我国医疗机构分娩镇痛现状调查研究

目的了解我国医疗机构分娩镇痛现状,为今后助产士培训及相关政策制定提供参考。方法采用横断面调查法对22个省/直辖市/自治区的1 256所医疗机构分娩镇痛现状进行调查。结果 1 256所医疗机构,具备药物镇痛技术976所(77.7%),具备非药物镇痛技术1 243所(99.0%)。非药物镇痛措施以心理支持(1 092所,82.8%),自由体位(907所,73.0%),拉玛泽呼吸法(887所,71.4%)为主。三级医院具备药物镇痛及非药物镇痛技术的比例显著高于二级医院;妇幼保健医院及专科医院具备药物镇痛技术的比例显著高于综合医院(均P0.017);医疗机构中主张硬膜外麻醉者主要为产科医生(653所,68.2%),其次是产妇(579所,60.4%)、麻醉科医生(518所,54.1%)、家属(445所,46.5%)、助产士(436所,45.5%)。我国医疗机构未开展非药物镇痛措施的主要原因是人力资源不足(239所,69.5%)以及助产士未经培训(190所,55.2%)。结论我国医疗机构对非药物分娩镇痛的作用未足够重视,人力资源不足以及助产士未经相关培训阻碍了非药物镇痛措施的普及和开展,应采取措施针对阻碍因素进行干预以推动非药物镇痛措施的开展。     

初产妇采用分娩球配合自由体位助产的体验

目的了解初产妇第一产程采用分娩球配合自由体位助产时的体验,为改进我国助产模式提供依据。方法对8例采用分娩球配合自由体位分娩的初产妇进行深度访谈,运用现象学分析法分析资料。结果提炼出4个主题,包括舒适度增加、分娩自我效能提高、夫妻感情增加、拉近医患关系。结论初产妇第一产程采用分娩球配合自由体位,可以促进产妇舒适、提高自然分娩信心、促进家属互动、促进建设和谐医患关系。     

自由体位分娩在第二产程的应用效果评价

目的评价在第二产程进行自由体位分娩的临床疗效。方法选取473例顺产产妇按随机数字法分成研究组265例和对照组208例。对照组在第二产程实行常规体位,研究组在第二产程使用自由体位。对比两组第二产程的时间、疼痛情况、会阴损伤率、产后出血量、产后下肢酸麻发生率、新生儿窒息发生率。结果研究组第二产程时间较对照组短,疼痛较对照组轻,会阴无损伤率高于对照组,会阴Ⅱ度损伤率低于对照组,产妇产后下肢酸麻发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组会阴Ⅰ度损伤率、产后出血量及窒息发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在第二产程实行自由体位分娩可有效的短产程,并减轻产妇的疼痛,防止会阴损伤和下肢酸麻的发生,且不增加产后出血和新生儿窒息的发生率,疗效满意。     

产程中实施自由体位对分娩结局的影响研究

目的:探讨初产妇在产程中采取自由体位促进自然分娩、降低剖宫产率及增加母婴健康的影响。方法:随机将620例初产妇分为研究组及对照组。研究组304例初产妇在第一产程及第二产程利用分娩球、坐便椅子、坐式马桶、软枕等工具,帮助与支持产妇采取站、坐、跪、前倾、摇摆、曼舞等自由体位。对照组316例初产妇采用常规卧位方式分娩。对两组分娩方式、产程时间、新生儿窒息、颅内出血、会阴侧切、宫颈裂伤、会阴Ⅲ度裂伤及产后出血发生率进行比较。结果:两组比较研究组剖宫产、阴道助产率明显下降,自然分娩率增加,有统计学意义P<0.01;研究组初产妇第一产程及第二产程大大短于对照组,新生儿窒息、颅内出血、会阴侧切、产后出血发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义P<0.05。结论:自由体位分娩可缩短产程,降低剖宫产率,提高自然分娩率,同时有利于新生儿健康及减少产后出血。     

