阿魏酸钠对SNP诱导的凋亡海马神经元NF-кB、par-4基因表达的影响

目的 探讨阿魏酸钠(sodium ferulate,SF)对一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)引起的大鼠海马神经元凋亡及NF-кB P65、par-4基因表达的影响.方法 采用SD大鼠海马神经元原代培养,经终浓度分别为10、20、40、80、120、160 ìmol/L的SF预处理后,用50 ìmol/L的SNP处理24 h,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,Hochest 33258荧光染色检测凋亡,Western blot及RT-PCR检测NF-кB P65、par-4基因表达.结果 不同剂量SF (10～160 ìmol/L)预处理6 h可显著提高神经元的存活率,减少SNP引起的核固缩、凝聚和碎裂现象;降低NF-кB P65、par-4 mRNA及蛋白的表达.结论 SF 抑制NO供体SNP诱导的海马神经元凋亡,其机制可能与降低促凋亡基因NF-кB P65、par-4表达有关.     

阿魏酸钠对SNP诱导的凋亡海马神经元NF—kB、par-4基因表达的影响

目的探讨阿魏酸钠（sodium ferulate，SF）对一氧化氮（NO）供体硝普钠（SNP）引起的大鼠海马神经元凋亡及NF-KBP65、par-4基因表达的影响。方法采用sD大鼠海马神经元原代培养，经终浓度分别为10、20、40、80、120、160μmol／L的sF预处理后，用50μmol／L的SNP处理24h，采用MTr法检测细胞存活率，Hochest33258荧光染色检测凋亡，Western blot及RT—PCR检测NF．KBP65、par-4基因表达。结果不同剂量sF（10～160μmol／L）预处理6h可显著提高神经元的存活率，减少SNP引起的核固缩、凝聚和碎裂现象；降低NF—KBP65、par-4mRNA及蛋白的表达。结论sF抑制NO供体SNP诱导的海马神经元凋亡，其机制可能与降低促凋亡基因NF—KBP65、par-4表达有关。     

硝普钠对体外培养的海马神经元NF-κB和caspase-3基因表达的影响

目的探讨NO供体硝普钠（SNP）诱导体外培养的海马神经元凋亡与核因子-kappaB（NF）-κB p65和caspase-3表达变化的关系。方法终浓度分别为0、25、50、100、200、400μmol/L的SNP处理海马神经元24 h,用MTT比色法分析细胞存活率;Hoechst33258荧光染色观察凋亡的形态学改变;DNA琼脂糖凝胶分析凋亡的生化特征;用RT-PCR检测NF-κB p65、caspase-3 mRNA表达变化;Western印迹检测NF-κB p65、caspase-3蛋白表达的变化。结果SNP可剂量依赖性的降低神经元的存活率;荧光显微镜可见染为高亮蓝色的典型凋亡小体,其细胞核明显固缩、凝聚和断裂;电泳图谱显示清晰的DNA梯度。随着SNP剂量的增加,NF-κB p65 mRNA、NF-κB p65蛋白表达逐渐增加;caspase-3 mRNA表达无改变,但caspase-3酶原被裂解活化;从50μmol/LSNP起,caspase-3相对酶活性显著增加,为对照组的3.02倍,100μmol/L达最大值。结论SNP可诱导培养的海马神经元凋亡,其凋亡机制可能与增加NF-κB p65表达及激活caspase-3酶原有关。     

氯离子通道阻断剂对大鼠离体海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的 通过观察氯离子(Cl-)通道阻断剂对一氧化氮(NO)供体3-吗啉斯德酮胺(SIN-1)诱导的大鼠离体海马神经元凋亡的效应,探讨Cl-通道在缺血性脑损伤中的作用.方法 离体培养12 d的SD大鼠海马神经元,随机分为正常对照组、SIN-1处理组、SIN-1处理后和Cl-通道阻断剂组,对各组神经元分别在相应的时间点进行Hoechst荧光染色观察凋亡细胞数和MTT实验定量检测神经元的存活率.结果 SIN-1能明显诱导神经元凋亡(P<0.05),SITS和DIDS呈剂量依赖性地抑制NO诱导的神经元损伤,提高神经元的存活率,与SIN-1组相比差异显著(P<0.05).结论 Cl-通道阻断剂对NO诱导的大鼠海马神经元凋亡有一定的保护作用.     

