Gore-Tex心包膜重建法洛四联症右心室流出道效果观察

目的 探讨法洛四联症根治术中应用Gore-Tex心包膜重建右心室流出道预防术后肺动脉瓣反流的效果.方法 法洛四联症患儿60例,入院肺动脉瓣Z值-6.0～-2.3,均行法洛四联症根治术,术中应用0.1 mm厚的Gore-Tex心包膜制作肺动脉单瓣的跨环牛心包补片重建右心室流出道.记录手术情况及术后并发症发生情况;比较术前...     

自体心包片在右心室流出道加宽修补术中的应用

目的探讨自体心包片在右心室流出道加宽修补术中的应用价值.方法采用自体心包片作为右心室流出道加宽修补术的修补物,代替传统的涤轮片进行38例右心室流出道加宽修补术.结果38例右心室流出道狭窄患者无1例因修补材料而发生漏血、血栓或动脉瘤样膨出.结论自体心包片具有取材方便,组织相容性好,抗感染力强,良好的柔顺性和机械强度大,不易发生血栓等优点.     

自体心包片在右心室流出道加宽修补术中的应用

目的　探讨自体心包片在右心室流出道加宽修补术中的应用价值。方法　采用自体心包片作为右心室流出道加宽修补术的修补物 ,代替传统的涤轮片进行 38例右心室流出道加宽修补术。结果　 38例右心室流出道狭窄患者无 1例因修补材料而发生漏血、血栓或动脉瘤样膨出。结论　自体心包片具有取材方便 ,组织相容性好 ,抗感染力强 ,良好的柔顺性和机械强度大 ,不易发生血栓等优点     

右心室流出道高位间隔部起搏的应用及护理

目的 探讨主动固定电极行右心室流出道高位间隔部起搏的可行性及护理对策.方法 40例需起搏器植入的患者,采用VVI起搏模式,将其随机分为右心室流出道高位间隔部起搏组（RVOTHS组）和右心室心尖部起搏组（RVA组）各20例,观察两组在术中及术后的各项参数以及护理对策.结果 两组患者均顺利完成手术,两组各1例术后发生电极脱位.全部手术无严重并发症出现.RVOTHS组手术曝光时间明显延长,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=4.036,P＜0.01）.术中两组患者心室的起搏阈值、感知阈值和电极阻抗比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,RVOTHS组起搏心电图QRS波宽度较RVA组变窄,但差异无统计学意义（t=1.613,P＞0.05）.结论 右心室流出道高位间隔部起搏是安全和可行的,术后护理重视心电监测及个性化护理,可使并发症的发生率大大降低.     

右心室流出道单形态室性心律失常的射频消融治疗观察

目的对起源于右心室流出道(RVOT)单形态室性心律失常消融结果进行分析并探讨应用Carto系统对射频消融(RFCA)的指导作用。方法对185例RVOT起源的单形态室性心律失常(VT/PVCs)患者行RFCA治疗,患者年龄4～84岁,平均年龄(40.5±12.3)岁,病史3～22年,平均病史7.2年。这些患者临床症状明显,服用抗心律失常药物不能控制,临床检查未发现有心脏结构的异常改变。所有患者的临床心电图呈现左束支阻滞,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈高R波,术前动态心电图提示患者的室性早搏数量为5342～52460/24h,伴或不伴室速。应用激动+起搏标测成功判定消融部位。18例患者尝试应用Carto标测系统进行治疗。结果所有病例中149例RVOT偏间隔部,36例偏游离壁。绝大多数病例通过激动标测最早心室激动时间(EVA)距离体表QRS时间(EVA-QRS)为(32.6±9.4)ms,同时结合起搏标测成功进行消融。在4例复发病例中8mm头端消融导管或盐水灌注消融导管较4mm头端消融导管更具优势。在2个月至8年的随访中,4例(2.1%)复发,在重新手术后获得成功。应用Carto系统标测的患者均取得了良好的治疗效果。结论在传统的激动+起搏标测下,RVOT起源单形态VT/PVBs的RFCA治疗有较高的成功率和低复发率。Carto系统的应用进一步提高了手术的成功率。     

肺动脉右心室流出道单瓣重建术后并发症的观察及护理

复杂先天性心脏病往往合并重度肺动脉瓣狭窄、发育不良或闭锁,已往外科修复采用跨瓣环补片加宽右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT),但解除RVOT狭窄的同时往往会导致肺动脉瓣反流,而长期肺动脉瓣反流可致右心室容量及压力负荷增加,最终导致心律失常、运动耐力下降或心力衰竭[1-2]。我科于2002年6月至2011年11月对例合并肺动脉狭窄或闭锁的先天性心脏病     