自由体位分娩的探讨

目的探讨孕妇采取自由体位分娩对促进产程及自然分娩的效果。方法随机将 2 0 0例初产妇分为两组各10 0例。观察组在第一产程采取行走、蹲、坐、趴、卧、半坐卧等自由体位分娩 ;第二产程取床头抬高 30～ 6 0°的侧卧位或半坐卧位、屏力 ,接产时采取截石位。对照组采取常规截石位、屏力分娩。结果观察组产程时间缩短、先露下降快 ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;剖宫产率、新生儿低评分率下降 ,但差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论自由体位分娩使产程加快 ,满足孕产妇心理需求 ,有利于母婴健康。     

蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉对产程进展、母儿预后及分娩方式的影响

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔阻滞(腰麻)联合硬膜外阻滞麻醉对产程进展、分娩方式及母儿合并症的影响. 方法 回顾分析2006年1月至2007年12月分娩的2,526例产妇,分为腰麻加硬膜外阻滞(联合麻醉组)1,006例和未施行分娩镇痛(对照组)1,520例,比较两组产妇在产程进展、分娩方式、母儿合并症方面的差异. 结果 (1)第一产程活跃期、第二产程及第三产程时间:联合麻醉组分别为(271±127)、(57±35)和 (8.9±6)min;对照组分别为(187±110)、(45±31)和(9.0±6)min.第一产程活跃期及第二产程时间联合麻醉组均显著长于对照组(P<0.01),第三产程两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)分娩方式比较:①剖宫产联合麻醉组为301例(29.92%),对照组为700例(46.05%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).②产钳助产分别为157例(15.61%)及134例(8.82%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);③阴道顺产分别为548例(54.47%)及686例(45.13%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(3)母儿合并症:胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及产后出血的发生率,联合麻醉组分别为339例(33.70%)、10例(0.99%)及41例(4.08%);对照组分别为433例(28.49%)、19例(1.25%)及60例(3.95%);胎儿窘迫发生率两组比较有统计学差异,而新生儿窒息和产后出血发生率两组比较无统计学差异. 结论 产程中对产妇实施腰麻加硬膜外阻滞镇痛,可降低剖宫产率,但增加产钳助产率;分娩镇痛与活跃期阻滞、活跃期延长及第二产程延长有关,但不增加产后出血及新生儿窒息的发生率.     

硬膜外分娩镇痛对分娩方式的影响

目的 评价硬膜外分娩镇痛对分娩方式的影响.方法 初产妇400例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,足月、单胎、头位,无妊娠并发症及硬膜外麻醉禁忌证.分为硬膜外镇痛组和非镇痛组(n=200).硬膜外镇痛组宫口开至3 cm时,采用0.1%罗哌卡因混合0.5 μg/ml舒芬太尼行硬膜外镇痛,宫口开全后停止镇痛.记录镇痛前和镇痛15 min时VAS评分;评价运动阻滞程度;记录分娩方式、第一产程、第二产程、新生儿出生后1、5 min时Apgar评分和新生儿体重;记录镇痛过程中不良反应的发生情况.结果 硬膜外镇痛组镇痛15 min时VAS评分由(8.3±0.8)分降至(1.6±1.1)分(P＜0.05).与非镇痛组比较,硬膜外镇痛组顺产率和阴道器械助产率升高,剖宫产率降低,第一产程和第二产程延长(P＜0.05).2组新生儿出生后1、5 min时Apgar评分和新生儿体重比较差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).硬膜外镇痛组下肢运动阻滞发生率为0.5%,下肢麻木发生率为9.0%,恶心呕吐发生率为1.5%.结论 硬膜外分娩镇痛可降低剖宫产率,提高自然分娩率.     