外源性一氧化氮对弓形虫速殖子凋亡的诱导作用

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)是否能诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡。方法　采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)介导的原位末端标记法 (TUNEL)、透射电镜和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测弓形虫速殖子凋亡的特征。结果　TUNEL标记法检测表明 ,NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠 (SNP)可诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡 ,并呈剂量和时间依赖性 ;NO清除剂 ,N 乙酰半胱氨酸能明显抑制SNP诱导的弓形虫速殖子凋亡 ;不含NO的SNP类似物 ,铁氰化钾不能诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡。透射电镜下见SNP处理 15～ 2 0h的速殖子具有凋亡的典型形态学特征 :核染色质凝集、核固缩、核碎裂和凋亡小体形成。琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示SNP处理的弓形虫速殖子DNA片段呈现凋亡特征性的梯形条带。结论　从形态学和生化特征证明由SNP释出的NO可诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡     

EGb761对阿尔茨海默病大鼠脑内ChAT活性及神经元凋亡的影响

目的观察EGb761(商品名:金纳多)对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)所致阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型脑内胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性及神经元凋亡的影响。方法2004年6～11月,在中国医科大学基因工程研究中心将48只大鼠随机分为Aβ-AD模型组、EGb761早期治疗组、EGb761晚期治疗组和对照组,每组12只。采用Aβ脑室内注射方法制作AD大鼠模型,EGb761早期治疗组同时开始EGb761治疗,EGb761晚期治疗组在2周后开始EGb761治疗,均连续14d。在第30天每组取6只对海马、基底节、额叶皮层、顶叶皮层进行ChAT活性测定,另6只相同部位脑组织进行TUNEL细胞凋亡染色,计算凋亡指数(NAI)。结果Aβ-AD大鼠模型脑组织ChAT活性下降,NAI升高,EGb761早期治疗组和晚期治疗组ChAT活性均高于模型组,NAI较模型组明显降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0·01);EGb761早期治疗组ChAT活性高于晚期治疗组,早期治疗组NAI低于晚期治疗组,差异亦有显著性意义(P<0·01)。结论EGb761治疗可使AD大鼠脑内ChAT活性升高,神经元凋亡减少,有预防和治疗AD作用;早期治疗效果优于晚期治疗。     

银杏叶提取物EGb761对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠XIAP和Smac表达的影响

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物EGb761对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织X-连锁凋亡蛋白抑制剂(X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein,XIAP)和Smac蛋白表达的影响.方法 40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、EGb761小剂量组和EGb761大剂量组,每组10只.制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞1.5 h再灌注24 h模型.EGb761小剂量组和EGb761大剂量绀于模型制作前1 h分别腹腔注射ECY0761 50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg.大鼠脑组织XIAP和Smac表达用免疫组化方法 检测.结果 EGb761小剂量绀和EGb761大剂量组脑组织XIAP表达分别为18.33±4.01和26.7±3.27,显著高于脑缺血再灌注绀的12.13±3.44(P均<0.01),且EGb761大剂量组高于EGb761小剂量组(P<0.01);EGb761小剂量组和EGb761大剂量组脑组织Smac表达分别为21.33±3.15和11.33±2.10,显著低于脑缺血再灌注组的28.93±4.96(P均<0.05),EGb761大剂最组显著低于EGb761小剂量组(P<0.01).结论 脑缺血再灌注可诱导XIAP和Smae表达,EGn761干预在上调XIAP表达的同时能抑制Smac蛋白表达,提高XIAP/Smac比值,可能是EGb761干预的保护机制之一.     

