超声下椎旁神经阻滞在乳腺癌手术的应用

目的探讨超声辅助下胸椎旁神经阻滞用于乳腺癌改良根治术中镇痛效果及对患者应激水平的影响。方法选取本院2018年3月至2020年3月收治的拟行乳腺癌改良根治术患者67例,随机将其分为对照组(n=33)、观察组(n=34)。对照组患者术中给予全身麻醉,观察组患者术中采取全身麻醉联合超声辅助胸椎旁神经阻滞。比较两组患者疼痛评分、应激指标变化。结果 T6(术后4小时)观察组患者VAS疼痛评分明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者术后舒芬太尼使用量明显低于对照组(P0.05);术后24小时,观察组应激指标皮质醇(Cor)、醛固酮(ADS)水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论超声辅助椎旁神经阻滞用于乳腺癌改良根治术镇痛效果理想,可有效减轻应激反应。     

胃肠肿瘤患者腹腔镜手术后临床疗效观察及其对血凝状态的影响研究

目的探讨腹腔镜手术与开腹手术对胃肠肿瘤患者的临床疗效及血凝状态的影响。方法将我院收治的150例胃肠肿瘤患者随机分为观察组和对照组各75例,对照组采用开腹手术,观察组行腹腔镜手术;对比两组患者手术情况、并发症发生情况以及凝血指标变化水平。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05),且观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组,两组相比差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.331,P=0.037)。术后两组患者PT显著降低,与术前相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而APTT、INR与术前相比无明显差异(P0.05);组间比较两组患者术后各凝血指标无统计学差异(P0.05);术后两组患者FIB、D-dimer均明显升高,与治疗前相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);而组间比较,观察组术后FIB、D-dimer水平显著高于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜手术和开腹手术均可以导致胃肠肿瘤患者血液处于高凝状态,而腹腔镜出现高凝状态的几率更高,临床上需要针对患者的具体情况选择合适的术式。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术对术后恢复及血浆氧化应激水平的影响

探讨腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术对患者术后恢复及血浆氧化应激水平表达的影响。选取陕西省核工业二一五医院2016年7月—2017年10月收治的70例胃癌患者,随机分为对照组(n=35)和观察组(n=35),对照组进行开腹胃癌根治术,观察组进行腹腔镜胃癌根治术。比较两组手术和术后恢复情况及不同时间点氧化应激相关因子黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的表达水平。两组术后血清XOD、MDA水平先升高后降低,SOD水平先降低后升高;两组术后血清XOD、MDA水平在1、5 d时均显著高于术前,且同时间点观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组术后血清SOD水平在1、5 d时均明显低于术前,且同时间点观察组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。与开腹胃癌根治术相比,腹腔镜胃癌根治术创伤小,能减轻患者术后氧化应激状态,且术后恢复快、并发症少,值得临床推广与应用。     

改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的临床分析

目的探讨改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法选择本院2011年3月至2014年8月收治的乳腺癌患者126例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各63例,对照组采用传统乳腺癌根治术治疗,观察组采用乳腺癌改良根治术,比较两组患者术后并发症发生情况,观察并比较两组患者术后3年的生存率、复发率及转移率。结果观察组并发症发生率显著低于对照组(7.94%Vs 25.40%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者3年生存率、复发率和转移率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良根治术疗效确切,并发症少,可取代传统根治术作为乳腺癌手术的标准术式在临床广泛应用。     

改良根治术与标准根治术在乳腺癌患者中的应用效果分析

目的探讨改良根治术与标准根治术在乳腺癌患者中的应用效果。方法选取2015年6月至2016年6月本院乳腺癌患者96例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组48例和对照组48例,观察组采取改良根治术治疗,对照组采取标准根治术治疗,比较两组患者治疗效果。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后1年生存率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论改良根治术在乳腺癌患者应用效果显著,可有效降低术后并发症发生率,提高患者生存率,值得临床推广应用。     

医用生物蛋白胶在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

我们观察了2006年2月至2008年4月期间解放军187中心医院60例乳腺癌改良根治术患者使用医用蛋白胶(治疗组,n=30)和未使用医用蛋白胶(对照组,n=30)患者的术后引流量及术后并发症情况.     

