磁共振胰胆管成像形态学分析对慢性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的 研究磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对慢性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的诊断价值.方法 分析31例胰腺癌与31例慢性胰腺炎患者的MRCP表现.结果 慢性胰腺炎组的MRCP特征包括: (1)胰管多呈现粗细不均扩张(87.1%),可贯通病灶区(93.5%);(2)胆管扩张者占29%;胆总管远端多呈现锥形狭窄(48.4%)或正常(48.4%),突然截断者少见(3.2%);(3)合并胰管结石(25.8%)及假性囊肿(29%).胰腺癌组的MRCP特征包括: (1)"双管征"多见(67.7%);(2)胰管多呈光滑连续扩张(61.3%),在肿块处突然截断(74.2%);(3)胆管扩张者较多(74.2%),胆总管远端常于胰头或钩突水平突然截断(71%).结论 慢性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的MRCP表现有一定特征,认识这些征象对两者的鉴别诊断有一定帮助.     

磁共振胆胰管成像显示分支胰管扩张的意义

目的 探讨分支胰管扩张的磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）表现及其对胰腺疾病的诊断价值。资料与方法 MRCP使用Signa Excite HD3.0T MR设备,研究对象为MRCP影像显示分支胰管扩张的病人,包括慢性胰腺炎45例与胰腺癌30例,所有病人均进行常规横断面T1WI、T2WI和MRCP。分析分支胰管扩张的形态、部位及程度,比较2组疾病分支胰管扩张的差异。结果 在形态方面,慢性胰腺炎组分支胰管扩张呈小囊状、分支状及两者兼有的病例数分别为19、42和16例;而胰腺癌组分别为6、29和5例。在部位方面,慢性胰腺炎组分支胰管扩张位于主胰管近段、远段及全程的病例数分别为0、10和35例;而胰腺癌组分别为1、12和17例。结论 3.0T MRCP能清晰显示主胰管及扩张的分支胰管。认识分支胰管扩张的特征有助于慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌的鉴别诊断。     

胰腺癌与慢性胰腺炎的CT诊断

目的：提高对胰腺疾病的ＣＴ诊断水平。材料与方法：作者根据被证实的１５４例胰腺癌、慢性胰腺炎及其他疑误诊为前两种疾病病例的ＣＴ资料，对４５个项目，３８个ＣＴ征象进行观测、统计与分析。结果：二者诊断与鉴别的主要征象是：（１）病变区胰腺局限或弥漫肿大与密度异常；（２）有无扩张的胆总管（或壶腹）突然性狭窄截断与胰周大血管被包埋、管径增粗、癌栓，腹部淋巴结肿大、肝转移；（３）有无沿胰管走向分布的钙化与扩张胰管，扩张胰管的形态与贯通病变区的情况；（４）胰腺囊肿的发生频率、部位，与胰腺的轮廓关系。结论：根据前述要点，参考其他征象，密切结合临床，ＣＴ诊断正确率达９０％以上。     

磁共振胆胰管成像显示分支胰管扩张的意义

目的 探讨分支胰管扩张的磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)表现及其对胰腺疾病的诊断价值.资料与方法 MRCP使用Signa Excite HD 3.0 T MR设备,研究对象为MRCP影像显示分支胰管扩张的病人.包括慢性胰腺炎45例与胰腺癌30例,所有病人均进行常规横断面T1WI、T2wI和MRCP.分析分支胰管扩张的形态、部位及程度,比较2组疾病分支胰管扩张的差异.结果 在形态方面,慢性胰腺炎组分支胰管扩张呈小囊状、分支状及两者兼有的病例数分别为19、42和16例;而胰腺癌组分别为6、29和5例.在部位方面,慢性胰腺炎组分支胰管扩张位于主胰管近段、远段及全程的病例数分别为0、10和35例:而胰腺癌组分别为1、12和17例.结论 3.0 T MRCP能清晰显示主胰管及扩张的分支胰管.认识分支胰管扩张的特征有助于慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌的鉴别诊断.     

