Measurement of radial artery spasm using an automatic pullback device.

Current evaluation of radial artery spasm (RAS), a frequent finding during the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty (TRA), is subjective. A quantitative measure of RAS will help in evaluation and comparison of management strategies. The objectives of the study were to assess the feasibility and safety of using an automatic pullback device (APD) for removal of transradial introducer sheaths and to establish a parameter to quantify RAS. In 50 consecutive transradial procedures, the APD was used to measure the force required for sheath removal. The mean maximal pullback force (MPF) was 0.53 +/- 0.52 kg (range, 0.1-3.0 kg). In 48 (96%) cases, the MPF was reached within the first 5 sec of pullback. All patients with clinical RAS (n = 4) had an MPF greater than 1.0 kg, while the remaining had an MPF less than 1.0 kg. All patients with severe pain during sheath removal (n = 3) had an MPF greater than 1.0 kg, while no patient with an MPF less than 1.0 kg had severe pain. It is feasible and safe to remove transradial introducer sheaths using the APD. The MPF is achieved within the first 5 sec of pullback and is a reliable parameter to quantify RAS. An MPF more than 1.0 kg correlates with clinical RAS and is associated with severe pain during sheath removal.     

Evaluation of a spasmolytic cocktail to prevent radial artery spasm during coronary procedures.

Radial artery spasm is a frequent complication of the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty. Recently, we have been able to quantify spasm using the automatic pullback device. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail in reducing the incidence and severity of radial artery spasm. A hundred patients undergoing coronary procedures via the radial artery were divided into two groups of 50 each. Patients in group A received intra-arterial cocktail (5 mg of verapamil plus 200 micro g nitroglycerine in 10 ml of normal saline), while patients in group B did not receive any vasodilating drug. The pullback device was used for sheath removal at the end of the procedure. Seven (14%) patients in group A experienced pain (i.e., pain score of III-V) during automatic sheath removal, as compared to 17 (34%) in group B (P = 0.019). The mean pain score was significantly lower in group A than in group B (1.7 +/- 0.94 vs. 2.08 +/- 1.07; P = 0.03). The maximal pullback force (MPF) was also significantly lower for group A (0.53 +/- 0.52 kg; range, 0.10-3.03 kg) as compared to group B (0.76 +/- 0.45 kg; range, 0.24-1.99 kg; P = 0.013). Only 4 (8%) patients in group A had an MPF value greater than 1.0 kg, suggesting the presence of significant radial artery spasm, as opposed to 11 (22%) in group B (P = 0.029). Administration of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail prior to sheath insertion reduces the occurrence and severity of radial artery spasm.     

Usefulness of hydrophilic coating on arterial sheath introducer in transradial coronary intervention.

Radial artery spasm is one of the major problems during transradial coronary intervention (TRI). The sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating may reduce the incidence of spasm and reduce the difficulty in removing it from the radial artery under the situation of spasm artery spasm. After we compared the friction resistance between the sheath introducer with hydrophilic coating and that without coating (nine samples each) in vitro, the sheath introducers with and without hydrophilic coating were randomly used in 37 and 36 patients, respectively, who underwent elective TRI with a 6 Fr introducer sheath. Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer reduced friction resistance by 70% (P < 0.00001) in in vitro model and facilitated sheath removal after finishing TRI (P = 0.0003). Hydrophilic coating of sheath introducer is useful in TRI.     