右心室心尖部起搏与右心室流出道间隔部起搏对心室高频事件及室性早搏的影响

目的 观察右心室不同起搏比例及不同起搏部位,包括心尖部（RVA）起搏与右心室流出道间隔部（RVOT）起搏对心室高频事件（VHR）和室性早搏（PVC）影响.方法 选取2008年1月至2011年2月因病态窦房结综合征或房室传导阻滞在南京鼓楼医院植入双腔起搏器的患者.依据心室电极植入部位分为RVOT组及RVA组.起搏器植入12个月时进行随访,收集起搏器记录的心律失常数据及心室起搏比例.结果 共入组了96例患者,RVA组及RVOT组各48例.术前两组患者间心功能及24h动态心电图记录的PVC比较无差异.术后12个月随访,依据心室起搏比例,将患者分为三组,VP＜ 10％组、VP 11％～89％组及VP ＞90％组.在RVOT组及RVA组的组内比较结果显示,随着心室起搏比例的增加,VHR及PVC均逐渐减少.组间比较结果,RVA组及RVOT组的VHR无统计学差异（VP＜ 10％组,P=0.2;VP 11％～89％组,P=0.3;VP ＞90％组,P=0.2）,但RVA组的PVC在各起搏比例组的发生均明显高于RVOT组（VP＜ 10％组,P=0.01;VP 11％ ～89％组,P=0.04;VP ＞90％组,P=0.02）,其差异有统计学意义.结论 随着心室起搏比例的增加,PVC及VHR发生率减少,RVA组PVC的发生率高于RVOT组.     

同种带瓣血管在儿童先心病右室流出道重建中的应用

目的：报告同种带瓣血管(VHC)在儿童先心病右室流出道重建中的体会。方法：手术均在全麻低温体外循环下进行。25例患儿平均年龄6．7(1．9～13)岁，平均体重22(10—34)kg,病种包括右室双出口7例，矫正性大动脉转位7例，共同动脉干5例(I型)，法乐氏四联症3例，完全性大动脉转住2例，先天性主动脉瓣关闭不全l例。合并畸形包括肺动脉狭窄、房间隔缺损、、动脉导管未闭、肺动脉闭锁、多发室缺等。结果：无手术死亡。早期死亡l例，为术后肺部感染并呼吸衰竭行气管切开第32天死于气管内出血。平均随访(18／24例)16．8(1．37)个月，死亡2例，l例右室双出口患者术后26个月死于感染性心内膜炎，另l例为矫正性大动脉转位患者，术后8个月死亡，死因不明。其余16例患者心功能明显改善，超声心动图检查显示吻合口无狭窄，VHC管腔通畅，瓣膜无明显反流。结论：冷冻保存的VHC是右室流出道重建的理想材料，用于儿童先心病可获较好的治疗效果。     

DDD模式下右心室心尖部起搏与右心室流出道间隔部起搏的临床对比研究

目的 DDD模式下比较右心室心尖部（RVA）起搏与右心室流出道（RVOT）间隔部起搏对患者左心室重构及心功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月期间我院行永久起搏器（双腔DDD）植入治疗的患者219例,根据心室电极植入部位的不同分为A组（RVA起搏）、B组（RVOT起搏）,每组再根据患者术前左心室射血分数（LVEF）的不同分为两个亚组。调取患者12个月的随访资料,分析两组患者术后LVEF、左心房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）及起搏治疗前后各项起搏参数、起搏QRS波群时限和术后并发症等。结果两组在手术成功率、术后并发症等方面的比较无显著差异。术后12个月,A组起搏阈值、电极阻抗较术中均有回落,LVEF较术前降低,LAD、LVEDD较术前增大,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;B组电极阻抗较术中有回落（P〈0.05）,起搏阈值、R波振幅与术中比较差异无统计学意义,LVEF、LAD、LVEDD与术前相比差异无统计学意义。B组的起搏QRS波群时限较A组显著缩短[（145.09±4.96）ms vs.（157.40±12.44）ms,P〈0.01]。对亚组进行分析发现：术前LVEF≥50%的患者,A、B两组仅LVEDD较术前有增大（P〈0.05）,LVEF和LAD与术前相比差异无统计学意义。术前LVEF〈50%的患者,A组患者的LVEF较术前降低,LAD、LVEDD较术前增大,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而B组患者的LVEF、LAD、LVEDD与术前比较差异无统计学意义。结论运用主动固定电极行RVOT起搏在临床应用中是安全、可行的。经过12个月的起搏治疗,对术前心功能不全的患者,RVOT起搏能提供接近生理性的心室激动顺序,维持心室肌电-机械活动同步化,对患者心功能的损害小;对术前心功能正常的患者,虽然RVOT起搏提供了更为协调的心室收缩,但在保护患者左心室收缩功能及阻止左心室重构方面并未显示出优于RVA起搏的证据。     