促胰液素负荷试验超声在胰腺疾病诊断中的应用

作者应用促胰液素负荷超声检查正常13例,慢性胰腺炎13例,胰腺癌7例,计33例。年龄24～73岁。静注促胰液素50g,每隔5分钟检查一次共6次,与用药前所测胰管内径比较求最大扩张率。发现正常组扩张13例,最大扩张率142～271％,平均186％;慢性胰腺炎组胰管扩张13例,最大扩张率109～185％平均144％;胰腺癌组胰管扩张1例,最大扩张率105％;无反应的6例中5例肿瘤失去切除可能;全部胰管扩张病例,最大值均显示在10分钟;作者另比较了几种胰腺疾病检查方法的准确性见表。     

胰腺癌的CT诊断

目的：探讨胰腺癌的ＣＴ特征、诊断与鉴别诊断。材料和方法：分析５５例（男３９例，女１６例）胰腺癌患者的临床和ＣＴ表现。年龄最大７８岁，最小２８岁，平均５７．７岁。其中胰头部癌３８例（６９．０９％），体部１２例（２１．８２％），尾部５例（９．０９％）。ＣＴ扫描以１０ｍｍ层厚与间隔，自隔顶扫至钩突下缘，胰腺部则取５ｍｍ层厚与间隔。并作冠状面及矢状面重建。结果：５５例中仅２０例手术切除。平均生存期为５～８月。ＣＴ表现为胰腺局部分叶状肿块（５０／５５）；平扫时与周围胰腺组织呈等密度或略低密度：增强后强化不明显，甚至低于正常胰腺组织；胰周组织浸润（２０／５５）；血管受侵（３７／５５）；远处转移（１７／５５）；继发性囊肿（４／５５）。３８例胰头癌ＣＴ中可见胰体、尾萎缩（３４／３８）；胰管扩张（２４／３８）；梗阻性胆管扩张（肝内胆管＋总阻管扩张１５例；单纯肝内胆管扩张４例）。结论：熟悉胰腺癌的特征性与非特征性表现，多数病例可被确诊，但对临床预后无帮助。     

胰腺分裂的ERCP诊断及其意义：附14例分析

目的：探讨胰腺分裂的内窥镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）表现特点及其在胰腺炎病因学中的作用。材料和方法：对临床资料完整的１４例胰腺分裂的ＥＲＣＰ、常规ＣＴ和Ｂ超（ＢＵＳ）表现、血清淀粉酶活性和合并胰腺炎情况等作一分析。结果：（１）背侧和腹侧胰管长度分别为１６．５６±２．５２ｃｍ和５．５５±１．４６ｃｍ。多数病例有背侧（１０／１４）和腹侧（８／１４）胰管扩张及末端括约肌段缩窄（１０／１４）。背胰管内造影剂的排空多延迟（８／１４）。（２）常规ＣＴ和ＢＵＳ检查未见胰腺外形改变。（３）９３％的病例合并急性或慢性胰腺炎。结论：（１）经小乳头插管行背胰管造影为诊断胰腺分裂的必要手段。（２）常规ＣＴ和ＢＵＳ无确诊价值。（３）胰腺分裂患者易因小乳头缩窄使胰液排空受阻而引起胰腺炎。     

慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺癌的MRI表现

目的:探讨慢性胰腺炎(CP)合并胰腺癌(PC)的MRI特征,及其与单纯性CP的鉴别诊断.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实CP合并PC者16例的M RI资料,同期经病理或临床证实的单纯性CP者19例及腹部扫描未见异常15例患者作为对照.比较三组MR影像表现.结果:胰腺实质萎缩、主胰管扩张出现率及扩张程度、胰管串珠状改变、胰管截断征在CP合并PC组出现率最高,高于单纯CP组和正常对照组(P<0.05);胰管双段征在CP合并PC组高于单纯性CP组(P=0.035).胰腺信号变化、分支胰管显示、胰管结石或腺体钙化、假性囊肿形成在CP合并PC组和单纯CP组间出现率无统计学意义(P>0.31),但胰腺信号改变、分支胰管显示,前两组均高于正常对照组(P<0.05).结论:慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺癌有较特征性MRI表现,有助于与单纯性慢性胰腺炎鉴别.     

