幼儿及儿童使用的肺炎链球菌疫苗研究进展

肺炎链球菌是导致肺炎的主要致病菌，而儿童又常常是最大的受害者。接种肺炎链球菌联合疫苗（PCV）是有效的防治方法。接种PCV对儿童抗侵入性疾病的能力、肺炎链球菌载菌量、急性中耳炎和抗微生物抗药性有一定的影响，接种疫苗可在一定程度上防止疾病的传播。但非疫苗血清型病菌更易在接种疫苗者中发现，以及疫苗价格高的问题，是影响PCV广泛使用的原因。     

肺炎链球菌肺炎诊治进展

肺炎链球菌是社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体;典型的肺炎链球菌肺炎诊断不困难,但随着肺炎链球菌耐药性的变化,使本病的起病方式、临床表现、影像学改变均不典型,治疗方案也发生变化.本文对肺炎链球菌肺炎的诊治进展作一介绍.     

儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解儿童肺炎链球菌（SP）的感染情况和对儿科常用抗菌药物的耐药状况，为预防感染和合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法采集患儿的临床标本进行肺炎链球菌的分离、鉴定和药敏试验，并统计分析其结果。结果共检出290株肺炎链球菌，未发现有耐万古霉素和阿莫西林／棒酸的肺炎球菌，对青霉素的MIC为0．003—1．0mg／L，未检出青霉素高耐药菌株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSSP）达18．3％（53／290），对复方新诺明、克林霉素、红霉素、四环素、氯霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢克洛、氧氟沙星、头孢曲松的耐药率分别为：60．0％，59．3％，53．8％，41．4％，19．0％，16．2％，13．4％，3．1％，1．4％。结论肺炎链球菌是呼吸道感染和中耳炎的重要病原菌。应加强病原菌的耐药性监测，合理、谨慎使用抗菌药物，有效进行抗感染治疗，延缓耐药菌株的出现和遏制耐药株菌的播散。     

某院儿童肺炎链球菌感染耐药分析

目的了解本院儿童感染肺炎链球菌（sP）对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法选择本院儿科首诊肺炎患儿385例,取痰液分离得到72株sP。采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）进行抗菌药物敏感实验,E-test法测最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果72株SP中,青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、红霉素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、氯霉素和万古霉素的耐药率分别为63．9％、11．1％、6．9％、77．8％、29．2％、86．1％、88．9％、0．0％、0．0％、2．7％、0．0％。结论江门市新会地区儿童感染SP对青霉素、头孢呋辛、红霉素、阿奇霉素耐药率高．临床应合理选药。     

儿童感染肺炎链球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析儿童肺炎链球菌（SP）对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法采用法国梅里埃公司的VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对本院2013年儿童感染SP分离情况及抗菌药物敏感性进行回顾性的分析。结果痰液、咽拭子为SP主要标本来源,分别占96.4%和2.9%;在280株SP中对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有普遍上升趋势,其中对红霉素、四环素、复方新诺明的耐药率较高（〉80%）,对青霉素类和三代头孢类的耐药率较低（〈40%）,对氯霉素、泰利霉素和美罗培南的耐药率更低（〈10%）,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、厄它培南和氟喹诺酮类均无耐药性。结论加强对SP的耐药性检测,以指导临床医生制定合理有效的治疗及用药方案。     

肺炎链球菌耐药性研究及治疗进展

肺炎链球菌是社区获得性感染的常见致病菌,可以引起肺炎、中耳炎、鼻窦炎、脑膜炎、败血症等多种疾病。在过去的40年中,在世界的许多地方,肺炎链球菌对β-内酰胺类、红霉素、四环素等抗生素耐药性持续增加,尤其是近10年来,耐药菌株广泛传播,在一些亚洲国家和地区出现肺炎链球菌对氟喹诺酮类等新型抗菌药耐药,以及对万古霉素耐药菌株的出现。本文对我国各地区肺炎链球菌耐药性研究作一综述,并对耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)所致严重感染的治疗提出建议。     