应用利多卡因外擦导管减少桡动脉痉挛的临床观察

目的:桡动脉痉挛是经桡动脉路径冠状动脉造影(CAG)和(或)介入治疗(PCI)的常见并发症之一。本研究旨在观察应用利多卡因外擦动脉鞘和造影导管,减少桡动脉痉挛的临床疗效。方法:将连续237例接受经桡动脉路径CAG/PCI的患者随机分为两组,分别于动脉鞘和造影/导引导管插入前应用2%利多卡因溶液(118例,利多卡因组)或0.9%氯化钠溶液(119例,对照组)外擦其表面。主要观察终点:严重桡动脉痉挛(导管推进或操作困难并伴前臂疼痛、桡动脉造影示管腔内径狭窄>70%)发生率。次要终点:前臂出血或血肿、患者不适程度以及操作成功率。结果:利多卡因组5例(4.2%)和对照组16例(13.4%)发生严重桡动脉痉挛(P=0.013);利多卡因组中无一例发生前臂出血或血肿,但对照组中3例前臂轻度出血(表现为造影剂外渗)和1例局部血肿形成,均经局部加压包扎后好转;利多卡因组因疼痛引起的重度不适减少;两组CAG/PCI均成功。结论:CAG/PCI时,应用2%利多卡因溶液外擦动脉鞘和造影/导引导管可能是一种减少严重桡动脉痉挛及其相关并发症的简易方法。     

Reduction in spasm with a long hydrophylic transradial sheath

Objectives: We aimed to assess the efficiency of a long hydrophilic sheath in reducing radial spasm for transradial approach. Background: Despite a lower access site complication rate, cardiac catheterization using transradial approach is not widely used. Radial spasm is one of the main issues for transradial angiography and percutaneous interventions. We assumed that radial artery protection using a long hydrophilic‐coated sheath would reduce radial spasm compared to a bare short sheath. Methods: Three hundred and fifty one patients (pts) admitted for transradial coronary angiography ± percutaneous coronary interventions were randomly assigned to a long hydrophilic‐coated or a short sheath (control group). Primary end point was the occurrence of a radial spasm defined by significant patient pain evaluated by scale score (>4) or significant catheter frictions during manipulation. Procedure failure, radial occlusion, and local complications were also assessed. Results: Radial spasm was significantly reduced when using the long‐coated compared to the short sheath in 7 (4%) vs. 32 pts (18%) P < 0.001. No difference was found regarding procedure failure respectively 1.2% vs. 0.6%, local complication 0.6% vs. 1.2%, and radial occlusion 3.5% vs. 3.5%. Conclusion: Radial artery protection using the long hydrophilic‐coated sheath was efficient in the prevention of radial spasm for transradial approach. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Randomized, controlled study of long-acting local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) in femoral artery sheath management during and after percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of long-acting local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) in addition to lidocaine for the management of femoral artery sheaths during and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Femoral artery sheaths are commonly used during PCI. Sheath removal is often delayed after the procedure by which time short-acting local anesthetic agents may no longer be effective. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomized to either usual care or the administration of local levobupivacaine after PCI. Patients were asked to report their pain experienced on a visual analogue score. RESULTS: Thirty patients received additional levobupivacaine (0.5%) and 30 received standard care. There were no procedural differences between the groups, except that more patients in the control group received intravenous (IV) morphine at the time of sheath removal. There was no difference between the control group and levobupivacaine group in pain scores at the time of sheath insertion. (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 1.8 +/- 0.3; p = 0.80). Both groups recorded low pain scores while waiting for sheath removal, and the score was slightly (but not significantly) lower in the levobupivacaine group (1.3 +/- 0.2 versus 0.8 +/- 0.2; p = 0.09). Pain scores were lower in the levobupivacaine group during sheath removal 2.2 +/- 0.4 versus 1.1 +/- 0.2; p = 0.02). There were no differences in terms of blood pressure between the groups at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Levobupivacaine reduced the need for IV opiate and provided better analgesia than lidocaine alone in patients undergoing PCI.     

