在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的初步探讨

目的 总结在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的经验。方法 2013年12月至2014年12月在复合手术室治疗27例脑动静脉畸形患者,均行手术切除,术中造影判断畸形团是否残留,其中3例一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术。结果 27例中,4例（14.8%）术中血管造影显示畸形团残留,再次切除后行术中造影,显示畸形团消失;一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术3例（均为Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级以上）,术中出血明显减少,均完全切除畸形团。所有患者无造影相关的并发症。术后24例随访6个月至1年,失访3例;其中19例恢复良好,5例有轻度神经功能障碍。结论 在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形能够提高疗效,降低手术相关并发症,为脑动静脉畸形治疗提供了一个新的安全有效的平台。     

Structural features of cerebral arteriovenous malformations according to the data of optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion specimens

The aim of this study was to investigate structure of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM). We examined and treated 5 patients with AVMs of cerebral hemispheres. Treatment consisted of endovascular embolization with subsequent surgical resection of AVM. The series included 3 female and 2 male patients (age 19-44, mean - 28 years). Histoacryl (B. Braun, Germany) was used for embolization. Corrosion specimens were prepared according to standard technique and examined using optic and scanning electron microscopy. AVMs had similar structure. Casts were formed by distal segments of afferent arteries, fistulas, interjacent venous vessels, proximal segments of draining veins and vessels of angiomatous surrounding. The latter consisted of abnormal network of small arteries, veins, fistulas and dilated capillaries. The most variable length and formation of glomeruli was characteristic for interjacent venous vessels. AVMs extensively anastomosed with cerebral vessels. Big amount of aneurysms and aneurysmatic bulgings was present. Aneurysms of intranidal segment of afferent artery and angiomatous vessels are demonstrated.     

Surgical results in pediatric Spetzler-Martin grades I-III intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

OBJECTS: The goal of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) therapy in pediatric patients should be complete resection or obliteration of the AVM to eliminate subsequent hemorrhage, because of high mortality and morbidity rates related to hemorrhage in addition to the longer life expectation. Despite advances in Gamma knife radiosurgery and in endovascular embolization, surgical resection is still the gold standard for treating cerebral AVMs. METHODS: Between 1986 and 2003, 20 children were surgically treated for cerebral AVMs. The AVMs were graded I, II, and III using the Spetzler-Martin (S-M) Grading Scale. Good recovery was achieved in 18 out of 20 patients (90%) and only 1 patient was moderately disabled (5%). There was one mortality (5%) related to the preoperative deep comatose state of the patient. The total obliteration rate was 89% (17 out of 19). CONCLUSION: For S-M grade I-III AVMs, surgical resection is the treatment of choice, considering its high cure rate and low morbidity and mortality rates.     

脑AVM的治疗时机和方法的选择

目的 探讨脑AVM的治疗时机和方法的选择。方法 对63例脑AVM的治疗时机和方法进行分析。手术切除50例，除部分急诊手术外均在显微镜下完成；对重要功能区的脑AVM行血管内栓塞8例，3例术前栓塞，3例栓塞完全，2例栓塞不全行伽玛刀治疗；直接行γ-刀治疗2例。结果 44例全切，6例部分切除，均经病理检查证实为脑AVM。8例血管内栓塞治疗显示畸形血管3例消失、5例缩小50％以上；γ-刀治疗4例，见AVM血管影变淡、缩小，周围残留放射反应区。全组随访3个月-9年，效果良好41例，占65．1％；轻残13例，占20．6％；重残6例，占9．5％；术后死亡3例，占4．8％。结论 显微手术是脑AVM的主要治疗方法。血管内栓塞是主要而获显效的方法之一，对大型、复杂的AVM栓塞与手术结合是较佳方案。对小型、深部、功能区难以切除及不能接受手术或栓塞者γ-刀治疗更具有治疗适应证。     

Surgical results in pediatric Spetzler–Martin grades I–III intracranial arteriovenous malformations

