Examining public health financing in New York State: a methodology for evaluating local and national public health data.

Historically, there has been little national, standardized data collection on the financing of public health. In part this is due to the diverse way in which local public health is organized and funded. The lack of consistent financial data to adequately evaluate performance severely limits the ability of policy makers to set standards for improving quality. However, even in the absence of such data and analysis, policies have been established by local, state, and national governments to reduce public health funding, while at the same time, placing additional responsibilities on local public health. In an effort to understand fiscal trends for local health departments in New York State, the New York State Association of County Health Officials conducted a survey in December 2002 that collected data on spending and funding sources from calendar year 2000 to calendar year 2002. The survey instrument presents a model for state and local public health departments to evaluate their own resources/needs and to promote information exchange within and between localities. With limited resources, local public health officials must make difficult choices about their programs. By encouraging localities to collect uniform financial data sets, public health will be better suited to support its case for stable and sufficient funding.     

A national agenda for public health informatics.

The American Medical Informatics Association 2001 Spring Congress brought together the public health and informatics communities to develop a national agenda for public health informatics. Discussions on funding and governance; architecture and infrastructure; standards and vocabulary; research, evaluation, and best practices; privacy, confidentiality, and security; and training and workforce resulted in 74 recommendations with two key themes: (1) all stakeholders need to be engaged in coordinated activities related to public health information architecture, standards, confidentiality, best practices, and research and (2) informatics training is needed throughout the public health workforce. Implementation of this consensus agenda will help promote progress in the application of information technology to improve public health.     

Service-oriented training in public health: a model for enhancing public health surveillance in the Pacific

There is a need for a coordinated, sustainable, in-service, training programme in surveillance and other public health activities. This should be available for all levels of health personal throughout the Pacific. The model advocates continuing education and in-service training that immediately and directly enhances surveillance. Specific educational objectives for surveillance should be based on the needs of the work environment while the graduate degree training should include broader objectives integrated with established public health training courses. It is suggested that the Secretariat of the Pacific community (SPC) should provide the leadership by establishing a Centre for Coordinating Service-oriented Training in Surveillance and invite the University of PNG and the Fiji School of Medicine to incorporate training modules in surveillance into their degree programmes. Field support should be provided through the senior public health practitioners based in public health units and in health agencies throughout the region.     

A national public health service.

The development of the British public health services is briefly reviewed and it is suggested that two types of epidemiologist (Community Physician) are necessary in each locality: one concerned with medical administration and health care planning-the medical administrator, and the other with the prevention of disease-the clinical epidemiologist. A new nation public health service is proposed to revive disease prevention with four main features: (1) A district Clinical Epidemiologist who is a member of the district department of community medicine with responsibility for prevention but with no district administrative duties. (2) A District Epidemiology Unit comprising other appropriate staff. (3) National specialist epidemiology units within the NHS with service roles to support and coordinate the District Clinical Epidemiologists. (4) A national authority within the NHS with responsibility for prevention and for administering the national specialist units.     

中国城乡卫生事业发展健康绩效评估

目的 了解公共卫生医师职业基本情况,探究岗位职能、主要障碍及其原因。 方法 围绕近年来公共卫生医师数据,通过内容分析法对62份转录文稿进行定性、定量分析。 结果 自2003年以来公共卫生医师数量呈下降趋势,2016年我国公共卫生执业医师共计8.9万人,在四大执业医师中所占比例从2002年的8.2 %下降到2016年的3.4 %。2016年疾控中心公共卫生医师共计46 078人,占各机构公共卫生医师总量的51.9 %。疾控中心2016年本科及以上学历者23 131,占50.2 %;副高及以上职称者6 681,占14.5 %;≥ 30年工作经历者15 390人,占33.4 %。结合新形势要求,公共卫生职能应分为疾病预防控制、健康促进、健康影响因素监测、全科公共卫生、预防医学科公共卫生五大类。社会定位与处方权缺失、质量有待提高、供需矛盾严峻是公共卫生医师发展存在的主要问题。 结论 建议明确公共卫生医师职业标准与岗位胜任力,赋予处方权,探索公共卫生总师与基层全科公共卫生专岗。     

健康教育在国家基本公共卫生服务中的地位和作用

国家基本公共卫生服务项目是与我国13亿多人民群众的生活和健康息息相关的卫生服务,是促进基本公共卫生服务逐步均等化的重要内容,国家基本公共卫生服务规范（2011年版）是卫生部在2009年版的基础上进行了修订和完善,     

Developing national performance standards for local public health systems.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, public health has struggled to measure its performance and capacity to carry out the core functions of public health practice, while facing increasing challenges within the ever-changing landscape of healthcare delivery, bioterrorism response, emerging infections, and other threats to the public's health. The article describes the development of a set of national performance standards for measuring how effectively public health systems deliver the 10 Essential Public Health Services. The standards were developed through a practice-driven approach that incorporated comprehensive field testing and iterative revisions. The standards represent a national consensus framework for measuring important aspects of public health practice.     

Legal foundations for a national public health agency in Canada

This commentary addresses some of the key legal challenges associated with establishing a national public health agency in Canada. These include issues related to privacy and confidentiality of personal health information in the public health context, constraints on the jurisdiction and powers of a national agency, the need to respect individual rights and freedoms in an outbreak situation, and international cooperation in infectious disease control. The authors are part of a research initiative, comprised of experts in law, public health policy and medicine, that is currently analyzing legal considerations that may influence the mandate of a national public health agency in regard to infectious disease activities. This article discusses critical issues raised at a meeting in August 2004 that brought the research team together with key federal and provincial policy-makers and members of the public health community. The commentary emphasizes that law sets the foundation for public health activities, and the promise of a national public health agency will only be realized if significant legal issues are examined early on to ensure the agency is built on a robust legal and policy framework.