颈人工椎间盘假体置换术的临床应用

目的探索Bryan颈椎间盘假体应用于亚洲人的手术操作要点和早期治疗效果,观察假体植入后的稳定性和植入节段的活动度。方法对8例脊髓型颈椎病患者(10个节段)行颈前路间隙减压,Bryan颈椎间盘假体置换术。手术前和术后3个月进行JOA评分,术后3个月进行Odom评级,评价早期治疗效果;术后1周、3个月摄置换节段前屈后伸位,左右侧屈位X线片,观察稳定性和植入节段的活动度。术后3个月进行置换间隙CT或MRI扫描,进一步确定假体位置和置换部位是否存在早期的异位骨化现象。结果本组患者全部经过至少3个月(平均36个月)的随访,术后患者症状明显缓解、脊髓功能改善,JOA评分由术前平均88(7～12)上升至术后平均158(13～17)。8例患者术后3个月置换节段前屈后伸活动范围平均475°(38～58°);左右侧屈活动范围分别为平均338°(23～44°),和313°(25～41°)。未发现偏移或假体下沉。CT或MRI扫描显示7个节段的假体上、下金属壳位于临近下、上终板骨的中央,1个节段假体偏离<2mm,1个节段假体偏离>2mm、<4mm。未见假体周围的异位骨化现象。结论颈人工椎间盘置换术保持前路减压的良好效果,同时取得了良好的术后稳定性,保持了颈椎正常的活动度,为颈椎病的治疗提供了一种新的选择。     

Clinical report of cervical arthroplasty in management of spondylotic myelopathy in Chinese

Objectives  

To investigate clinical effects and manual operational point of Bryan cervical disc prosthesis in Chinese, to observe the stability and range of movement (ROM) post-operatively.     

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Approaches to surgical treatment

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older patients. This review article looks at the natural history of the condition and examines the role of different surgical treatments for it. Anterior and posterior surgical approaches have a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy dependent on the number of levels involved and the alignment of the spine. Anterior decompression and fusion is useful in patients who have disease at three or fewer levels or in patients with kyphotic alignment. In more extensive disease, a posterior decompression and fusion is usually best. Canal expansive laminoplasty is useful in the treatment of myelopathy without radiculopathy in a patient with lordotic alignment. With the exception of laminoplasty, nonfusion procedures have little role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.     

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnosis and treatment.

The delineation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy as a clinical entity has improved with the development of high-quality cross-sectional neuroradiologic imaging. The natural history of this disorder is usually slow deterioration in a stepwise fashion, with worsening symptoms of gait abnormalities, weakness, sensory changes, and often pain. The diagnosis can usually be made on the basis of findings from the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs, but confirmation by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography and myelography is necessary. Minimal symptoms without hard evidence of gait disturbance or pathologic reflexes warrant nonoperative treatment, but patients with demonstrable myelopathy and spinal cord compression are candidates for operative intervention. Both anterior and posterior approaches have been utilized for surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy. Anterior decompression frequently requires corpectomy at one or more levels and strut grafting with bone from the ilium or fibula. Multilevel laminectomies were initially used for posterior decompression but now are either combined with fusion or replaced by laminoplasty. Any operative technique requires proper patient selection and demands adequate decompression of the canal to effect neurologic improvement. Perioperative complications can be devastating in this group of high-risk patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, but careful attention to detail, meticulous technique, and experience can result in excellent outcomes.     

人工颈椎间盘置换术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床观察

[目的]研究确定颈椎人工椎间盘置换术对脊髓型颈椎病的治疗效果。[方法]对2004年1月．2005年8月间于本院行颈椎人工间盘置换术的12例脊髓型颈椎病患者手术前后的Nurick分级，ONDI评分、颈项和上肢疼痛VAS评分进行比较评估，并采用Odom标准评价手术效果。[结果]本组患者术后Odom优良率达100％，术后Nurick分级、ONDI评分、颈项疼痛VAS评分、上肢疼痛VAS评分均较术前有显著意义的提升（P〈0．01）。[结论]对于1～2个节段的脊髓型颈椎病，颈椎人工椎间盘置换术在维持节段运动功能的同时可取得良好的神经减压效果。     

脊髓型颈椎病患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳的关系

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervicalspondyloticmyelopathy,CSM)患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位的关系及其对术式选择的意义。方法回顾性分析35例伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者的动态X线和MRI表现,观察颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位与狭窄椎间隙的关系,并与同期75例椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者比较。结果伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者组中,25例狭窄椎间隙上方的邻近椎体出现不稳(71.4%),21例上方邻近椎间盘明显退变(60%)。椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者组,17例存在节段性颈椎不稳(22.7%)。结论CSM患者明显狭窄椎间隙的上方邻近椎体有失稳倾向,上方邻近椎间盘有加速退变的趋势。手术时应注意对邻近节段的处理。     

Cervical extension magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Background

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) may be caused by static and dynamic spinal cord compression, particularly during neck extension. Dynamic compression may be better evaluated with dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) images. We performed a retrospective study to determine the clinical indication for dynamic MR imaging, and conducted a survey regarding image interpretation by clinicians.