Objects The goal of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) therapy in pediatric patients should be complete resection or obliteration of the AVM to eliminate subsequent hemorrhage, because of high mortality and morbidity rates related to hemorrhage in addition to the longer life expectation. Despite advances in Gamma knife radiosurgery and in endovascular embolization, surgical resection is still the gold standard for treating cerebral AVMs.Methods Between 1986 and 2003, 20 children were surgically treated for cerebral AVMs. The AVMs were graded I, II, and III using the Spetzler–Martin (S–M) Grading Scale. Good recovery was achieved in 18 out of 20 patients (90%) and only 1 patient was moderately disabled (5%). There was one mortality (5%) related to the preoperative deep comatose state of the patient. The total obliteration rate was 89% (17 out of 19).Conclusion For S–M grade I–III AVMs, surgical resection is the treatment of choice, considering its high cure rate and low morbidity and mortality rates.A commentary on this paper is available at     

复合手术在脑动静脉畸形治疗中的应用

目的 总结一站式复合手术在治疗脑动静脉畸形中的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2014年4月至2017年11月采取复合手术治疗的24例脑动静脉畸形的临床资料,术前Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级8 例,Ⅳ级14例,V级2例。14例术中先做治疗性供血动脉栓塞再进行手术切除,另10例直接行手术切除;全部病人均在切除病灶后行术中造影以评估切除程度。结果 24例畸形血管团全切除。20例术后恢复良好,4例术前昏迷病人术后意识障碍改善。没有死亡病人,未发生与介入相关的并发症。24例术后随访6个月至2年,16例行DSA、8例CTA检查;除1例存在部分病灶残留外,其余23例均无病灶残留或复发;日常生活能力分级Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例。结论 复合手术为脑动静脉畸形提供了一个新的外科治疗方案;该技术可简化多次介入以及显微手术的治疗过程,并且能够实时地对切除情况进行精准地评估,是一项安全有效的治疗方式。     

Clinical features and endovascular treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to characterize clinical features and evaluate the clinical outcome of endovascular embolization treatment intracranial arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients.

Methods

A cohort of children (age?≤?18 years) with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) from 2000 to 2012 was included. Predictors studied included patient gender, age, and angioarchitectural features, including AVM location, nidus morphology and size, venous drainage, and associated aneurysms. Treatment method, complications and outcomes were recorded. The features of AVMs were evaluated before the treatment.

Results

One hundred twenty-seven children (77 males, mean age 13.2 years) were included; 90/127 (70.9 %) children were presented with hemorrhage. AVM size and deep venous drainage were independently associated with hemorrhage; 66/127 patients (52 %) treated with endovascular embolization. Complete obliteration at the end of all endovascular procedures was achieved in 14/66 patients (21.2 %), with an average of 78 % (range, 20–100 %) volume reduction. A mean of 2.9 (range, 1–9) feeding pedicles was embolized per patient. Overall, nine complications occurred in a total of 123 procedures (7.3 %). There was no procedure-related death in this study population. There was no significant difference between patients with and without complications in terms of AVM grade, demographic characteristics, or embolization features.

Conclusions

AVM size and deep venous drainage were independently associated with hemorrhage in pediatric patients. Endovascular procedure is feasible and safe for pediatric AVMs, and complete embolization can be achieved in small AVMs, while large AVMs can be adequately reduced in size for additional microsurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery.     

顶枕叶脑动静脉畸形致颅内出血治疗体会

目的 探讨顶枕交界部脑动静脉畸形(AVM)伴颅内出血的治疗方案.方法 采用栓塞或栓塞联合手术治疗顶枕叶AVM伴颅内出血患者 31 例,其中29例行单纯介入栓塞(93.5%),2例因栓塞后头颅CT证实再出血行急诊手术清除血肿并切除畸形血管(6.5%).结果 本组无死亡病例,术后遗留命名性失语2例,6例术前伴肢体偏瘫患者术...     