保乳术对育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的疗效评估

目的观察保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2013年6月至2016年1月收治的80例育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料。根据术式的不同将患者分为保乳术组(40例)和改良根治术组(40例)。保乳术组采用保乳手术治疗;而改良根治术组则行乳腺癌改良根治术。观察记录两组患者手术及住院情况指标及预后,并采用健康状况调查简表(SF-36)评估患者术后的生命质量差异。结果保乳组患者手术时间、术后平均引流量、平均住院时间及术中出血量均显著低于改良根治术组(P0.05);保乳组术后并发症发生率(5%)显著低于改良根治组(20%)(P0.05);而两组患者局部复发率、远处转移率及术后1年生存率比较(P0.05);两组患者术后随访发现,保乳术组患者SF-36量表各维度评分均显著高于改良根治术组(P0.05)。结论保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的预后相近,但保乳术具备创伤小、术后恢复快,术后美容效果好且能显著改善患者的术后生命质量,因此值得临床上广泛应用,可作为育龄期早期乳腺癌的首选术式。     

穴位按摩在乳腺癌改良根治术后术肢功能康复中的应用

目的探讨穴位按摩对乳腺癌改良根治术后术肢功能的效果,寻找能有效促进术肢功能恢复的方法。方法将60例患者按手术先后顺序按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各30例。对照组患者乳腺癌术后按照常规进行患肢功能锻炼,观察组在患肢常规功能锻炼基础上实施穴位按摩。比较两组肩关节功能及上肢肿胀程度。结果肩关节功能评分比较,观察组术后第3、7、10天显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术肢容积比较,观察组术后第3、7、10天低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论穴位按摩可有效改善乳腺癌改良根治术患肢功能障碍,促进水肿消退,加快术肢功能康复。     

乳腺癌根治术在超声引导下PECS-Ⅱ联合SPB对患者镇痛效果及并发症的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下胸神经Ⅱ阻滞（PECS-Ⅱ）联合前锯肌阻滞（SPB）对乳腺癌根治术患者镇痛效果及并发症的影响。方法选取医院2019年1月至2021年12月收治的行乳腺癌根治术患者128例进行回顾性分析，根据镇痛方式不同分为观察组（n=64）与对照组（n=64）。对照组实施全麻，观察组在全麻后实施超声引导下PECS-Ⅱ联合SPB，对两组镇痛效果及并发症情况进行统计比较。结果 在术后苏醒方面，观察组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、拔除喉罩时间及完全清醒时间均较对照组显著缩短（P<0.05）；在术后疼痛方面，观察组术后2h、6h、12h、24h NRS评分均较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）；在镇痛药物使用量方面，观察组术后24h、48h舒芬太尼使用量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；在术后并发症方面，观察组术后总发生率7.8%显著低于对照组20.3%(P<0.05)。结论 对乳腺癌根治术患者给予超声引导下PECS-Ⅱ联合SPB阻滞能够使术后麻醉苏醒时间缩短，降低患者术后疼痛程度，减少镇痛药物使用量，且术后并发症少，临床效果显著。     

负压封闭引流在乳腺癌改良根治术后腋窝引流中的应用价值

目的评价负压封闭引流(VSD)在乳腺癌改良根治术后腋窝引流中的应用效果。方法收集2017年1月至2018年2月期间达州市中心医院乳腺甲状腺外科收治的128例行乳腺癌改良根治术患者的临床资料(均为女性),其中胸壁及腋窝均使用普通硅胶管引流患者60例(对照组),胸壁使用普通硅胶管而腋窝使用去除吸附泡沫材料的VSD装置患者68例(观察组),比较2组患者的术后腋窝拔管时间以及腋窝皮瓣感染、腋窝积液和皮瓣坏死及切口愈合情况。结果与对照组比较,观察组的腋窝拔管时间明显更早(Z=–3.340,P=0.001),腋窝皮瓣感染率(χ~2=4.486,P=0.034)和腋窝积液率(χ~2=5.901,P=0.015)更低,切口甲级愈合率更高(χ~2=11.715,P=0.001),而2组术后腋窝皮瓣坏死率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.483,P=0.487)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术后腋窝使用VSD能降低患者术后腋窝并发症的发生率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.