磁共振VIBE序列鉴别胰腺癌与肿块型慢性胰腺炎的价值探讨

目的:探讨磁共振三维容积式内插值法屏气检查(VIBE)序列在胰腺癌和肿块型慢性胰腺炎鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:41例经手术病理或临床随访证实的胰腺疾病患者(胰腺癌26例,慢性胰腺炎15例),行常规MRI检查及3DVIBE三期动态增强扫描。对所获得的图像资料主要观测以下内容:①肿块形态学特点;②肿块多期强化特征,计算病灶的信噪比(SNR)和对比噪声比(CNR);③胰管、胆管的改变;④胰周血管显示情况;⑤胰周器官受累情况及有无远处转移病灶等。结果:①胰腺癌中出现小泡征2例(7.7%),炎性肿块中出现此征象5例(33.3%);胰腺癌中肿块处胰管狭窄、中断22例(84.6%),而炎性肿块中出现胰管穿通征8例(53.3%);近端胰管相对均匀扩张者胰腺癌组18例(69.2%),炎性肿块组仅1例(6.7%);近端胰管不规则扩张或呈串珠状改变者胰腺癌组3例(11.5%),炎性肿块组12例(80%);两组间上述征象的差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);②肿块包绕邻近血管范围>180°者胰腺癌组10例(38.5%),胰腺炎组3例(20%),两组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);③肿块强化特点方面,胰腺癌与胰腺炎性肿块的SNR值和CNR值的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:MRI VIBE序列能较好显示胰腺肿块的一些细微形态学特征,有助于胰腺癌与肿块型慢性胰腺炎的鉴别诊断;两种病变在血供特点和强化特征方面差异无显著性意义。     

肾前筋膜增厚的CT表现对鉴别诊断胰腺炎与胰腺癌的价值

目的：评价肾前筋膜增厚的CT表现在鉴别胰腺炎与胰腺癌诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析63例临床及CT复查证实为胰腺炎的肾前筋膜增厚征象，并与25例手术病理证实为胰腺癌的CT表现对照。胰腺炎中43例及25例胰腺癌做平扫加增强，20例胰腺炎仅做平扫。结果：胰腺炎组肾前筋膜增厚59例（占93％），其中急性胰腺炎肾前筋膜增厚49例（占98％），慢性胰腺炎肾前筋膜增厚10例（占77％）。胰腺癌25例中，1例肾前筋膜增厚，占4％。结论：肾前筋膜增厚的征象对胰腺炎与胰腺癌的诊断有鉴别意义。     

CT及MRI多模态参数对鉴别胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎与胰头癌的价值

目的分析胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎(MFCP)与胰头癌的CT以及MRI定性及定量表现,总结二者有效的影像鉴别特点。方法选取我院16例胰头部MFCP及16例胰头癌临床及影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果胰头部MFCP与胰头癌影像表现:1)肿块形态密度:分叶状(2例,11例),假性囊肿(11例,0例),肿块内钙化(6例,0例);2)DWI高信号:(2例,14例);3)静脉期相对低密度(3例,15例);ROC曲线分析示静脉期CT差值鉴别二者的AUC=0.852;4)胰胆管表现:主胰管扩张(9例,12例),胰管病灶处截断(1例,10例),胆总管扩张(6例,12例),胆总管病灶处截断(2例,10例),双管征(7例,11例),不相交征(1例,12例),肝内胆管扩张(2例,11例);5)周围组织表现:肾周筋膜增厚(9例,3例),胰周血管包绕受侵(1例,2例)。结论胰头部MFCP与胰头癌的影像学表现具有特异性,肿块的形态、DWI信号、胰胆管扩张程度及二者的血供特点有助于二者诊断及鉴别诊断。     