Vasospasms of the radial artery after the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty

We examined vasospasms of the radial artery after a transradial approach was used for coronary angiography or angioplasty. In forty-eight patients (39 males and 9 females), arteriography of the radial artery was initially performed just after the transradial approach was used for coronary angiography and/or angioplasty. Then, five months later, a second arteriography of the radial artery was obtained after a transbrachial approach was used for coronary angiography. First and second arteriographies were compared to evaluate vaso-spasms of the radial artery. In the present study, more than 75% stenosis in the radial artery, 25-75% stenosis, and less than 25% stenosis were tentatively defined as severe spasms, moderate spasms, and mild spasms, respectively. In arteriographic studies on the radial artery, twenty-four patients (50%) had severe radial artery spasms, eleven patients (23%) had moderate spasms, and thirteen patients (27%) had mild spasms. The diameters of both the proximal and distal radial arteries in the severe spasm group were significantly smaller than those in the mild and moderate spasm groups (proximal site: severe group 2.39 +/- 0.70 mm versus mild group 2.98 +/- 0.46 mm, P < 0.05, and moderate group 2.96 +/- 0.77 mm, P < 0.05, distal site: severe group 2.26 +/- 0.60 mm versus mild group 2.73 +/- 0.47 mm, P < 0.05, and moderate group 2.86 +/- 0.71 mm, P < 0.05). We concluded that vasospasms of the radial artery occurred in most patients after the transradial approach. Furthermore, severe radial spasms were strongly correlated with the size of the diameter of the artery.     

经桡动脉途径普通J型导丝与超滑导丝的临床应用

目的观察经桡动脉途径进行冠状动脉造影时,普通J型导丝与亲水涂层超滑导丝的临床效果。方法将120例行冠状动脉造影检查的患者随机平均分入超滑组（n=60）与普通组（n=60）,超滑组患者使用亲水涂层超滑导丝,普通组患者使用普通J型导丝,对两组患者不适感觉、术者操作手感、导丝通过时间、导丝失败例数、并发症出现例数进行比较分析。结果①普通组与超滑组比较,患者均无明显不适感,超滑组有5例患者出现轻度不适,但两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;②术者对普通组52名患者进行操作时感到轻度阻力,超滑组仅4例感到有轻度阻力,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;③普通组导丝通过时间短于超滑组,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;④超滑组导丝通过失败0例,普通组导丝通过失败2例;⑤并发症：超滑组发生桡动脉痉挛2例,前壁张力性血肿2例;普通组发生桡动脉痉挛2例,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论经桡动脉途径进行冠状动脉造影时,使用普通J型导丝简便易行,与超滑导丝的临床效相当且性价比较高,患者更易接受。     

Reduction of discomfort at sheath removal during transradial coronary procedures with the use of a hydrophilic-coated sheath.

Some patients experience discomfort at sheath removal during transradial procedures. We hypothesized that the use of a hydrophilic-coated sheath (HCS) would reduce the traction force needed at withdrawal and therefore the pain experienced by patients. Patients referred for coronary intervention were randomized to undergo transradial procedure with the use of HCS or with nonhydrophilic sheath (NHS). At removal of the sheath, peak traction force was recorded using an electronic traction gauge and patients were asked to quantify their pain. A total of 90 patients participated in the study. The mean +/- SD peak traction force at sheath removal was 265 +/- 167 g and 865 +/- 318 g in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (69% reduction; P < 0.001). Mean maximal pain score was 0.6 +/- 1.2 and 4.8 +/- 2.9 in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (88% reduction; P < 0.0001). Use of HCS for transradial procedures reduces considerably the traction force needed for sheath removal as well as pain experienced by patients when compared to NHS.     

Comparison of a priori versus provisional heparin therapy on radial artery occlusion after transradial coronary angiography and patent hemostasis (from the PHARAOH Study)