324株儿童感染肺炎链球菌耐药情况的分析

目的了解本院儿童感染肺炎链球菌(SP)的耐药情况。方法采集本院2007年1月至2008年6月324株SP,纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行抗菌药物敏感实验,E-test法测最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果324株肺炎链球菌耐药率,阿莫西林/棒酸为17.90%,万古霉素为3.09%,阿奇霉素为96.91%,复方新诺明为70.37%,美罗培南为0.62%,氨苄西林为25.31%,青霉素为94.75%,头孢曲松为10.19%,氧氟沙星为14.20%,头孢克洛为53.09%,氯霉素为3.70%,红霉素为95.37%。结论南京地区儿童感染SP,青霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素耐药率高,耐药情况严峻。     

儿童耐青霉素肺炎链球菌感染的治疗

肺炎链球菌性疾病是导致5岁以下儿童死亡的首位原因,已经成为世界性的重要的公共卫生问题。近年研究发现,青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌的检出率呈上升趋势。本文综述肺炎链球菌性疾病的临床表现、诊断以及其抗菌药物的选择。     

耐抗生素的肺炎链球菌感染的治疗

在世界很多地点,肺炎链球菌对青霉素和其它抗菌药物的耐药性正在增加.欧洲的部分地区和美国的少部分地区由于对红霉素耐药频率的增加已限制治疗肺炎时使用大环内酯类抗生素.对复方新诺明、氯霉素和四环素的耐药也成为某些国家的重要问题.最近在西班牙和美国由于对广谱头孢菌素头孢曲松(ceftriaxone)和头孢口噻肟耐药,治疗肺炎球菌性脑膜炎失败.这些事实说明,对此类感染的原来的经验治疗标准可能需要修正.     

85例社区儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药分析

目的:回顾性分析我院诊治的85例社区儿童感染肺炎链球菌患者临床资料,探究肺炎链球菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性.方法:选取2013年2月20日～2014年2月20日来我医院进行诊治的感染肺炎链球菌的社区儿童进行回顾性资料分析,收集患儿的痰标本应用VITEK2 compact 15细菌鉴定药敏分析仪进行分析,探究肺炎链球菌对各类抗菌药物的敏感性.结果:85例样本均检测出肺炎链球菌,肺炎链球菌对青霉素等药品的耐药率较高;肺炎链球菌对万古霉素的敏感性很高,对阿莫西林等药品的敏感性较高.青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌对红霉素等药品的耐药率明显低于耐青霉素肺炎链球菌,差异显著(P＜0.05).结论:肺炎链球菌耐药性问题已逐渐引发关注,工作中应加强对肺炎链球菌的耐药性检测,正确选择适宜的治疗药品.     

儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病研究进展

侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(Invasive pneumococcaldisease,IPD)是指肺炎链球菌所导致的肺炎、脑膜炎、菌血症以及其他无菌部位的感染。世界卫生组织估计全球每年大约有160万人死于IPD,其中小于5岁的儿童达100万人次,且90%发生在发展中国家[1,2]。因此,IPD已成为世界范围内严重的公共卫生问题。本文现就儿童IPD的流行病学特征、临床表现、实验室诊断、治疗及预防等方面综述如下。1 IPD的流行病学特征肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,S.p)是儿童     

A Four-Parameter Logistic Model for Estimating Titers of Functional Multiplexed Pneumococcal Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay

In vitro opsonophagocytosis killing assay (OPA) is widely accepted to quantitate Streptococcus pneumococcal antibodies to serotype-specific pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PS). A titer estimation method is needed for large scale data generated by OPA, and it is one component of OPA standardization. In order to improve the reliability of OPA results, we developed a nonlinear fitting method using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with an option of a robust procedure to estimate titers of OPA data. Performance of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing precision and accuracy of titer estimation with traditional methods used in the literature by analyzing real experimental data sets. Goodness-of-fit to experimental data for the two model-based methods was also assessed. We conclude that the four-parameter logistic model is an alternative choice for titer estimation of OPA data. Computer software using the statistical language R and Microsoft Excel was developed to implement our calculation algorithm for OPA data.     