脑动静脉畸形显微手术及其选择性治疗(附73例报告)

目的探讨脑ＡＶＭ显微手术、血管内栓塞及放射外科治疗的选择。方法以综合分级标准分级,对７３例脑ＡＶＭ治疗分析。显微直视手术脑ＡＶＭ６７例;其中行脑ＡＶＭ切除术６０例,畸形血管电凝夹闭术７例。对重要功能区的脑ＡＶＭ分别行血管内栓塞和γ－刀治疗各３例。结果　术后死亡１例,脑ＡＶＭ切除后５９例经造影复查（复查率９８％）,见ＡＶＭ血管团消失。栓塞的病例经ＤＳＡ复查,显示畸形血管１例消失、２例缩小５０％;３例γ－刀治疗半年后复查,畸形血管团染影变淡、缩小。全组随访０．５～１０年,恢复原工作及可做轻工作者６８例占９３％。２例可生活自理。２例Ⅳ级者未能手术切除因再次出血而死亡。结论迄今,脑ＡＶＭ的显微手术仍是不能以其它治疗完全替代的主要方法。血管内栓塞是主要而获显效的方法之一,对大型、复杂的ＡＶＭ栓塞与手术结合是较佳方案。γ－刀治疗对脑ＡＶＭ是行之有效的,特别对小型、深部、功能区难以切除及不能接受手术或栓塞者更具有治疗适应证。     

分次栓塞治疗大型颅内动静脉畸形的疗效分析

目的 评价分次栓塞治疗大型颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)的疗效.方法 23例大型(直径≥6 cm)颅内AVM患者,分次行AVM栓塞术,8例栓塞后行γ-刀治疗,术后随访1-2年,评估治疗效果.结果 14例达到完全栓塞,治疗过程中再次出血3例,脑梗死4例.影像学治愈19例;20例GOS评分较术前无下降,2例GOS评分较术前下降,1例死亡.结论 分次栓塞治疗大型颅内AVM可取得良好的影像学和临床疗效.立体定向放射治疗是较好的辅助治疗手段.     

Concept of arteriovenous malformation compartments and surgical management

Cerebral AVMs are known to be a source of intracranial hemorrhages and epileptic seizures. Their natural history indicates approximately 15% mortality and 35% morbidity over a 15-year period. This significant mortality and morbidity mandates a need for satisfactory treatment of this entity, ideally by elimination of AVMs. Microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization and radiosurgery (irradiation) are the three effective modes of treatment currently available. However, no objective criteria have been established for which mode(s) of treatment should be selected for individual patients with AVMs. Considering the complexity of AVMs and variable conditions of individual patients, neurosurgeons, intravascular interventionalists and radiosurgeons must make their own decisions on how to treat each patient based on their experience. In practice, treatment of small AVMs in non-functional areas is favored equally by each of these specialists, while they tend to avoid treatment of large AVMs, particularly those in functional areas of the brain. The authors report the surgical intervention of large AVMs, including those located in functional areas of the hemisphere by special techniques. One can demonstrate AVM compartments by using angiography and with the aid of color Doppler ultrasonography, each compartment can be outlined and dissected individually until all the compartments are isolated without causing any damage to the surrounding brain and the entire AVM is rendered shrunken and then removed. The concept of compartmental treatment of AVMs may be applied in the future to radiosurgery and intravascular embolization of large AVMs.     

Overall outcomes following early interventions for intracranial arteriovenous malformations with hematomas

We evaluated the timing and predictors of surgical intervention for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with hematoma. A ruptured intracranial AVM with hematoma is an emergency condition, and the optimal timing for surgical intervention is not well understood. In addition, the outcome predictors of surgical intervention have rarely been reported. We identified and analyzed 78 patients treated with microsurgical resection for pathologically proven AVM at Louisiana State University Health in Shreveport from February 1992 to December 2004. All 78 patients were diagnosed with ruptured AVM before surgery. The independent variables, including patient demographics, timing of surgery, location of the AVM and comorbidities were analyzed to assess outcome. The results of this series revealed that surgical intervention after 48 hours resulted in poor outcomes for patients with hematoma, following a ruptured AVM. Several other prognostic factors, including younger age (11–40 years), Spetzler–Martin Grade I and II, and AVM in a supratentorial location, had significant positive effects on outcomes. However, hypertension, smoking, and a prior embolization showed significant negative effects on outcomes after surgery. The multiple logistic regression analyses also revealed that the timing of surgical intervention had a significant effect on outcomes in patients with hematoma following ruptured AVM. Early intervention is the key to success in these patients.     