外源性NO诱导胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡的作用机制

目的:探讨外源性一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)诱导中分化胃癌细胞株(SGC-7901)凋亡的潜在机制.方法:采用不同浓度的外源性NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理细胞,M T T法检测细胞的存活率;荧光显微镜检测细胞的凋亡形态及凋亡率.依据有无活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)抑制剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)和SNP作用细胞,实验分4组:对照组、NAC组、SNP组、NAC+SNP组.采用荧光化学发光仪检测胞内ROS水平;流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡;Western blot检测铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase,Cu/ZnS O D)蛋白的表达.所有数据采用S P S S17.0分析.结果:(1)SNP可诱导胃癌细胞凋亡,且有浓度及时间依赖性;(2)NAC组和对照组在细胞凋亡率及胞内ROS水平上差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)较对照组,单独SNP可使细胞凋亡率及胞内ROS水平明显升高(P0.05);而经NAC干预后,SNP引起的细胞凋亡率和胞内ROS水平均下降(P0.05),但仍高于对照组;(4)SNP可引起细胞Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白表达的降低.结论:外源性NO可通过抑制胃癌细胞Cu/ZnSOD蛋白的表达而上调其ROS水平,该功能可能参与其诱导的胃癌细胞凋亡途径.     

一氧化氮经钙信号转导途径诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡

目的:为探讨胞浆Ca^2 是否为一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide,NO)诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡的重要信号分子。方法：采用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT)介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测凋亡以及应用Fura-2荧光负载技术测定胞浆游离钙浓度[Ca^2 ]i。结果：NO供体亚硝基铁氧化钠（Na2Fe(CN)5NO,SNP)诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡过程中胞浆[Ca^2 ]i明显升高。NO清除剂，N－乙酰半胱氨酸能明显抑制SNP诱导的速殖子凋亡及SNP诱导的速殖子胞浆[Ca^2 ]i升高，而不含NO的SNP为似物，铁氰化钾[K3Fe(CN)6]不能诱导速殖子凋亡及其胞浆[Ca^2 ]i升高。胞外钙螯合剂EGTA，和L型电压依赖性钙通道阻滞剂异搏定，完全或部分抑制SNP引起的速殖子胞浆[Ca^2 ]i升高，胞内钙螯合剂BAP－TA／AM及胞外钙螯合剂EGTA明显抑制SNP诱导的速殖子凋亡。结论：证明NO的供体SNP诱导弓形虫速殖子凋亡主要通过促进胞外钙内流，胞浆[Ca^2 ]i升高所致。     

EGb761诱导血红素加氧酶-1在肺缺血再灌注损伤中的抗凋亡作用

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物EGb761诱导血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)在肺缺血再灌注损伤中的抗凋亡作用.方法 40只健康SD大鼠随机分为4组:对照组(Sham组,不阻断右肺门)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组,阻断右肺门30 min再灌注2 h),EGb761组(术前给予EGb761腹腔注射)、锌原卟啉组(Znppix组,术前给予EGb761及术中给予HO-1抑制剂Znppix干预).采用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测肺组织HO-1蛋白、磷酸化JNK蛋白及Bcl-2蛋白表达;DNA原位末端标记(TUNEL)法测定肺组织细胞凋亡指数.结果 EGb761组HO-1表达灰度比值较I/R组与Sham组均升高(3.257±0.432 vs 1.329±0.310、0.187±0.101,P<0.05).磷酸化JNK1、磷酸化JNK2、Bcl-2蛋白表达灰度比值与细胞凋亡指数在I/R组、EGb761组、Znppix组分别为1.897±0.354、1.674±0.273、0.420±0.093与(14.91±0.49)%,0.681±0.131、0.715±0.116、1.384±0.190与(7.48±0.72)%,1.031±0.201、0.965±0.167、0.621±0.114与(9.01 =0.65)%.与I/R组比较,EGb761组磷酸化JNK蛋白表达下降,Bcl-2蛋白表达增加,细胞凋亡指数下降(P值均<0.05).与EGb761组比较,Znppix组磷酸化JNK蛋白表达增高,Bcl-2蛋白表达下降,细胞凋亡指数增高(P值均<0.05).结论 银杏叶提取物EGb761可诱导HO-1表达,进一步通过抑制JNK蛋白激酶活性及促进Bcl-2表达而在肺缺血再灌注损伤中发挥抗凋亡作用.     

Inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761

Standardized extract from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, labeled EGb761, has been used in clinical trials for its beneficial effects on brain functions, particularly in connection with age-related dementias and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Substantial experimental evidence indicates that EGb761 protects against neuronal damage from a variety of insults, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Using a neuroblastoma cell line stably expressing an AD-associated double mutation, we report that EGb761 inhibits formation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) fibrils, which are the diagnostic, and possibly causative, feature of AD. The decreased Abeta fibrillogenesis in the presence of EGb761 was observed both in the conditioned medium of this Abeta-secreting cell line and in solution in vitro. In the cells, EGb761 significantly attenuated mitochondrion-initiated apoptosis and decreased the activity of caspase 3, a key enzyme in the apoptosis cell-signaling cascade. These results suggest that (i) neuronal damage in AD might be due to two factors: a direct Abeta toxicity and the apoptosis initiated by the mitochondria; and (ii) multiple cellular and molecular neuroprotective mechanisms, including attenuation of apoptosis and direct inhibition of Abeta aggregation, underlie the neuroprotective effects of EGb761.     

Ginkgo biloba extracts inhibit post-ischemic LTP through attenuating EPSCs in rat hippocampus

Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb761), a standardized extract from the Ginkgo biloba leaf, is purported to inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal excitotoxicity and protect neurons form ischemic injury. However, the specific signal pathway involved in the effects of EGb761 on synaptic plasticity is still in dispute. In this article, effects of EGb761 and its monomer component ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB), ginkgolide C (GC) and quercetin on rat hippocampal synaptic plasticity were studied. The evoked Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and miniature EPSCs were recorded on hippocampal slices from SD rats (14–21 days of age) by whole-cell patch-clamp recording and long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by theta-burst stimulation. Acutely applied EGb761 inhibited the LTP, but bilaterally affect the evoked EPSCs. The evoked EPSCs were increased by incubation of lower concentration of EGb761, then the evoked EPSCs were decreased by incubation of higher concentration of EGb761. EGb761 monomer component GA, GB and GC could also inhibit the TBS-induced LTP and EPSC amplitude but not paired-pulse ratio (PPR). But quercetin, another monomer component of EGb761, led to increase in EPSC amplitude and decrease in PPR. Simultaneously, EGb761 and its monomer component ginkgolides inhibited the post-ischemic LTP (i-LTP) by inhibiting the EPSCs and the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 expression on postsynaptic membrane. The results indicated that high concentration of EGb761 might inhibit LTP and i-LTP through inhibition effects of GA, GB and GC on AMPA receptors.

     

Neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the enteric neurons in the small intestine of diabetic rats. METHODS: Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), diabetic group (D) and diabetic-treated (DT) daily with EGb 761 extract (50 mg/kg body weight) for 120 d. The enteric neurons were identified by the myosin-V immunohistochemical technique. The neuronal density and the cell body area were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the neuronal p...     

Effect of the antioxidant action of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on aging and oxidative stress

Aging is responsible for oxidative damage to DNA, protein, lipid, and other macromolecules linked to tissue alterations. The resultant damage contributes significantly to degenerative diseases, to include those of the brain, sensorial tissues, and cardiovascular system. To protect cellular components from oxyradical attack, especially lipoperoxidation, a substantial interest in the use of antioxidants has evolved. A free radical scavenger, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) may be effective in fighting the oxidative stress related to aging. Many data support the efficacy of EGb 761 in biological model systems. In aging processes, EGb 761 may ameliorate the mitochondria respiratory chain function by quenching the superoxide anion, and the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. It protects the brain by facilitating the uptake of neurotransmitters and by reducing ischemia-reperfusion episodes and level of apoptosis. Moreover, in sensorial tissues, EGb 761 reduces apoptosis in the olfactive bulb and in the retinal pigmented epithelium of the eye, and protects against the lipoperoxidation alteration of the retina that results in a decrease of the electroretinogram response. In the cardiovascular system, by a direct effect on oxidative low density lipoproteins, EGb 761 may decrease atherosclerosis evolution, and is shown to accelerate cardiac mechanical recovery after ischemia-reperfusion. In conclusion, the antioxidant effects of EGb 761 noted in many experimental data, may explain the therapeutic efficacy observed in clinical trials of the elderly. These beneficial properties seem in part to come from the activity of EGb 761 constituents, such as flavonoids and terpens.     

