ESWL monotherapy group (manifested as obstruction in 30.5%), bleeding requiring blood transfusion was more frequent in the initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy group (9.4%).     

Clinical application of Therasonic lithotripsy treatment system for upper urinary tract calculi

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) using a Therasonic lithotripter was performed on 30 patients with urinary tract calculi between July, 1989 and February, 1990. The results obtained in 31 cases (one patient had bilateral renal stones) were presented. There were 22 inpatients and 8 outpatients in this series. The stone location was: renal pelvis in 15 cases, renal calyces in 10 cases, parenchyma or diverticulum of renal calyces in 3 cases, ureteropelvic junction in 1 case, and upper ureter in 2 cases. Sixteen cases (52%) became stone-free and residual stones (less than or equal to 4 mm) remained in 9 cases (overall effective rate 81%) at one month after the treatment. There were no serious complications including bacteremia and renal hematoma. We concluded that Therasonic lithotripter is useful in the management of upper urinary tract calculi.     

输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石:附205例报告

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析205例输尿管上段结石患者行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗的临床资料,其中男91例,女114例,结石位于单侧188例,双侧17例,炎性息肉引起输尿管腔明显狭窄者12例.结石长径0.8～1.4 cm.结果 192例一次性碎石成功,单次碎石成功率为93.7%(192/205).9例有较大结石碎片(4～6 mm)残留于肾或输尿管内,4例在碎石过程中结石冲入肾内,其中1例较大结石(1.4 cm)移位至肾盂后改行PCNL,其余3例留置双J管改行ESWL,均治愈.19例合并炎性息肉同期行激光烧灼.手术时间15~90min,平均30 min.住院时间2~9 d,平均3.5 d.198例患者在门诊获得随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均6个月,结石均排尽.结论 输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的一种比较理想的腔内碎石技术,其碎石成功率高,并发症发生率低,创伤小,患者术后恢复快,而且可同期处理结石合并炎性息肉和狭窄.