Dental caries and dental treatment in the primary dentition in an industrialized South African community

This paper reports an examination of dental caries in the primary dentition of 2-5-yr-old white children in an industrialized South African city, in 1981 and 1983. There was a decrease in dental caries prevalence over the 2-yr period accompanied by an increase in dental treatment in 3-5-yr-olds. Treatment, however, remains low. Socioeconomic status had a varying effect on the trends, but in general there was a greater reduction in dental caries in the lower socioeconomic areas.     

Dental caries prevalence in schoolchildren of Baghdad province, Iraq

Abstract The First National Oral Health Survey on caries prevalence was estimated on 1213 Iraqi primary schoolchildren aged 6–12 years from mixed socioeconomic levels, to provide a baseline data for future planning of dental services. The mean dill was 5.2±3.6 for the 6-year-olds and 11 % of the children were caries free. For the permanent teeth caries experiences were 0.6±1.0, 1.4±1.5 and 2.7±2.4 for ages 6, 9 and 12 years respectively and the rate of caries free children were 67%, 40% and 21% for the respective ages. The majority of the dift and DIMFT indices were due to decayed teeth and almost no restorations were found.     

Dental anxiety in children and its relationship to dental caries and gingival condition

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of dental anxiety, dental caries and gingivitis among 12–15‐year‐old schoolchildren, in Irbid Governorate/northern Jordan, and to evaluate the correlation between these variables. Two schools were selected by a simple random method from each of the five geographic areas in Irbid Governorate. All children (1021), from the 10 selected schools, who participated in this study completed a questionnaire modified from Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Survey (DFS questionnaire). Children underwent oral examination for dental caries and gingival condition, using Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index and Löe and Silness Gingival Index (GI), respectively. Results of this survey showed that the prevalence of low to moderate ‘general dental fear’ among the study population was 43% while that of ‘high dental fear’ was 10%. The self‐reported ‘general fear of dental treatment’ was higher among girls than boys. Fear of specific stimuli (pain) was the most common source of dental fear. The sight and sensation of the anaesthetic needle and the sight, sound and sensation of the drill were rated the most fear‐eliciting stimuli. The mean DMFT (2.89) and GI (1.80) of boys was not significantly different from the DMFT (3.37) and GI (1.53) of girls (P > 0.05). Spearman's correlation test demonstrated no association between ‘general dental fear’ and dental caries (r = 0.06) or gingivitis (r = 0.007).     

Dental caries experience and Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization

Abstract

Objective. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and severity of the enamel defects, known as Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and its relationship to dental caries. Materials and methods. A sample of 1157 schoolchildren (population based), aged 6–12 years, of the Araraquara city-Brazil, was evaluated according to the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria by two trained examiners. The dental impact caused by MIH was evaluated with the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index (WHO). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). The socioeconomic status was collected using a questionnaire answered by parents. Results. The prevalence of MIH was 12.3%. Mild impairment was the most frequent diagnosis. DMFT of children with MIH was 0.89 (±1.18), which are higher than those of the unaffected group (0.43 ± 1.01). An association was found between dental caries only in the permanent dentition of children with MIH (p = 0.0001). Family income was considered low in 85% of the families of children with MIH in the public system, while in private school it was 18% (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The prevalence of MIH in Araraquara was associated with greater caries experience in the permanent dentition.     

Dental caries prevalence amongst 12-year-old urban children in East Africa

It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries-free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS greater than 4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries.     

Dental caries prevalence and treatment status of 12-year-old children in a non-fluoridated area

424 12-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork, to ascertain the dental status of children finishing first level education. Both the caries prevalence and the treatment pattern were examined. The DMF was found to be 6.58 and the RI was 52.5%. A new index of restored and sound teeth (RSI) was applied and a value of 38.6% was obtained.     

Dental caries prevalence in intermediate Saudi schoolchildren in Riyad

Abstract The study was performed in 1378 intermediate Saudi schoolchildren in Riyad, 693 females and 685 males. The results indicate low caries prevalence among Saudi children. This may be due to the type of food eaten, and other factors could be important, e.g. the use of miswak by Saudi children as the traditional practice for brushing teeth. The difference between the DMFT of the total number of Saudi females and males by sex and age were not statistically significant, P > 0.7498 and P > 0.1808, respectively. The chi-square analysis for treatment needs between females and males indicate that the differences were not statistically significant (X²= 0.254, I df, P= 0.6145). The most prominent finding was a high percent (77.65%) of treatment needs for Saudi children. This confirmed the continuous need for planning and delivering dental services.     

Epidemiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children in Israel

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the earliest age at which children were organized as a group in the national education system and to find possible associations with variables that may help to identify "groups at risk" in this population. A total of 965 children, 5 years old, were examined. They were selected by a method to form a representative sample of all West Jerusalem compulsory kindergarten classes in 1971. Caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene were assessed and demogrphic data were collected. It was found that 84% of the children were affected with mean dif value of 4.7 (+/- 3.6). Association was found between caries and social class. The high morbidity suggests that organized services should be planned for this age group. Since the resources are limited, efforts should be directed mainly towards "groups at risk".     

Dental caries in Faeroese children aged 5-13 years.