11例非Galen静脉脑动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

作者报告了1979年至1995年治疗的11例非Galen静脉的脑动静脉瘘(AVF),对其诊断标准及治疗原则进行探讨.1例以球囊栓塞失败后行手术夹闭供血动脉;8例以IBCA/NBCA栓塞治疗,其中1例经3次栓塞缩小静脉球后手术切除残留的动静脉畸形(AVM);2例以弹簧圈栓塞瘘口.结果:动静脉瘘100%闭塞8例,恢复良好.8例中的6例脑血管造影复查,未见复发;植物生存1例;死亡2例.对治疗原则,血管内栓塞进行了讨论,认为栓塞材料首选弹簧圈.     

Long-term results of cerebral arteriovenous malformations--surgical and conservative treatment

During the past 20 years, we have treated 187 cases with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). These 134 patients were treated surgically and the remaining 53 patients were managed non-surgically. The purpose of this study is to clarify the surgical indications of AVMs, based on a comparison of the long-term follow-up results between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Consequently, good results were obtained in the surgical group: the operative mortality was 7.5% and the morbidity was 12.7%. The long-term follow-up results were as follows: Of the 124 followed cases in the surgical group, there were 16 cases with improvement of neurological deficits (13%) and 3 cases with neurological aggravation (2%). Of the 47 followed cases in the nonsurgical group, there were 5 cases with improvement of neurological deficits (11%) and 6 cases with neurological aggravation (13%). As for the incidence of AVM hemorrhage, there were 8 cases with hemorrhage in the nonsurgical group including 4 cases (3 rebleeding cases) which were fatal (11%), in contrast to one case (subtotal resection) in the surgical group. On follow-up angiography, the size of AVMs were unchanged in the majority of cases in the nonsurgical group, with the exception of 2 cases in which there were slight regressions. In the surgical group, on the other hand, enlargement in 2 cases and spontaneous regression in 3 of residual AVM occurred following incomplete resection. Particularly in 2 cases involving unresectable AVMs, a newly formed aneurysm was discovered in the follow-up angiography, emphasizing the fact that serious follow-up angiography is required in cases of untreated AVMs.     

121例自发性颅内出血的病因和治疗方法探讨

目的:研究自发性颅内出血的病因诊断,并探讨其治疗方法。方法:病例经计算机体层摄影(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)和腰穿等检查明确诊断及病因。74洲经手术治疗,21例经血管内治疗.9咧经伽玛刀(γ—刀)治疗,17例保守治疗。结果:121例自发性颅内出血中,动脉瘤46例,瞄血管畸形45例,动脉瘤合并血管畸形2例,颅内肿瘤卒中5例,烟雾病2例,21鲕J原因不明。结论:脑动脉瘤和血管畸形是自发性颅内出血最常见的病因(占74.4％),CT和MRI对出血的病因提供诊断线索,脑血管造影能明确病因诊断,根据病因不同、病变大小和部位不同选择合适的治疗方法,大型脑动静脉畸形(AVM)主张联合治疗。     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床应用