第二产程胎心异常时分娩时机的选择对母婴的影响

目的 探讨第二产程胎心异常时的分娩方式,以保证母婴平安.方法 将204例第二产程胎心异常产妇随机均分为对照组和观察组.观察组在第二产程早期严密监护观察下等待时机,并根据胎心异常情况选择分娩方式.对照组发现胎心异常后立即行阴道助产或手术结束分娩.结果 观察组顺产70例(68.63%)、手术产(阴道助产和剖宫)32例(31.37%),第二产程(54.26±30.13)min,无1例会阴Ⅲ度裂伤;对照组顺产46例(45.10%)、手术产56例(54.90%),第二产程(43.24±21.16)min,会阴Ⅲ度裂伤1例、会阴切口并发会阴Ⅱ度裂伤4例.两组比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01);两组新生儿1 min Apgar评分比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论 分娩时机应根据第二产程胎心异常情况选择,不必急于干涉,以免造成母婴损伤.     

助产人员正常产程管理实践的质性研究

目的了解助产人员对正常产妇产程管理现况,为持续完善产程管理服务机制、改善产妇分娩体验提供参考。方法选取上海市3所医疗机构的13名助产士和3名产科医生进行半结构式深度访谈和现场参与式观察,运用Colaizzi分析法提炼主题。结果共提炼5个主题:入产房管理指征,产程标准的认知和执行,产程干预角色与内容,分娩支持性服务,障碍因素。结论助产人员对正常产程管理服务存在较大异质性和医疗化干预倾向;管理者和服务提供者需克服障碍因素,建立基于最佳证据的标准化正常产程管理模式,以提高产时服务质量和效率。     

助产护理对高龄产妇分娩的影响

目的探讨助产护理对高龄产妇分娩的影响。方法 80例高龄产妇随机分为研究组和对照组,其中研究组采用助产护理,对照组采用常规护理,比较2组产妇的分娩方式,产时出血量,产程时间及新生儿窒息率。结果研究组自然产占50.0%,剖宫产占45.0%,抬头吸引助占5.0%,平均出血量为(117.4±31)mL,第一产程为(87.3±47.8)min,第二产程为(45.6±21.7)min,新生儿窒息率为2.5%,显著优于对照组,P<0.05。结论随着高龄产妇增加,对高龄产妇进行助产护理,效果确切,可提高分娩成功率,值得在临床广泛推广。     

PCEA compared to continuous epidural infusion in an ultra-low-dose regimen for labor pain relief: a randomized study

BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia, PCEA, has been introduced in obstetric analgesia during the past decade. Many studies have shown that the consumption of analgesic is reduced when the parturient requests her own doses. This study investigates whether this is also true when using an ultra-low-dose regimen. METHODS: Eighty parturients were prospectively randomized to have either continuous epidural infusion (CEI) with ropivacaine 1 mg ml-1 and sufentanil 0.5 micro g ml-1, 6 ml h-1, or patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with 4 ml demand doses with 20 min' lockout. The epidural start dose was the same for the two groups, 8 ml of the study solution. Rescue bolus doses were given when needed and the continuous infusion could be increased, which gave the two groups the same maximum possible dose. The consumption of local ropivacaine in combination with sufentanil during labor was registered. Hourly assessments made throughout labor included pain intensity documented with visual analog score, VAS, the patient's opinion on epidural efficacy, motor block, pruritus and need for nitrous oxide. RESULTS: The PCEA group consumed 33% less of the study solution than the CEI group. Mean total consumption was 35 ml (SD 18.0) and 52 ml (SD 19.6), respectively. Mean hourly consumption was 5.2 ml h-1 (SD 2.54) in the PCEA group and 6.9 ml h-1 (SD 1.31) in the CEI group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in pain relief, epidural efficacy, side-effects or obstetric outcome. CONCLUSION: PCEA reduces doses compared to continuous infusion even when ultra-low-dose local anesthetic with opioid is used. The PCEA technique provides individual titration of doses to an acceptable degree of pain relief.     