Systemic anticoagulation decreases the risk of radial artery occlusion (RAO) after transradial catheterization and standard occlusive hemostasis. We compared the efficacy and safety of provisional heparin use only when the technique of patent hemostasis was not achievable to standard a priori heparin administration after radial sheath introduction. Patients referred for coronary angiography were randomized in 2 groups. In the a priori group, 200 patients received intravenous heparin (50 IU/kg) immediately after sheath insertion. In the provisional group, 200 patients did not receive heparin during the procedure. After sheath removal, hemostasis was obtained using a TR band (Terumo corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a plethysmography-guided patent hemostasis technique. In the provisional group, no heparin was given if radial artery patency could be obtained and maintained. If radial patency was not achieved, a bolus of heparin (50 IU/kg) was given. Radial artery patency was evaluated at 24 hours (early RAO) and 30 days after the procedure (late RAO) by plethysmography. Patent hemostasis was obtained in 67% in the a priori group and 74% in the provisional group (p = 0.10). Incidence of RAO remained similar in the 2 groups at the early (7.5% vs 7.0%, p = 0.84) and late (4.5% vs 5.0%, p = 0.83) evaluations. Women, patients with diabetes, patients having not received heparin, and patients without radial artery patency during hemostasis had more RAO. By multivariate analysis, patent radial artery during hemostasis (odds ratio [OR] 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004 to 0.28, p = 0.002) and diabetes (OR 11, 95% CI 3 to 38,p <0.0001) were independent predictors of late RAO, whereas heparin was not (OR 0.45 95% CI 0.13 to 1.54, p = 0.20). In conclusion, our results suggest that maintenance of radial artery patency during hemostasis is the most important parameter to decrease the risk of RAO. In selected cases, provisional use of heparin appears feasible and safe when patent hemostasis is maintained.     

塑型Judkins R造影导管在经桡动脉径路冠状动脉造影中的应用

目的探索塑型JudkinsR导管用于经桡动脉径路冠状动脉造影的有效性与可行性。方法2006年3月～2007年8月．我院行经桡动脉径路冠状动脉造影及介入治疗243例，男139例，女104例，年龄38～78岁。按使用造影导管分成3组，Terumo 5F共用型（TIG）导管组78例；通用型6F Cordis Judkins（JL3．5、JR4．0）导管组67例；6F Cordis Judkins R（JR4．0）导管组98例（包括使用塑型6F Judkins R导管75例）。比较上述各组间造影操作时间、X线曝光时间、冠状动脉造影成功率和并发症；比较单纯使用普通6F JR4．0导管与使用塑型6FJR4．0导管造影成功率。结果Terumo共用型导管组和JudkinsR导管组的平均操作时间、x线曝光时间低于通用型Judkins导管组（P〈0．05）。Judkins R导管组造影成功率低于Terumo共用型导管组和通用型Judkins导管组（P〈0．05），但是塑型Judkins R导管的造影成功率（88％）高于普通Judkins R导管（61％）（P〈0．05）。在Terumo共用型导管组和Judkins R导管组中桡动脉痉挛发生率低于通用型Judkins导管组（P〈0．05）。结论塑型Judkins R导管完成经桡动脉冠状动脉造影是没有共用型造影导管时的安全有效选择．合理的塑型是使用这种方法完成经桡动脉冠状动脉造影成功的关键。     

Effect of hemostatic device on radial artery occlusion: A randomized comparison of compression devices in the radial hemostasis study

BackgroundAsymptomatic radial artery occlusion (RAO) is a major limitation of transradial catheterization (TRC). Two radial compression hemostatic devices are compared for their respective effects on RAO.MethodsIn a prospective, randomized, single center, blinded trial, 320 patients were randomly treated with a TR band (Terumo Corporation) or Safeguard Radial (Merit Medical). Institution wide protocols consisting of anticoagulation, patent hemostasis, duration of compression, and use of 6 French slender sheaths (Terumo Corporation) were observed. Patient discomfort related to the device was recorded using the universal pain scale. Radial artery patency was evaluated by reverse Barbeau's test prior to discharge (1-hour post-diagnostic catheterization or 6–24 hour post-intervention) and at 30-days.ResultsOf the 320 patients, 155 were randomized to the TR group (TRG) and 159 to the Safeguard group (SGG). 6 patients were excluded due to the inability to insert 6 Fr slender sheaths or patient withdrawing consent. Demographic and procedural characteristics were similar with the exception of the type of coronary procedure performed. Both bands were equally effective in achieving patent hemostasis. Despite having a higher rate of post-procedure hematoma (1.29% TRG vs. 3.1% SGG, p = 0.04) and acute RAO (3.8% TRG vs. 6.28% SGG, p = 0.05) with the Safeguard band, at 30 days RAO was similar in both groups (1.9% TRG vs. 2.5% SGG; p = 0.21). Patients in the SGG reported significantly less band discomfort and were found to require less air to achieve patent hemostasis.ConclusionEvidence-based contemporary TRC protocols of using smaller diameter access, anticoagulation, and use of just enough pressure for the shortest duration of time to achieve hemostasis is associated with very low RAO rate at 30 days irrespective of the radial compression device used.     

