我院急性阑尾炎手术患者细菌学分析及药敏试验

目的 了解引起急性阑尾炎患者感染的痛原菌分布及对药物的耐药性,有助于指导临床合理选择抗菌药物.方法 回顾分析2013年所有阑尾炎手术患者细菌培养及药敏试验结果.结果 382例标本中有157例检出细菌(其中16例为两种细菌混合感染),阳性率为41.1％,分离到细菌173株,其中革兰阴性菌167株(96 5％),革兰阳性菌6株(3.5％);从分离到的细菌构成前3位是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占检出病原菌的67.1％、9 8％、6 9％;大肠埃希菌体外药敏试验结果:对头孢菌素类敏感率＞60％;喹诺酮类敏感率＜50％;头孢替坦、哌拉西林他唑巴坦和阿米卡星敏感率达到99％以上;无对碳青霉烯类耐药株.结论 我院急性阑尾炎患者感染菌中以阴性肠杆菌为主,其中以大肠埃希菌占首位,临床抗菌药物选择可以首选头霉素类和阿米卡星,头孢菌素类亦可以经验选择.     

碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的大肠埃希菌KPC酶检测与分析

大肠埃希菌是医院内感染和社区获得性感染的重要病原菌,其耐药性十分严重.我们在我院分离的一株碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的大肠埃希菌E902774的耐药机制研究中存在A类碳青霉烯酶KPC(肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶)-2酶.     

艾滋病相关机会性感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查艾滋病相关机会性感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床经验性使用抗菌药物提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2018年1月至2021年6月期间确诊艾滋病患者的临床资料、病原菌类型及药敏试验结果.结果 共纳入252例艾滋病患者,分离出病原菌381株,其中革兰阴性菌161株(42.26％)、革兰阳性菌87株(22.83％)、真菌76株(19.95％)、分枝杆菌57株(14.96％).排前5位的病原菌为结核分枝杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、新型隐球菌、大肠埃希氏菌.革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌为主,非发酵革兰阴性菌占15.00％(57/381).革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌为主.白色念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率均为21.43％,热带念珠菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑的耐药率均为62.50％.大肠埃希氏菌对左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率最高,分别为85.19％、81.48％.肺炎克雷伯氏菌、沙门氏菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别为54.55％、73.33％.肺炎克雷伯氏菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为15.15％和21.21％,大肠埃希氏菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为14.81％和11.11％.铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为41.67％、25.00％.鲍曼氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率为50.00％.屎肠球菌对青霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率(86.36％,86.36％)明显高于粪肠球菌(0％,36.36％)(P均<0.01).金黄色葡萄球菌及粪肠球菌普遍对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感.不同水平CD4+T淋巴细胞计数之间,菌株耐药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 艾滋病患者感染病原菌分布较广,耐药率较高,为避免广谱抗菌药物的长期应用造成细菌耐药,需加强对艾滋病机会性感染病原菌耐药性的动态监测.     

血液病患者中段尿培养病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 探讨解放军总医院第五医学中心(南院区)2016年至2019年血液科住院患者中段尿培养病原菌分布特点和耐药性分析,为临床经验用药提供依据.方法 选取我院2016年1月至2019年12月血液科住院患者送检的中段尿标本,采用梅里埃VITEK 2全自动微生物分析系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,将筛选出的118例阳性标本进行病原菌分布及耐药性分析.结果 118例阳性标本中,革兰阴性杆菌占58.48％、革兰阳性球菌占35.60％、念珠菌占5.92％.病原菌以大肠埃希菌(31.36％)、屎肠球菌(17.80％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.71％％)、粪肠球菌(11.86％)多见.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株分别占48.60％、40.00％.大肠埃希菌对呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和美罗培南的敏感率较高,为82.90％?97.20％;对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉的敏感率较低,只有32.40％.21株屎肠球菌中,耐万古霉素屎肠球菌占38.10％,对替加环素、利奈唑胺的敏感率均为100％.屎肠球菌的耐药率高于粪肠球菌.结论 血液病患者泌尿系统感染病原菌种类较多,大肠埃希菌和屎肠球菌是感染的最主要病原菌,不同病原菌耐药率有差异,但屎肠球菌感染率较多且对万古霉素的耐药比率偏高,应该引起血液科临床医师高度重视.临床应积极进行清洁中段尿培养及药物敏感试验,根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物进行治疗.     