超声心动图定量右心时间间期在评估右心室流出道梗阻性疾病胎儿右心功能中的应用研究

目的探讨胎儿超声心动图定量右心时间间期在右心室流出道梗阻性疾病（RVOTO）胎儿右心功能评估中的价值。 方法这是一项前瞻性研究。纳入2021年2月至2022年8月在浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院超声心动图诊断为RVOTO的胎儿28例（RVOTO组）及同期胎龄匹配的心脏超声检查未见明显异常的胎儿114例（正常组）。胎儿右心功能参数包括M型超声心动图测量三尖瓣环收缩期位移（TAPSE）、组织多普勒（TDI）获取三尖瓣环舒张期流速曲线并测量舒张早期速度（E'）及舒张晚期速度（A'）,并计算E'/A'值,同时测量右心等容收缩时间（ICT）、等容舒张时间（IRT）、充盈时间（FT）、射血时间（ET）及心动周期（CT）,并通过公式计算胎儿右心的心肌做功指数（RVMPI）、收缩舒张时间指数（SDI）、收缩舒张持续时间比（SDR）、充盈时间分数（FTF）和射血时间分数（ETF）。比较2组间各超声心动图参数,分析其差异性。 结果RVOTO组IRT平均值为（43.21±4.88）ms,低于正常组（45.71±5.12）ms;RVOTO组ICT平均值为（42.79±5.59）ms,低于正常组（47.82±7.09）ms;RVOTO组胎儿（ICT+IRT）平均值为（87.29±7.78）ms,低于正常组（93.51±10.48）ms;RVOTO组FT平均值为（124.46±4.70）ms,低于正常组（142.00±15.77）ms,以上参数2组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。RVOTO组胎儿RVMPI指数大于正常组（0.52±0.06 vs 0.48±0.07,P<0.001）,RVOTO组SDI大于正常组（2.17±0.18 vs 1.95±0.24,P<0.001）,RVOTO组SDR大于正常组（1.35±0.12 vs 1.22±0.12,P<0.001）,RVOTO组FTF小于正常组（0.31±0.02 vs 0.34±0.03,P<0.001）,三尖瓣环E'值正常组大于RVOTO组（6.38±1.82 vs 5.59±1.96,P<0.001）,三尖瓣环E'/A'值正常组大于RVOTO组（0.62±0.11 vs 0.51±0.12,P<0.001）。 结论胎儿超声心动图定量右心室MPI、SDI、SDR、FTF及三尖瓣环E'值和E'/A'比值有助于对RVOTO胎儿的右心功能进行综合评价,对评估胎儿当前疾病状态及估测预后有潜在的临床应用价值。     

小儿同种异体带瓣大血管片重建右室流出道术后并发症的护理

笔者总结52例应用同种异体带瓣大血管片重建右室流出道治疗复杂先心病患儿的护理。心包填塞、低心排出量、乳糜胸、心律失常为右室流出道重建术后常见而严重的并发症,认为术后加强生命体征监测及呼吸道管理,及时纠正心律失常,维持满意的血压和脉压,保持良好的组织灌注,积极处理出血,防止心包填塞,严密控制感染是提高手术疗效的关键。     