Subcutaneous administration of nitroglycerin to facilitate radial artery cannulation.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of sublingual versus subcutaneous nitroglycerin on radial artery spasm caused by failed access attempts. BACKGROUND: Radial artery spasm is the leading reason for failed radial access. We studied the efficacy of systemic versus local nitroglycerin in relieving radial artery spasm caused by needle entry resulting in failed cannulation. METHODS: Fifty-two consecutive patients were studied. All patients had failed attempt at radial artery cannulation, resulting in loss of radial pulse. Patients were divided in three groups, group I (n = 11), observed without additional treatment, group II (n = 20), administered 400 mcg of sublingual nitroglycerin, and group III (n = 21), administered 400 mcg of subcutaneous nitroglycerin at the site of the lost radial pulse. All patients were monitored for the return of radial pulse. Demographics, hemodynamics, and time to return of radial pulse as well as ability to successfully cannulate the radial artery were recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of group I patients, 90% of group II patients, and 100% of group III patients had re-establishment of radial pulse. The time to return of radial pulse was significantly shorter for group III compared with that for group II (3 +/- 1 min vs. 8 +/- 1 min respectively, P < 0.001). Re-establishment of radial pulse was faster in group II and group III compared with that in group I (18 +/- 5 min, P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure changes and headaches were less common in group III. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous administration of nitroglycerin is superior in facilitating radial artery cannulation after initial failed attempt.     

Radial artery spasm in transradial cardiac catheterization. Assessment of factors related to its occurrence, and of its consequences during follow-up

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Radial artery spasm is the most frequent complication of transradial cardiac catheterization. It causes patient discomfort and reduces the procedure's success rate. The aims of this study were to identify variables associated with this complication, such as clinical parameters, angiographic characteristics of the radial artery and factors related to the procedure, and to analyze the clinical consequences of spasm, both generally and for radial artery patency, during follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The study included 637 patients who were undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. Radial artery spasm was recorded using a scale that reflected the presence of pain and the technical difficulty of the procedure. RESULTS: Radial artery spasm was reported in 127 patients (20.2%). Multivariate analysis showed that the variables associated with radial artery spasm were radial artery anatomical anomalies (odds ratio [OR]=5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.1-11.4), use of >size-3 catheters (OR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.9-4.7), moderate-to-severe pain during radial artery cannulation (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.9), the use of phentolamine as a spasmolytic (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.9), and postvasodilation radial artery diameter (OR=0.98; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99). At follow-up [20 (18) days], severe pain in the forearm was more frequent in patients who presented with radial artery spasm (12.4% vs 5.3%), but there was no significant difference in the radial artery occlusion rate (4.5% vs 2.2%). CONCLUSION: Radial artery spasm during transradial catheterization mainly depends on radial artery characteristics and procedural variables. At follow-up, radial artery spasm was associated with more frequent severe pain in the forearm, but the radial artery occlusion rate was not increased.     