Abstract— Before the Act of Free Trade was passed in 1856, dental caries was negligible on the Faeroe Islands. In 1936–37 a survey revealed an increasing prevalence of caries in urban compared with rural areas. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the prevalence of dental caries among Faeroese children aged 5–13 years in relation to degree of urbanization and presence of a regular School Dental Service. Every third child was selected by a systematic sampling procedure from the total population of children aged 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 years. 88% of the intended sample was examined in school dental clinics by one dentist according to standardized criteria. It was not possible to demonstrate any differences in mean DMFS and dmfs between children according to degree of urbanization and presence of regular School Dental Service. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the School Dental Service as practiced at the moment is unable to reduce the amount of unfilled teeth. The very high prevalence of caries, especially in the primary dentition, is discussed in relation to planning of future dental health services on the Faeroe Islands.     

Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Barnsley Area, England

It is important that baseline studies of dental caries prevalence are available prior to the introduction of community water fluoridation. This survey was carried out during the winter of 1975/76 in the low-fluoride Barnsley Area (F= 0.1 parts/10(6)). Caries prevalence is in accord with that of other low-fluoride areas. The mean dmf was 4.5. For the group of children with rampant dental caries, the mean dmf value was much greater (11.3).     

High prevalence of mutans streptococci in a population with extremely low prevalence of dental caries

The quantitative distribution of the mutans streptococci was investigated in populations with very low caries prevalence. Three hundred and seven school children from rural Sudan with an estimated age of 12 years were examined for dental status and salivary mutans streptococci. Forty-two isolates from the salivary cultures were determined to species level by studying the serogroup and biotype. Denial caries in permanent teeth was diagnosed in 12% of the children and the mean DMFT was 0.17 (range 0-6 DMFT). Caries was confined to fissures. Mutans streptococci were found in 96% of the children and high counts were obtained in 45%. Of 42 isolated strains, 37 belonged to Streptococcus mutans , 5 to Streptococcus sobrinus and none to Streptococcus rattus. The observations show that the mutans streptococci can be widespread in human populations with extremely low prevalence of dental caries and consequently that these bacteria may be readily propagated in human populations without association to a caries-promoting life style.     

Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mallow (a non-fluoridated area), Cork, Ireland

295 5-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork to ascertain the dental status of children commencing first level education. The results were compared with those found in Baja, Hungary and in Barnsley, England. The def in Mallow was found to be 5.15 and the Met Need Index 14%. The authors suggest that the programmes of dental care should be re-examined in the light of these findings and more emphasis placed on the prevention and treatment of caries at an earlier age.     

Dental caries in rural and urban black preschoolchildren

The dentitions of 439 rural and 192 urban black children aged 1-5 years were examined with mirror and probe. Dental caries was common and the percentage prevalence and dmft values were similar in children of 1-3 years in both groups. At 4 years of age there was a twofold increase in dental caries in the urban children to reach a dmft score significantly greater than that in the rural children (P less than 0.01). Labial caries was common in rural children but rare in urban children while rampant caries (dmft greater than or equal to 5) exhibited the opposite pattern.     

颌骨牙源性囊肿袋形术/减压术引流装置的设计与临床应用

 颌骨牙源性囊肿是一组来源于与牙发生相关组织的病变，上皮衬里的囊腔包含液体或半流体。由于囊腔内的压力、骨吸收因子释放及上皮增生引起囊肿不断增大，导致颌骨膨隆、牙松动移位，面部畸形及咬合功能障碍。牙源性囊肿的袋形术/减压术是一种简单易行而有效的保守性治疗方法。成功的治疗需要术后采用不同引流装置保持囊肿引流。较大的囊肿常在术后配戴囊肿塞或阻塞器，而较小的病变则通过减压管保守引流。大多数病例是在袋形术/减压术后囊肿缩小时二期行囊肿刮除术，可减少邻近结构的损伤或手术并发症，仅少数病例中袋形术作为惟一的治疗方式。文章简要介绍了袋形术/减压术的相关治疗机制以及多种引流装置的设计与临床应用。     

Dental caries and social factors in 12-year-old South African children

Abstract – Dental caries prevalence (percentage caries-free) and experience (DMFS) were recorded, in 414 12-yr-old Indian and 401 white children living in adjacent urban communities with the same fluoride concentration in the drinking water (0.21–0.33 ppm) using WHO (11) criteria. Details of social factors: education level, family income, home space and occupants and parental occupation were obtained by questionnaire. Dental caries was significantly worse in the Indian children with regard to numbers caries-free (30%– white and 40%– Indian) and DMFS mean (sd) (3.65 (3.98) and 2.66 (3.49) working group, respectively). Social class, while or blue collar, family income and room to person ratio were significantly associated with dental caries in the white children but there were no significant associations in the Indian children. Multiple regression analysis showed race and sex to be significant factors.     

Geographic effects on dental caries prevalence and tooth loss in Australia

Abstract – Geographic effects on caries prevalence have been noted in studies in the United States, Australia and South Africa. Australia, because of its large land mass, is a useful standpoint from which 10 gauge such effects, particularly since countrywide data From the School Dental Service is processed centrally, and since the Australian Bureau of Statistics has recently conducted a nationwide survey of adult dental health status. Both studies reveal a distinct impact of geographical factors on dental morbidity. DMF scores in 12-yr-old children are higher in the southern states, and rates of edentulousness in 35–44-yr-olds in Tasmania (latitude 40deg;-45deg;S) are double those for the more northerly states.     

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随着应用于儿童龋病治疗材料的进步和知识的更新,儿童龋病的临床治疗技术也在不断发展。由于粘接修复材料和先进仪器设备的临床应用,牙体预备和修复逐渐向无痛、微创治疗发展。儿童龋病治疗的美观和功能恢复的效果日臻完善[1]。