间苯三酚联合缩宫素静滴促宫颈成熟及产程进展的临床疗效分析

目的探讨间苯三酚联合缩宫素静滴促宫颈成熟及产程进展的临床疗效。方法选择足月妊娠单胎头位104例需引产初产妇,采用单盲法随机分为两组各52例。研究组予间苯三酚120 mg加入5%葡萄糖250 ml静脉滴注,继而缩宫素2.5 U加入5%葡萄糖500 ml静脉滴注;对照组单纯予缩宫素2.5 U加入5%葡萄糖500 ml静脉滴注。记录并比较两组宫颈成熟度、产程进展、阴道分娩率、新生儿Apgar评分、产后阴道出血量及用药后母婴不良反应。结果研究组宫颈成熟度Bishop评分改善程度明显优于对照组,总产程时间明显短于对照组,阴道分娩率明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组产后阴道出血量、新生儿Apgar评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),用药后母婴均无明显不良反应出现。结论间苯三酚联合缩宫素能促进宫颈成熟,加速产程进展,提高阴道分娩率,且对母婴无不良影响。     

The effect of the obstetrician group and epidural analgesia on the risk for cesarean delivery in nulliparous women

BACKGROUND: The effects of regional anesthesia and of the obstetrician on the risk of cesarean delivery remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epidural analgesia or the obstetrician group is associated with an increase in the risk for cesarean delivery in nulliparous women. METHODS: Data were collected for a two-year period from the medical records of all nulliparous women who had a private obstetrician who delivered >20 babies per year, and who presented with a singleton gestation in the vertex presentation for a trial of labor. RESULTS: Data were collected for 3699 women of whom 1832 were nulliparous. Of the 1832 nulliparous women, data were analyzed for the 1278 women who met our study criteria, representing 14 separate obstetrician groups. Excluding the 50 women whose babies were delivered for fetal distress (leaving 1228 women for analysis), the epidural rate was 93%, range 81-98%, and the cesarean delivery rate was 14%, range 8-34%. Logistic regression analyses revealed that (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) patient age (1.7, 1.2-2.4), birth weight (1.001, 1.001-1.002), induction of labor (1.9, 1.3-2.7), non-Caucasian (1.9, 1.2-2.9) and the obstetrician group, (P=0.002), were independently associated with the risk of cesarean delivery, but epidural analgesia was not (1.6, 0.7-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: The obstetrician group is independently associated with the risk of cesarean delivery in nulliparous women, but we could not demonstrate this association with epidural analgesia. We suggest that in future studies regarding epidural analgesia and cesarean delivery, the obstetrician group should be included as a variable.     

Obstetric anaesthetic workload in a teaching unit

The distribution of obstetric anaesthetic work through the day was examined. Workload audit and prediction are discussed with their relevance to service and training.     

Obstetric anaesthetic services in Scotland in 1982

A recent survey of Scottish obstetric anaesthesia practice revealed that the majority of deliveries take place in the larger hospitals; these also have the highest epidural rates, both for relief of pain in labour and for Caesarean section. However, as epidural blockade is an essential part of modern obstetric practice, it is a matter of concern to achieve an equal standard in the medium-sized hospitals, whilst accepting that special arrangements are required in the very small obstetric hospitals.     

Maternal opinion about analgesia for labour. A controlled trial between epidural block and intramuscular pethidine combined with inhalation

In a randomised controlled trial epidural analgesia with bupivacaine 0.5% (mean dose 112.8 mg) was compared with pethidine (mean dose 200 mg) and inhalational analgesia in primipara (28 and 30 mothers) and multipara (17 and 18 mothers). Mothers who had an uneventful pregnancy and labour and agreed to have either treatment were studied during labour and followed-up at interviews for 5 months after delivery. Epidural block was rated significantly superior in respect of pain relief and comfort, there were no differences between the groups in reports of perineal discomfort. Twice as many primipara required forceps delivery after epidural block. Very few mothers, in each group, reported something missing in their experience of childbirth. Two thirds of each group would use the same method again. Epidural block can therefore be recommended to uncommitted mothers as a satisfying and effective method of pain relief for labour.