经桡动脉途径肾动脉狭窄介入治疗的初步经验

目的探讨经桡动脉途径行肾动脉狭窄介入治疗的安全性和有效性。方法自2010年10月至2011年2月,入选6例经桡动脉途径行肾动脉介入治疗的患者,桡动脉穿刺使用6Fr桡动脉鞘系统（Terum o,Japan）,止血使用桡动脉止血带（Terumo,Japan）,选择性肾动脉造影使用5FrMPA120cm造影管（COOK,USA）,肾动脉支架术使用PCI（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）导丝、6FrMPA1 125cm指引导管（Cordis,USA）及肾动脉支架系统。结果肾动脉造影示：4例患者单肾动脉狭窄,2例患者双肾动脉狭窄。6例患者均经桡动脉途径行肾动脉介入治疗成功,无中转股动脉途径,技术成功率达100%。穿刺口恢复良好,无穿刺部位血肿、假性动脉瘤等发生。介入治疗时间（35±4.6）m in,造影剂（典必乐）用量（82.5±7.7）m l,止血时间（4.1±1.1）m in。结论经桡动脉途径行肾动脉狭窄介入治疗技术可行、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少,可能成为肾动脉狭窄介入治疗的另一途径。     

Performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps with heparin surface coating

Heparin surface coating is one approach to improve the biocompatibility of existing blood pumps used for mechanical circulatory support. Experimental evaluation of centrifugal pumps with heparin surface coating was performed during open chest left heart bypass (3.7 L/min over 6 hours) in two series of bovine experiments. Eight calves (74 +/- 4 kg) were perfused either by heparin surface coated equipment without systemic heparinization or uncoated equipment with systemic heparinization (300 I. U,/kg bodyweight; ACT greater than 400 s). A standard battery of analyses was performed before and at regular intervals after onset of perfusion. At the end of perfusion all pump-heads were gently rinsed. There were no macroscopic clots for both groups whereas macroscopic clots were observed in uncoated tubings introduced for control in the group perfused without systemic heparinization. The hemodynamics were significantly better in the group perfused without systemic heparinization and maintained functional coagulation system. Clinical application of heparin surface coated equipment during resection of thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms is showing promising results in 12 patients.     

Interruption of blood flow during compression and radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the possible relationship between compression after transradial catheterization and radial artery occlusion. Background: Radial artery occlusion is an important concern of transradial catheterization. Interruption of radial artery flow during compression might influence the rate of radial artery occlusion at follow-up. METHODS: A prospective study including 275 consecutive patients undergoing transradial catheterization was conducted. Arterial sheaths were removed immediately after procedures and conventional compressive dressings were left in place for 2 hr. The pulse oximeter signal in the index finger during ipsilateral ulnar compression was used for the assessment of radial artery flow. RESULTS: Radial artery flow was absent in 174 cases (62%) immediately after entry-site compression. After 2 hr of conventional hemostasis, radial artery flow was absent in 162 cases (58%) before bandage removal. At 7-day follow-up, 12 patients (4.4%) had absent pulsations and radial artery flow was absent in 29 cases (10.5%). Patients with an occluded radial artery at follow-up had significantly smaller arterial diameters at baseline (2.23+/-0.4 mm vs. 2.40+/-0.5 mm; P=0.032) and more frequently had absent flow during hemostasis (90% vs. 54%, P<0.001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that absent flow before compressive bandages removal was the only independent predictor of radial artery occlusion at follow-up (OR=6.7; IC 95%: 1.95-22.9; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Flow-limiting compression is a frequent finding during conventional hemostasis after transradial catheterization. Absence of radial artery flow during compression represents a strong predictor of radial artery occlusion.     