CT pancreatogram in carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis

CT has made it possible to determine the contour of the pancreatic duct, to measure its caliber, and to detect dilatation of the duct. CT scans of 75 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and of 45 patients with chronic pancreatitis were obtained. Dilatation of the pancreatic duct was seen in 56% of patients with carcinoma, and in 70% of those with tumors confined to the pancreatic head and body. Smooth dilatation (43%) or beaded dilatation (40%) were most commonly associated with carcinoma. Ductal dilatation was present in 58% of the patients with chronic pancreatitis, and irregular dilatation was seen in 73% of the patients in this group. About half of the patients who had irregular dilatation had calculi within the ducts. The duct contour was similar to that seen in carcinoma in 27% of the cases of chronic pancreatitis. There was a significant difference in the caliber of the duct (P = .01) with larger ducts seen in patients with carcinoma. The width of the pancreatic gland (P = .005) and the ratio of duct caliber to gland width differed (P = .001) between the two diseases: the gland was wider in cases of chronic pancreatitis, and the ratio of duct to gland was larger in cases of carcinoma. Eight cases of dilatation of the duct with no detectible pancreatic mass were seen in a subgroup of 13 patients who had small carcinomas of the pancreas (tumor size of 3 cm or less). Our findings indicate that a dilated pancreatic duct with a smooth contour and a ratio of duct to total gland width of 0.50 or greater suggests carcinoma as the underlying pathology.     

MRI结合MRCP对十二指肠乳头癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨十二指肠乳头癌的MRI和磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）表现及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理组织学检查证实的26例十二指肠乳头癌的MRI及MRCP表现,分析乳头区病灶、胆管扩张形态、梗阻端形态以及胆管、胰管与十二指肠之间的关系。结果：26例十二指肠乳头癌显示乳头区肿块16例,肿块T1WI呈稍低或等信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号。MRCP示＂双管征＂19例,胆管均呈＂软藤状＂扩张,轻度扩张4例,无扩张3例;梗阻端呈＂鸟嘴样＂狭窄11例,截然狭窄7例,倒杯口状狭窄3例,无明显梗阻5例。结论：MRI结合MRCP可作为十二指肠乳头癌的首选检查方法。     

MRCP 3D FRFSE系列对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨三维快速恢复快速回波脉冲系列磁共振胰胆管水成像(MRCP 3D FRFSE)对良恶性胰胆管梗阻的临床应用价值。方法对106例临床疑有胰胆管梗阻患者行MRCP 3D FRFSE系列检查,2位高年资放射科医师前瞻性分析图像,结果与手术病理或临床随访结果比较。结果106例MRCP检查均一次性成功,肝内外胆管显示率为100%,主胰管显示率为93.4%,其中80例良性梗阻包括肝内外胆管结石66例,乳头炎6例,十二指肠降段憩室炎2例,十二指肠腺瘤样增生1例,慢性胰腺炎5例;26例恶性梗阻包括肝外胆管癌9例,壶腹癌5例,胆囊癌4例,胰头癌8例。MRCP对胰胆管梗阻的定位诊断准确率为100%,在区分良恶性梗阻中,敏感性92.3%,特异性96.3%,准确性95.3%。结论3D FRFSE系列的MRCP是区分良恶性胰胆道梗阻病变较为理想的技术,在临床上有较大的应用价值。     

Significance of a dilated pancreatic duct on CT examination.

The infrequency of reports demonstrating dilatation of the pancreatic ducts in patients with chronic pancreatitis by CT, despite its frequent demonstration on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), prompted a review of 500 cases performed at the University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital for suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatic duct dilatation was demonstrated in 10 patients. An equal occurrence was documented in patients with chronic pancreatitis and with carcinoma. Therefore, the presence of dilated pancreatic duct only confirms the presence of pancreatic disease. No etiology should be favored by the isolated finding of a dilated duct on CT scanning.     

Pancreaticobiliary duct changes of periampullary carcinomas: quantitative analysis at MR imaging

Purpose

To quantitatively analyse the pancreaticobiliary duct changes of periampullary carcinomas with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) and true fast imaging with steady-state precession (true FISP) sequence, and investigate the value of these findings in differentiation and preoperative evaluation.