目的总结新型液态栓塞剂Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形21例的技术要点和临床疗效。方法Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形21例，均采用Seldinger技术在股动脉内置入6F鞘，6F导引导管进入颈内动脉或椎动脉，Ultraflow、Marathon或Rebar微导管超选择进入畸形血管团内，采用“注胶-返流-停止-再注胶”技术长时间缓慢注射Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形。结果栓塞前后脑动静脉畸形闭塞30%～50%7例，50%～80%8例，80%以上6例。10例患者术后辅以伽玛刀治疗，其中2例一年以后复查DSA显示AVM完全闭塞。结论Onyx可提高脑动静脉畸形的栓塞效果，但应正确采用栓塞技术和注意预防并发症，长期疗效需要进一步随访。     

大脑后动脉远侧段血管病变的栓塞治疗

目的 评估血管内栓塞治疗大脑后动脉(PCA)远侧段血管病变的效果。方法 回顾性分析近年来经血管内治疗的12例PCA远侧段血管病变(其中动脉瘤4个，血管畸形9个)患的临床资料。结果 2个动脉瘤采用GDC栓塞载瘤动脉，2个动脉瘤采用50％NBCA栓塞，均无偏盲等症状出现；6个AVM栓塞后造影不显影；2个P4-AVM80％栓塞；另1个P4-AVM95％栓塞；仅1例出现1／4象限盲，1例原有偏盲加重。临床随访平均15个月，无再出血和再通。结论 血管内栓塞治疗：PCA远侧段血管病变是安全可行的。     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的急诊显微手术治疗

目的探讨急诊显微外科手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血的效果。方法对26例破裂出血的脑AVM病人实施急诊显微手术治疗,清除血肿,同时切除畸形。结果手术完全切除病灶22例,占85%;次全切除4例,占15%。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好16例,轻残5例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论急诊显微外科手术能够提高脑AVM破裂出血的治愈率,降低伤残率和手术风险。     

Combined therapy of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: histological differences between a non-adhesive liquid embolic agent and n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA)

OBJECTIVE: Based on 2 casuistics, the intraoperative qualities of a new, non-adhesive liquid embolic agent (Onyx, Micro Therapeutics. Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) are to be compared to those of n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) with regard to the histopathological results after preoperative embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a case example, the intraoperative quality of the nidus after embolization of a parieto-occipital AVM with Onyx--a new, non-adhesive liquid embolic agent--consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tantalum, is described. In the second patient, embolization of a frontal high-flow AVM was performed with NBCA. Both patients underwent surgery with complete resection ofthe AVM. RESULTS: From a neurosurgical point of view, Onyx is suitable for preoperative embolization of AVMs, because the nidus intraoperatively remains elastic and formable and can be dissected from the surrounding brain tissue quite well by microsurgical technique. Inflammatory reactions can be found mainly in the lumina of the vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Onyx promises to be an embolic agent well suitable for subsequent neurosurgical resection. Further studies considering various intervals of time between embolization and resection as well as histopathological and electron microscopical examinations are necessary for evaluation of our first experience with this new embolization agent.     

Postoperative hemodynamic management in patients undergoing resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: A retrospective study

Strict control of blood pressure (BP) has been recommended in patients after surgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) to prevent postoperative hyperemic complication. The aim of this study was to review the postoperative hemodynamic management in patients after surgical resection of cerebral AVM and the incidence of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema. After the ethics approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 207 adult patients who underwent elective surgical resection of cerebral AVM from Jan 2005 to Oct 2016 in a single university hospital. We determined the incidence of postoperative symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema, and reviewed the quality of postoperative BP control during the first 72 h postoperatively. Two hundred and seven patients who underwent cerebral AVM resection were included. The median (IQR) of postoperative maximal systolic BP target was 110 (100–120) mmHg but the range was 90–150 mmHg. Failed hemodynamic control was consistently found in half of the patients during the first 72 h postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema was 4.4% (9/207 patients). All 9 of these patients experienced a hypertensive event prior to their postoperative hyperemic complication. Two patients required induced hypertension to treat postoperative symptomatic cerebral edema. We concluded that postoperative intracranial hemorrhage and/or cerebral edema is not an uncommon complication after surgical resection of cerebral AVM. Further studies are required to develop a more effective strategy to implement strict BP control in the postoperative period.