Assessment of the efficacy of phentolamine to prevent radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterization procedures: A randomized study comparing phentolamine vs. verapamil

The objective of this study was to evaluate phentolamine as radial artery spasmolytic in transradial catheterization procedures. Radial artery spasm is a relatively frequent complication during transradial approach, causing patient discomfort or even making it impossible to continue the procedure. As radial artery spasm is mediated by the stimulation of α‐adrenoreceptors, the use of the α‐blocker phentolamine could make sense as spasmolytic. We designed a randomized double‐blind study to compare phentolamine vs. verapamil, the standard spasmolytic agent. Five hundred patients (250 in each arm) submitted to a transradial cardiac catheterization were consecutively included and randomly assigned to receive 2.5 mg of verapamil or 2.5 mg of phentolamine after sheath insertion. Both vasodilator agents induced a significant radial artery diameter increase (from 2.22 ± 0.53 to 2.48 ± 0.57 mm, P < 0.001 for verapamil, and from 2.20 ± 0.53 to 2.45 ± 0.53 mm, P < 0.001 for phentolamine). However, verapamil was more efficacious to prevent radial artery spasm (13.2% compared with 23.2% in phentolamine‐treated patients; P = 0.004). Follow‐up (20 ± 18 days) evaluation of the radial artery patency by plestismography and pulse oximetry showed no differences between the two groups in the rate of radial occlusion (3.0% vs. 3.2% in verapamil and phentolamine treated patients, respectively). Phentolamine was an effective radial vasodilator agent, although it showed less ability to prevent radial artery spasm than verapamil. Radial artery occlusion rate was almost identical for both vasodilators. Thus, phentolamine could be a valid alternative to verapamil as a radial artery spasmolytic agent. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Radial artery spasm during transradial coronary procedures

Although transradial access (TRA) for coronary procedures has many advantages over the transfemoral approach, it's still not the dominant route used in coronary interventions. Radial artery spasm (RAS) is an important limitation of TRA. We performed a search of published literature to estimate the prevalence and possible risk factors of RAS in patients undergoing transradial coronary procedure. Nineteen published papers including 7197 patients were identified as relevant; reported incidence of RAS was 14.7% altogether. It varies depending upon the criteria used, on applied premedications, and on sheath or catheter selection. Use of hydrophilic coated sheaths and catheters can reduce the incidence of RAS to 1%, while intra-arterial application of verapamil (1.25-5 mg) and nitroglycerin (100-200 μg) can reduce the incidence of RAS up to 3.8%. We concluded that RAS is still problematic in transradial access, and that besides hydrophilic materials, the use of intra-arterial vasodilators remains mandatory in RAS prevention. However, the optimal spasmolytic cocktail is yet to be confirmed by valid spasm criteria.     

新型桡动脉止血器在临床介入中的对比研究

目的:对比分析新型壳聚糖止血敷料止血装置在桡动脉介入术后的临床应用。方法:2011年2月至2012年6月,在安贞医院心内科12病房经桡动脉行介入治疗1 206例患者(其中经排除标准及经股动脉途径共计132例,反关脉3例)共计1 071例患者入选。常规应用6F动脉鞘管,当需要一些特殊介入技术时(如:左主干病变、双支架术或旋磨术)更换为7F动脉鞘。将入选患者随机分为两组:普通桡动脉止血板组(OD)535例和壳聚糖止血敷料组(CD)536例。观察术后即刻及出院时桡动脉主、次临床观察指标。结果:两组入选患者基线特征显示:在年龄、性别、吸烟、血糖、血脂、高血压及体质量指数等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在使用7F鞘管,以及术后使用GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂等方面,壳聚糖止血敷料压迫组高于传统止血板组(P<0.05)。在满意度方面,壳聚糖止血敷料压迫止血组明显高于前者。两组通过研究对于术后内膜影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。主要临床观察指标方面:出血、血肿、假性动脉瘤、前臂疼痛或不适、桡动脉内膜损伤及桡动脉闭塞等逐层进行分析,两组未见显著差别,但总血管并发症方面,壳聚糖止血敷料组明显低于止血板组。结论:对于介入术中使用7F鞘管,术后应用大量抗凝的患者,在减少总血管并发症方面以及患者满意度等方面,壳聚糖止血敷料压迫组具有很大优势。