Ginkgo biloba extract （EGb 761） attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats： Roles of oxidative stress and nitric oxide

AIM： To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba extract （EGb 761） on lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion （ Ⅱ/R）. METHODS： The rat model of Ⅱ/R injury was produced by damping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 180 min. The rats were randomly allocated into sham, Ⅱ/R, and EGb ＋Ⅱ/R groups. In EGb ＋Ⅱ/R group, EGb 761 （100 mg/kg per day） was given via a gastric tube for 7 consecutive days prior to surgery. Rats in Ⅱ/R and sham groups were treated with equal volumes of the vehicle of EGb 761. Lung injury was assessed by light microscopy, wet-todry lung weight ratio （W/D） and pulmonary permeability index （PPT）. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and nitrite/nitrate （NO2/NO3）, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） were examined. Western blot was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）. RESULTS： EGb 761 markedly improved mean arterial pressure and attenuated lung injury, manifested by the improvement of histological changes and significant decreases of pulmonary W/D and PPT （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）.Moreover, EGb 761 markedly increased SOD activity, reduced MDA levels and MPO activity, and suppressed NO generation accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS expression （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The results indicate that EGb 761 has a protective effect on lung injury induced by Ⅱ /R, which may be related to its antioxidant property and suppressions of neutrophil accumulation and iNOS- induced NO generation. EGb 761 seems to be an effective therapeutic agent for critically ill patients with respiratory failure related to Ⅱ/R.     

Protective effect of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension-induced renal injury in rats

ABSTRACT

Background: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. Methods: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. Result: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. Conclusions:These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.     

Anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in Graves' disease patients receiving radioiodine therapy

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal damage, as assessed by clastogenic factors (CFs) and micronuclei (MN) appearance, after radioiodine therapy of Graves' disease has been reported. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) supplementation on the time course (up to 120 d) of CFs and MN appearance in lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease after iodine-131 ((131)I) therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to EGb 761 or placebo, in a blinded manner. RESULTS: In the placebo group, MN increased early (P < 0.001) after (131)I, peaking at the 21st day (P = 0.0003) and declining thereafter. In EGb 761-treated patients, MN increased early (P < 0.05), while returning toward baseline value thereafter. Therefore, mean MN increment was significantly higher in the placebo group as compared with EGb 761-treated patients (P < 0.01). Moreover, an early (P < 0.0001) and sustained (up to 35 d; P < 0.001) MN increase induced by CFs was observed in the placebo group. Conversely, in EGb 761-treated patients, MN increase induced by CFs never reached the statistical significance; therefore, the mean of the MN increments was significantly lower than in placebo (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation between MN maximum increment and the bone marrow dose was observed in the placebo group only (P = 0.03). No significant difference was observed in clinical outcome between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: EGb 761 supplementation neutralized genotoxic damage induced by radioiodine treatment, without affecting the clinical outcome. Although (131)I therapy is generally safe, our data suggest that Gingko biloba extracts may prevent genetic effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroid Graves' disease.     

Evaluation of the effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis> extract (EGb 761) on the myenteric plexus of the small intestine of Wistar rats

Background The aging process causes a reduction in the myenteric neuronal population, related to oxidative stress, resulting in malfunctioning of the digestive tract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), an important antioxidant drug, on the myenteric plexus of the jejunum and ileum of rats after treatment for 120 days. Methods Fragments of the jejunum and ileum were collected from three groups of rats: a 90-day-old group (group Y), a 210-day-old group (group A), and a 210-day-old group treated daily with the extract EGb 761 (50 mg/kg body weight) (group TA). The analysis was carried out by using the myosin-V immunohistochemical technique. Neuronal densities were estimated, and a study of the neuronal profile area of 500 neurons from each group was carried out. Results In the jejunum, there was a significant neuronal population reduction of 17% only in group A compared with group Y. In the ileum, there was a significant neuronal reduction of 36% in group A compared with group Y, and a significant reduction in group TA of 20%. The difference in the reduction between groups A and TA in the ileum was also significant. In the jejunum, only group A showed a significant increase in neuronal profile area, but in the ileum, there was a significant increase in both groups A and TA. Conclusions A daily dose of 50 mg/kg body weight of Ginkgo biloba extract has a significant neuroprotector effect on the myenteric plexus of the ileum during the aging process in rats.