Method

A total of 32 patients (M:F?=?20:12, 60.1?±?10.7 years) who had undergone neutral/extension cervical MR imaging were included. The study population consisted of 22 patients with signs of cervical myelopathy (M group) and 10 patients without signs of myelopathy (NM group). The number of compression levels (complete obliteration of the anterior and posterior subarachnoid space) was assessed at each level in mid-sagittal, T2-weighted, neutral and extension MR images. Reproduced images from 22 patients in the M group were randomly arranged, and four experienced spine surgeons at four different institutes interpreted them to reach a clinicians’ agreement. The agreements were then assessed with inter-rater correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results

Analysis with extension MR images found an increased number of compression levels in 23/32 (72 %) of patients; 20/22 in the M group and 3/10 in the NM group (p?<?0.01, chi-squared test), as compared to findings of the neutral MR images. Clinical factors for increased compression levels in extension MR images were age (p?<?0.01, 63.3?±?10.0 years vs. 51.9?±?8.1) and signs of myelopathy (p?<?0.01, odds ratio, 23.33). Clinician agreement was improved with extension MR images; ICC was 0.67 with neutral and 0.81 with extension MR images.

Conclusions

The evaluation of CSM may be improved with dynamic MR images. Dynamic MR scanning may be considered for elderly patients with signs of myelopathy, but an interpretation for asymptomatic spinal compression based exclusively on extension MR image should be made with caution.     

单节段椎体自发性融合所致脊髓型颈椎病临床研究

目的：总结单节段椎体自发性融合（SLVSF）所致脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）的临床特点、影像学表现、外科处理及预后。方法回顾性分析2002年7月至2012年6月上海市第十人民医院收治的16例SLVSF患者（SLVSF组）的临床资料,患者均行前路手术,其中Ⅰ型（椎体、椎板和棘突全部融合）11例、Ⅱ型（椎体和椎板融合,棘突各自独立）5例。记录其临床特点、影像学表现、外科治疗方法、功能评分和并发症等,并与38例退变所致CSM患者（退变组）的临床资料进行比较。结果两组年龄、病程比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;颈椎长度比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。SLVSF组中13例存在融合节段头端水平不稳,但无成角不稳;融合区椎管指数大于其他节段的椎管指数,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。两组术前Nurick评级、日本骨科学会（JOA）评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;SLVSF组颈椎功能障碍指数（NDI）高于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组术后1年上述临床指标均优于术前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 SLVSF患者颈椎长度正常,可与Klippel-Feil综合征相鉴别;其主要临床特点是受累节段椎体和椎间盘发育不良、融合节段头侧水平不稳和颈部疼痛症状较重。前路手术效果良好,但需要注意椎体次全切除的范围。     

Biomechanical considerations in the surgical management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Based on a review of previous studies and our opinion, biomechanical considerations suggest the following guidelines for the surgical management of CSM. It is not recommended that the dura mater, the pia mater, and the dentate ligaments be transected in the surgical treatment of CSM. Anterior decompression and fusion, preferably with the Smith-Robinson technique, is recommended for patients with anterior impingement of the spinal cord at one or two levels in the absence of a narrow spinal canal. This procedure is also advantageous when there is significant radiculopathy associated with the level(s) of pathology. Posterior decompression is recommended when there are three or more levels involved, and particularly when there is developmental stenosis of the canal, ie, a DAD below 13 mm and a SAD below 11 mm. Laminectomy and laminoplasty for CSM may not be any different as regards surgical outcome. One well-controlled study showed only one difference, a decrease in the ability of the laminoplasty patients to extend the neck. If there is evidence of instability or a potential for it, posterior decompression procedures should be accompanied by a facet fusion, or in the case of laminoplasty, some fusion modification such as that described by Itoh and Tsuji. There may also be circumstances in which significant multilevel anterior spur formation and compression in association with a stenotic canal should be treated with anterior and posterior surgery with appropriate attention to maintaining adequate stability. The advantages and disadvantages of these various surgical procedures and their relative appropriateness in various clinical situations will be gradually clarified through well-designed and executed laboratory and clinical investigations.     

脊髓型颈椎病的早期诊断和手术时机

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病早期诊断和外科手术时机。方法报告并讨论７４例脊髓型颈椎病患者早期诊断,并经颈前路减压、自体髂骨融合术的临床表现、治疗方法及结果等。结果脊髓型颈椎病早期起病隐匿,颈部痛觉轻微,以肢体运动和感觉异常及手臂症状最为常见,检查时可发现神经功能的改变;影像学检查的特征性变化有助于本病的早期诊断。本组７４例患者中,６８例获随访,平均随访时间１６个月,按我国４０分评定法,３０分以上者５８例（８５．３％）。结论脊髓型颈椎病早期诊断,早期施行手术治疗是提高脊髓型颈椎病疗效的重要因素。