频发右心室流出道室性期前收缩对右心室流出道结构影响的研究

目的 探讨右心室流出道(RVOT)起源频发室性期前收缩对RVOT结构的影响.方法 选取2009～2011年行射频消融治疗的频发RVOT起源室性期前收缩患者30例,分析其心电图特征、动态心电图、心脏彩色超声结果及术中精确定位,分析室性期前收缩对RVOT结构的影响.结果 射频消融术前RVOT直径为(31.76±3.33)mm,术后6个月为(30.93±2.68)mm(P＜0.01);相关性分析显示:RVOT直径与室性期前收缩负荷呈正相关(r=0.484,P＜0.05).RVOT间隔部来源室性期前收缩QRS时限为(157.69±18.33) ms,游离壁来源室性期前收缩QRS时限为(179.23±16.05)ms(P＜0.01),QRS时限与来源部位相关(r=0.566,P＜0.01).室性期前收缩QRS时限与RVOT直径无相关性(r=0.097,P＞0.05).结论 RVOT来源室性期前收缩经射频消融治疗后,RVOT直径有减小的趋势,其与室性期前收缩负荷呈正相关,与室性期前收缩形态无相关性.     

Ablation of nonsustained or hemodynamically unstable ventricular arrhythmia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract guided by noncontact mapping

Conventional activation or pacemapping is effective in guiding ablation of ventricular tachyarrhythmia originating from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). However, in selected patients with hemodynamically unstable or nonsustained tachycardia, noncontact mapping may be an effective alternative method to guide ablation in RVOT. Five patients with symptomatic hypotension during ventricular tachycardia (VT) or nonsustained tachyarrhythmia originating from the RVOT had radiofrequency ablation guided by noncontact mapping. All patients had a history of syncope and the tachyarrhythmias were refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy. Four patients had spontaneous sustained VT of a cycle length from 250 to 300 ms and one had symptomatic ventricular ectopic beats. Two patients were diagnosed to have arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Sustained VT with hypotension was induced in two patients and nonsustained VT in three patients. Isopotential color maps were used to locate the earliest activation site of the tachyarrhythmia in RVOT. Three patients had tachyarrhythmia exit sites at the septal region and two at lateral region of RVOT. Low voltage area and diastolic activity were detected in the two patients with ARVC. Radiofrequency ablation guided by noncontact mapping was performed during sinus rhythm in all patients. The number of ablation attempts ranged from 1 to 14. After follow-up for 12 +/- 5.8 months, there was no recurrence of tachyarrhythmia and syncope in all five patients. Noncontact mapping is a safe and effective alternative method to guide ablation of hemodynamically unstable or nonsustained ventricular arrhythmia originating from RVOT.     

导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的护理

目的探讨导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的护理方法。方法对52例右室流出道室性早搏患者,采用射频消融治疗,并给予心理护理和基础护理。结果52例均完成了射频消融治疗。随访2~60个月,根治率92.3%(48/52),有效率98.1%(51/52)。结论合理、细致的护理可消除患者的恐惧心理,提高手术耐受性,且能及早发现和防治并发症,增加手术的安全性。     

经导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性期前收缩

目的　评价经导管射频消融治疗单形性右室流出道室性期前收缩的有效性和安全性。方法　采用射频导管消融术对 4 2例症状严重的正常心脏单形性右室流出道室性期前收缩进行治疗 ,男 2 8例 ,女 14例 ,年龄 (42 .2±7.8)岁。将消融电极送至右室流出道区域 ,采用起搏标测和激动顺序标测 ,前者以起搏时与室性期前收缩QRS波形态完全相同为消融靶点 ,后者以室性期前收缩时最早心室激动点为消融靶点。 4 2例室性期前收缩全部起源于右室流出道 ,呈左束支阻滞图形 ,其中 36例起源于右室流出道间隔部 ,6例起源于右室流出道游离壁。以室性期前收缩在放电后 10秒内消失 ,并维持窦性心律 30～ 6 0min为即刻成功标准。结果　消融即刻成功率为 90 .5 % (38/ 4 2 ) ,其中右室流出道间隔部 94 .4 % (34/ 36 ) ,游离壁 6 6 .7% (4/ 6 )。 2 0例患者 2 4小时动态心电图记录消融前后室性期前收缩数分别为 (2 0 80 0± 10 4 0 )次 / 2 4h和 (110± 12 0 )次 / 2 4h(P <0 .0 0 1)。 1例患者消融术中出现室颤经电复律恢复窦性心律 ,其余无任何并发症。随访 4～ 16个月症状缓解率为 89.5 % (34/ 38) ,复发率为 5 .3% (2 / 38) ,均为右室流出道游离壁室性期前收缩。随访期间亦无并发症。结论　经导管射频消融可有效地治疗症状重、药     

The right ventricular outflow tract: a comparative study of septal, anterior wall, and free wall pacing