Materials and methods

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 71 cases of periampullary carcinomas (34 cases of pancreatic head carcinoma, 16 cases of intrapancreatic bile duct carcinoma and 21 cases of ampullary carcinoma) confirmed histopathologically were analysed. The maximum diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) and main pancreatic duct (MPD), dilated pancreaticobiliary duct angle and the distance from the end of the proximal dilated pancreaticobiliary duct to the major papilla were measured. Analysis of variance and the Chi-squared test were performed.

Results

These findings showed significant differences among the three subtypes: the distance from the end of proximal dilated pancreaticobiliary duct to the major papilla and pancreaticobiliary duct angle. The distance and the pancreaticobiliary duct angle were least for ampullary carcinoma among the three subtypes. The percentage of dilated CBD was 94.1%, 93.8%, and 100% for pancreatic head carcinoma, intrapancreatic bile duct carcinoma and ampullary carcinoma, respectively. And that for the dilated MPD was 58.8%, 43.8%, and 42.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

Quantitative analysis of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system can provide accurate and objective assessment of the pancreaticobiliary duct changes. Although benefit in differential diagnosis is limited, these findings are valuable in preoperative evaluation for both radical resection and palliative surgery.     

Minimum intensity projection image and curved reformation image of the main pancreatic duct obtained by helical CT in patients with main pancreatic duct dilation]

Contrast enhanced CT was performed in seven patients with pancreatic disease (chronic pancreatitis, n = 3; pancreatic head cancer, n = 2; mucin-producing pancreatic tumor, n = 2) who showed dilation of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) Minimum intensity projection (Min-IP) images of the pancreas were obtained using multi-projection volume reconstruction (MPVR) software by selecting an oblique slab that contained the entire MPD. Curved reformation (CR) images were obtained using multiplanar reformation (MPR) software by tracing the MPD on the Min-IP image. Both Min-IP images and CR images clearly showed the dilated main pancreatic duct in all seven patients. In three of the seven, obstruction of the MPD in the pancreatic head and the cause of obstruction (tumor mass, n = 2; caliculus, n = 1) were also clearly seen. Min-IP and CR images seem to be useful for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.     

低场磁共振胰胆管成像诊断胆系疾病的潜能

目的阐述低场磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)诊断胆系疾病的潜能。方法 70例手术病理或临床证实的胰胆疾病患者包括胆囊切除术后胆管代偿性扩张2例,胆总管直径临界值4例,胆系结石49例,胆总管炎性狭窄4例,胰头癌4例以及胆管癌7例均经低场MRCP检查。全部操作是在0.35 TSIEMENS磁共振扫描仪上采用TSE T1WI、T2WI序列和MIP重建进行的。结果本组70例中,低场MRCP正确诊断胆系结石49例,胆总管炎性狭窄4例,胰头癌4例以及胆管癌7例,其诊断敏感性100%,特异性89.8%,准确性91.4%,阳性预测值100%以及阴性预测值90.7%。结论低场MRCP是诊断胰胆疾病的一种无创、安全、高效的影像技术,尤其对恶性病变极为敏感而提示其具有广阔的应用前景。     

肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现与误诊分析

目的：探讨肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现特点及误诊原因。方法：本组48例临床表现急性胆管炎的肝吸虫病例行螺旋CT检查,并对照逆行性胰胆管造影加内镜下奥狄括约肌切开术和胆总管探查术结果进行回顾性分析。结果：肝内胆管扩张48例,末梢胆管囊状扩张38例;肝外胆管扩张32例和胆总管壁增厚12例,胆总管内高密度影6例;胆囊增大20例,胆囊内団状软组织影2例。本组15例术前CT误诊,其中误诊为胆管结石8例,因胆总管壁增厚并有强化而误诊胆总管下端癌4例和壶腹癌1例,误诊为肝内周围型胆管癌2例。结论：在肝吸虫疫区,当CT表现为胆管炎征象并伴有肝包膜下小胆管囊状扩张时,需要考虑吸虫所致。