泌尿系感染病原菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性分析

目的分析我院泌尿系感染患者病原菌分布及对4种氟喹诺酮类药物耐药情况。方法收集泌尿系感染患者尿液中分离的致病菌株294株,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行4种氟喹诺酮类药物药敏分析。结果大肠埃希菌是引发泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,占53.7%,其次为肠球菌占16.3%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为36.1%和23.5%,耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）和肠球菌氨基糖苷类高水平耐药菌株（HLGR）检出率分别为68.8%和77.1%,它们对4种氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率高于非产ES-BLs、非MRSE、非HLGR菌株,呈现多重耐药性。结论泌尿系感染的病原菌分布广泛,耐药率呈上升趋势,应检测产ESBLs、MRSE和HLGR菌株的多重耐药情况,根据抗生素敏感试验合理选用抗菌药物进行治疗。     

575株泌尿外科泌尿道感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的：了解医院泌尿外科泌尿道感染的主要病原菌及大肠埃希菌的耐药率,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2011~2013年泌尿外科住院泌尿道感染患者尿培养分离出的575株大肠埃希菌进行药敏分析。结果泌尿道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,其中大肠埃希菌占院54.2%~69.3%;产ESBLs菌株检出率为院36.9%~46.3%;2011~2013年泌尿外科及全院大肠埃希菌大多抗菌药物耐药率呈下降趋势,但对青霉素类、头孢一代耐药率较高,产ESBLs株耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs。结论泌尿道感染大肠埃希菌分离率最高,且细菌耐药严重,特别是产ESBLs株耐药更为严重,应当加强细菌耐药监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

医院内泌尿道感染患者的病原菌耐药性分析

目的 了解湖北省襄阳市第一人民医院住院患者泌尿系感染的主要病原菌分布与抗生素对常用菌的 耐药率。方法 回顾性收集湖北省襄阳市第一人民医院2017年1月~12月住院患者1580份尿培养样本,采用全自动微生物鉴定仪480份阳性标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。应用WHONET5.6对数据进行分析。结果 480株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌353株（73.54%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性球菌85株占（17.71%）,以肠球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;真菌40株（8.33%）。检出的病原菌对各种抗生素的耐药率不同,所有分离的大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对三代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类耐药率均大于50%,并且外科系统分离的大肠埃希菌株耐药率高于内科系统;铜绿假单胞菌对β内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药率大于30%,高于其他病原菌对此类抗生素耐药率。未发现分离的革兰阳性菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药率达82.60%。结论 本院泌尿系统感染中,以大肠埃希菌感染为主,β内酰胺酶抑制剂可用于大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌常规治疗。     

小儿下呼吸道感染的细菌病原学分析

目的：分析小儿下呼吸道感染的细菌病原学情况。方法选取我院2012年1月~2014年8月接诊的下呼吸道感染小儿531例作为研究对象,根据入院前是否治疗分为治疗组(301例)与未治疗组(230例),两组患儿入院后皆采取深部痰细菌培养与抗菌药敏试验处理,以及测定菌种鉴定药敏度,并对比分析两组患儿结果。结果治疗组共计分离逸1种致病菌的例数为88例,其中病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌等,而未治疗组共计分离逸1种致病菌的例数为77例,其中病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等,但两组病原菌分离率对比无显著性差异(>0.05);两组患儿在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌上的耐药率前4位皆为阿莫西林、替卡西林、头孢噻吩、哌拉西林,而耐药率最低的前4位皆为亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦与阿米卡星。结论大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌属于下呼吸道感染患儿常见致病菌,入院前有无治疗对细菌病原学无显著影响,但入院前若应用了抗生素则可能导致并发真菌感染率增加。     

社区获得性泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析社区获得性泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据, 减少耐药菌株的产生。方法 收集2015年1月~2019年1月绵阳科学城医院门诊疑似泌尿系统感染患者中段尿标本分离培养的病原菌及其体外药敏试验结果,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 共分离187株泌尿系统感染细菌,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌为主,其中革兰阴性杆菌148株,占79.14%,检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌82株,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌13株;革兰阳性球菌37株,占19.78%。药敏结果分析显示大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类和头霉素类抗菌药物高度敏感,其次为哌拉西林+他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因（平均耐药率＜10.00%）;粪肠球菌、葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因完全敏感。结论 社区泌尿系统感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大肠埃希菌产酶率高,耐药现象较严重;临床应根据当地病原菌构成特点及药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,避免经验性用药,控制耐药性菌株的播散,提高治疗效果。     

大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药机制研究

目的 研究我院普外科重症监护病房(ICU)出现的对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的大肠埃希菌分子流行病学特征和碳青霉烯耐药机制.方法 采用琼脂稀释法检测分离株的抗菌药物敏感性,采用脉冲场琼脂糖凝胶电泳(PFGE)研究碳青霉烯类耐药的大肠埃希菌分子流行病学机制,采用特异性PCR、DNA测序分析、接合试验、质粒提取和质粒转化试验、外膜蛋白分析等技术研究碳青霉烯耐药的分子机制.结果 我院分离的14株碳青霉烯耐药菌分别属于10个流行克隆型,均表现对包括亚胺培南和美罗培南在内多种抗菌药物耐药,碳青霉烯类耐药基因扩增显示均携带KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶基因,质粒提取与转化试验显示KPC-2定位于约56 kb大小的质粒上,SDS-PAGE分析发现耐药株多出现外膜蛋白的改变.结论 我院出现多个流行克隆型的碳青霉烯类耐药的大肠埃希菌,质粒型碳青霉烯酶KPC-2是我院泛耐型大肠埃希菌介导对碳青霉烯类耐药的主要原因,外膜孔蛋白改变参与介导大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类高度耐药.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.