BACKGROUND: There is marked heterogeneity in right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pacemaker lead placement using conventional leads. As a result, we have sought to identify a reproducible way of placing a ventricular lead onto the RVOT septum. METHODS AND RESULTS: A major determinant is the shape of the stylet used to deliver the active-fixation lead. We compared stylet shapes and configurations in patients who initially had a ventricular lead placed onto the anterior or free wall of the RVOT and then had the lead repositioned onto the septum. All leads were loaded with a stylet fashioned with a distal primary curve to facilitate delivery of the lead to the pulmonary artery, then using a pullback technique the lead was retracted to the RVOT. All lead placements were confirmed by fluoroscopy and electrocardiography. Anterior or free wall placement was achieved by the stylet having either the standard curve or an added distal anterior angulation. In contrast, septal lead positioning was uniformly achieved by a distal posterior angulation of the curved stylet. This difference in tip shape was highly predictive for septal placement (P < 0.001). With septal pacing, a narrower QRS duration was noted, compared to anterior or free wall pacing (136 vs 155 ms, P < 0.001). All pacing parameters were within acceptable limits. CONCLUSION: Using appropriately shaped stylets, pacing leads can now be placed into specific positions within the RVOT and in particular septal pacing can be reliably and reproducibly achieved. This is an important step in the standardization of lead placement in the RVOT.     

New simplified technique for 3D mapping and ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of using a circular multielectrode catheter for mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) mapping systems are commonly used for mapping and ablation of RVOT VT and PVCs. Newer catheters that are circular with multiple electrodes, such as the Lasso catheter, are capable of simultaneously recording from multiple points within a circumferential plane. Given the tubular structure of the RVOT, these catheters could be used for mapping tachycardias from the RVOT. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing radiofrequency (RF) ablation of RVOT VT or PVCs was performed. In group 1 (n = 7), mapping was performed with a single ablation catheter and fluoroscopy. In group 2 (n = 10), 3D mapping using ESI (n = 9) or CARTO (n = 1) was performed. In group 3 (n = 12), mapping was performed with a circular multielectrode catheter (n = 12). All ablations were performed with 4-mm tip catheters using RF energy. RESULTS: Catheter ablation for RVOT VT (n = 15) or PVCs (n = 14) was performed on 29 cases in 26 patients, 9 males. Mean age was 35.9 years. In groups 1, 2, and 3, the mean number of lesions was 17.7 +/- 7.7, 13.6 +/- 7.7, and 18.2 +/- 22.7 and the median number of lesions was 20, 13, and 5, respectively. There were no significant differences in the number of lesions, RF time, fluoroscopy time, procedure time, and acute success rate among the three techniques. There were three complications in group 2 and one in group 3. CONCLUSION: The use of a circular multielectrode catheter is as effective as the other standard available 3D mapping techniques, both in terms of procedural success and procedural characteristics. Additionally, because of the lower cost associated with using the circular multielectrode catheter approach, further evaluation should be performed to determine whether this is the most cost-effective approach to 3D mapping and ablation of RVOT tachycardias.     

Importance of using standard rather than torso surface electrocardiographic leads for pacemapping at the right ventricular outflow tract

Although pacemapping has been used to localize the origin of ventricular tachycardia, the effect of changes in the position of ECG electrodes during ventricular pacing remains unknown. To clarify the relationship between the position of ECG limb electrodes and QRS configuration during pacemapping at the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), RVOT pacing was performed on 12 patients at eight pacing sites located in the anterior, septal, lateral, and posterior portions each in the high and low RVOT. Standard and torso ECGs were recorded simultaneously during each pacing protocol, and the QRS axis and amplitude were compared between the two ECGs. Differences between sites in the horizontal plane and in the longitudinal direction were also compared. The QRS axis on the torso ECG was significantly more rightward than that on the standard ECG at all eight pacing sites (72.1+/-17.4 vs 64.0+/-21.9 degrees). The magnitude of differences in the QRS axis and amplitude between the anterior and other sites at the same height was significantly greater in the standard ECG in all locations and in 7 of 18 comparable leads, respectively. The magnitude of differences between high and low sites was significantly greater in the standard ECG in three of four locations and in 5 of 12 comparable leads, respectively. In conclusion, the torso ECG is less sensitive to changes in pacing site at the RVOT than the standard ECG. The torso ECG is, therefore, not proper for pacemapping in attempts to ablate ventricular tachycardia arising from the RVOT.