美洛西林联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎链球菌肺炎疗效的Meta分析

目的：系统评价美洛西林联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎链球菌肺炎的疗效。方法：在PubMed、EMBase、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、CNKI、CBM、VIP和万方数据库等中英文数据库检索国内外公开发表的关于美洛西林联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎链球菌肺炎临床效果的随机对照试验文献,根据Cochrane系统评价手册对所纳入研究进行质量评价。对纳入的文献采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果：纳入6项RCT,共560例患儿。Meta分析结果显示美洛西林联合阿奇霉素的总有效率优于单用美洛西林（RR=1.27,95%CI 1.13~1.42,P<0.000,1）;退热时间（MD=-1.63,95%CI -1.71~-1.56,P<0.000,01）、咳嗽消失时间（MD=-2.19,95%CI -2.61~-1.78,P<0.000,01）、啰音消失时间（MD=-1.76,95%CI -2.32~-1.19,P<0.000,01）、X线表现消失时间（MD=-1.76,95%CI -2.33~-1.20,P<0.000,01）均比单用美洛西林时间更短,不良反应减少（RR=0.13,95%CI 0.05~0.36）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.000,1）。结论：美洛西林联合阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎链球菌肺炎的疗效优于单用美洛西林。     

我院200例下呼吸道感染患儿肺炎链球菌临床分离情况及耐药性分析

目的：分析呼吸道感染患儿肺炎链球菌耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：对我院2 235例下呼吸道感染患儿的痰标本进行细菌培养鉴定,分离肺炎链球菌并进行药敏试验,分析患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性。结果：2 235例下呼吸道感染患儿的痰标本共检出肺炎链球菌200株,检出率为8.95%,占分离病原菌的27.93%。年龄1岁以内和冬季患儿的肺炎链球菌检出率分别为11.17%、10.76%,显著高于其他组的检出率;肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星、万古霉素的敏感性高（〉94.5%）;对青霉素、头孢呋辛、红霉素的耐药性呈逐年上升趋势。结论：对小儿下呼吸道的肺炎链球菌感染治疗时,应注意合理选用抗菌药物,从而减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

糖皮质激素辅助治疗儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效

目的:观察糖皮质激素辅助治疗儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法:将136例难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿随机分为常规治疗组62例和激素治疗组74例,所有患儿均给予抗感染、退热、止咳、化痰等对症处理,激素治疗组在对症治疗基础上加用甲泼尼龙2 mg/(kg·d)静脉滴注,并逐渐减少激素用量。比较两组患儿临床症状体征、影像学指标、炎症指标改善情况。结果:激素治疗组退热时间、咳嗽基本消失时间、胸部X 线片肺部阴影吸收时间、肺部湿啰音吸收时间较常规治疗组明显缩短(P<0.05),血沉、快速C反应蛋白水平下降程度比常规治疗组更为显著(P<0.05),治疗有效率明显高于常规治疗组。结论:对于儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎,在大环内酯类抗生素基础上加用糖皮质激素治疗,能够更快缓解临床症状体征,促进肺部炎症吸收,减轻全身炎症反应。     

Linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including vancomycin-tolerant and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. DESIGN: In vitro pharmacodynamic model. SETTING: Biosafety level 2, university research laboratory. BACTERIAL STRAINS: Ciprofloxacin-susceptible (79), ciprofloxacin-resistant (R921), and vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) clinical strains of S. pneumoniae. INTERVENTION: An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate standard dosing regimens of linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin against the isolates 79, R921, and P9802-020. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bacterial density was profiled over 48 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin, respectively were 1, 1, 0.5 microg/ml for isolate 79; 1, 4, 0.5 microg/ml for R921; and 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 microg/ml for P9802-020. Vancomycin minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied across large ranges for the tested strains. Linezolid achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and R921 by 24 and 28 hours, respectively. Levofloxacin achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and P9802-020 by 28 and 4 hours, respectively. Vancomycin achieved 99.9% kill against 79 and R921 by 8 and 24 hours, respectively. Levofloxacin did not demonstrate activity against R921 at the 48-hour end point. Minimal kill (< 2 log) at 48 hours was noted for vancomycin and linezolid against P9802-020. Conclusion. Vancomycin tolerance appeared to be more reliably characterized by persistent viability in time-kill analyses than by MBC:MIC ratios. Vancomycin exhibited bactericidal activity against the non-vancomycin-tolerant strains of S. pneumoniae. Linezolid exhibited both bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against all three strains tested, whereas levofloxacin demonstrated bactericidal activity against the fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates. Further investigation of treatment alternatives for infections due to vancomycin-tolerant S. pneumoniae are needed.     

丙种球蛋白佐治对重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清细胞因子的影响

目的分析静脉注射人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)佐治儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的疗效和对患儿血清细胞因子的影响。方法选择医院收治的重症MPP患儿126例,随机分为观察组和对照组各63例。两组患儿均予对症支持治疗及阿奇霉素、红霉素序贯治疗,疗程2周。观察组在对照组基础上加用IVIG 400 mg/(kg.d),连用3 d。结果观察组患儿显效37例,有效23例,无效3例;对照组患儿显效19例,有效26例,无效18例。治疗后两组患儿的细胞因子水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IVIG佐治重症MPP患儿的疗效确切,建议临床推广。     

Therapy of community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis: the clock is running

Despite antibiotic therapy and supportive intensive medical care, bacterial meningitis remains a disease with high mortality and morbidity. Rapid recognition of symptoms is crucial to direct physicians quickly towards appropriate diagnostic measures and, initially, empiric antibiotic therapy. It has become evident that time from arrival at the hospital to application of the first dose of antibiotics is a crucial independent factor that influences outcome. Here, we review the clinical and laboratory presentation of community-acquired bacterial meningitis and the antibiotic regiments that are currently recommended for its treatment; future therapeutic options are also discussed. Finally, suggestions for the approach to a patient with suspected bacterial meningitis are presented.     

小儿下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解我院住院患儿感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性状况。方法收集儿科2010年1月至2012年1月患儿连续3次痰培养肺炎链球菌进行耐药分析。采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）,药敏试验结果按NCCL200版判断标准,对照质控菌株判断敏感、中介、耐药。结果所有菌株对万古霉素敏感,耐药率为0,左氧氟沙星敏感率率较高,耐药率为3．3％,菌株对红霉素的耐药率最高,其次为克林霉素。红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为90．2％和89．3％,对复方新诺明、青霉素的敏感率有下降趋势。青霉素G耐药率为82．7％,阿莫西林克拉维酸钾、美洛西林舒巴坦的耐药率13．1％和16．4％,头孢呋辛和头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为18．9％和19．7％。结论儿科冬季下呼吸道感染。肺炎链球菌多见,以婴幼儿多见,早期用药效果欠佳,易出现并发症,并发脓胸、肺脓肿、肺炎、心肌炎,甚至并发感染性休克,应动态监测肺炎链球菌的耐药情况。指导临床合理选择抗生素,提高治愈,减少并发症。     

The in vitro effects of faropenem on lower respiratory tract pathogens isolated in the United Kingdom

Faropenem is a new oral penem with a structure different from current β-lactams including carbapenems. The susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis to faropenem, a macrolide, a β-lactam, a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination and two fluoroquinolones was investigated. S. pneumoniae was the most susceptible of the three species to faropenem. The MIC₉₀s of faropenem against M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae were 0.5 and 1 mg/l, respectively. They were similar to amoxiclav (MIC ₉₀s of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/l). The quinolones showed strong activity against H. influenzae. A cluster analysis of the activities of amoxycillin and faropenem demonstrated a direct relationship between the two antimicrobial agent's activities and resistance profiles against both S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.