冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌缺血的相关危险因素分析

目的分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌缺血的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013-07—2014-07月收治的163例冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者,根据其是否在术后出现心肌缺血(PMI)分为PMI组和非PMI组。对比2组患者一般情况、血液生化指标。采用多变量Logistic回归分析患者术后并发率的预测因素。结果 PMI组患者的年龄65岁、前壁MI、STEMI、高血压、高血脂、饮酒、糖尿病均显著高于非PMI组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。PMI组的白细胞、血肌酐、CK-MB、TNI、hs-CRP、TG、TC、BNP、LDL-C均显著高于非PMI组,HDL-C显著低于非PMI组(P0.01)。采用多变量Logistic回归分析得出,年龄、血肌酐、hsCRP、前壁MI、HDL-C、LDL-C是患者CABG术后出现PMI并发症的预测因素(P0.05)。结论高龄、血肌酐和hs-CRP水平升高、前壁MI、BNP升高、LDL-C水平升高、HDL-C水平降低是冠状动脉旁路移植术后围术期出现心肌缺血的影响因素,临床需根据这些危险因素进行针对性的防治,以避免出现术后并发症,加重病情。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期死亡的危险因素分析

目的 总结并分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的特点和术后早期死亡的相关危险因素.方法 收集2005年1月至2007年12月接受CABG的全部310例患者的资料,并选择22个备选的死亡危险因素进行统计分析,其中术前指标15项,术中、术后指标7项.结果 单因素分析显示12项危险因素与CABG术后早期死亡相关,包括年龄、糖尿病、神经系统功能障碍、陈旧性心肌梗死、急性心肌梗死、射血分数、左主干病变、三支严重病变、急诊手术、转流时间、心肌阻断时间及术后机械通气时间.逐步Logistic回归分析显示CABG术后早期死亡的独市危险因素为:急诊手术、射血分数、年龄、转流时间和机械通气时间.结论 急诊手术、射血分数、年龄、转流时间和机械通气时间是本组CABG患者术后早期死亡的独立危险因素.     

冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病失败后急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的总结冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)冠心病失败后急诊行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的经验。方法1998年1月~2002年12月对9例行冠状动脉介入治疗因术中发生意外和术后急性心肌缺血的患者施行急诊CABG,其中冠状动脉内膜撕裂形成夹层5例,左前降支穿孔2例,急性支架闭塞引起严重心肌缺血2例。从病变发作到CABG前平均时间为2h,在常温非体外循环下行CABG3例,体外循环心脏停搏下CABG6例;移植血管1~4支(平均3支)。结果无手术和住院死亡。平均随访17个月,无死亡和心绞痛复发。NYHA心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级1例。结论掌握好手术适应证,行急诊CABG治疗冠状动脉介入术中发生的意外和术后严重心肌缺血是安全有效的。     

225例左主干狭窄冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 总结冠状动脉左主干狭窄(LMS)的外科治疗效果和临床经验。方法1999年1月至2003年6月，225例LMS病人接受了冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)。平均年龄63．4岁。左室射血分数(LVEF)≤0．3011例。6例急诊手术，其中3例术前放置主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)。76例在常规体外循环下手术；149例应用非体外循环不停跳技术，术中改为体外循环5例。其中13例全动脉化、3例全静脉化旁路移植术。结果平均术前住院2．3d。平均每例远端吻合口2．95个。死亡13例(5．78％)。结论尽管LMS是预示CABG术后死亡率的独立危险因素，但CABG现在仍是其治疗的第一选择，且是安全、有效的方法。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术63例

目的　总结冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)的临床经验 ,以提高手术疗效。　方法　对 6 3例有症状、内科药物治疗无效的冠心病患者经冠状动脉造影确诊后施行 CABG手术 ,其中有 3例术前因左心衰竭、急性肺水肿在主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP)支持下行 CABG手术 ,2例因经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA)失败而急诊手术。同期行冠状动脉内膜剥脱术 1例 ,心瓣膜置换术 1例。　结果　共移植血管 2 0 1支 ,平均每例 3.2支。术后需用 IABP支持治疗 5例 ,死亡 2例 ,治愈出院 6 1例。随诊 6 0例 ,失访 1例 ,所有随诊患者心绞痛症状均消失 ,生活质量明显提高。结论　CABG手术治疗冠心病临床效果好 ,可被绝大多数患者所接受 ;对高龄、多支病变、陈旧性心肌梗死、心功能较差的患者仍具有良好的安全性。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期严重心肌缺血的急诊外科治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后早期严重心肌缺血的急诊外科治疗经验. 方法 1998～2002年间,13例CABG患者术后早期因严重心肌缺血而急诊二次CABG.病因包括静脉移植物血栓形成4例,未完全再血管化3例,移植物痉挛1例和移植物吻合口狭窄或闭合5例.二次CABG移植血管1～3支(1.8±0.9支). 结果手术死亡6例,手术死亡率46%.平均随访31个月,无心绞痛复发.NYHA心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级. 结论急诊外科是挽救CABG术后早期严重心肌缺血患者生命的重要方法,强调围术期预防以及早期处理.     

非体外循环紧急转为体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的分析

目的了解导致非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,off-pumpCABG)紧急转为体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,on-pump CABG)的临床的原因,为手术方法的选择提供借鉴。方法回顾分析2002年1月～2006年5月期间546例冠心病患者行off-pumpCABG的临床资料,对术中需紧急转为体外循环下完成手术的患者(off-pump转on-pump组,24例)与同期顺利完成off-pump CABG患者(off-pump组,522例)进行对比分析,并行logistic多因素分析。结果在行off-pump CABG中,24例患者因心室颤动或血流动力学不稳定需紧急改变术式。Off-pump转on-pump组患者中死亡4例,死亡率为16.7%(4/24),明显高于off-pump组[16.7%vs.2.7%(14/522),P<0.001]。多因素logistic回归分析结果提示急性心肌梗死(OR=3.142,P=0.004)、急诊CABG(OR=1.571,P=0.011)和右冠状动脉狭窄≤90%(OR=1.922,P=0.024)为off-pump转为on-pump的危险因素。结论Off-pump紧急转为on-pump时死亡率明显增高,对同时合并有右冠状动脉狭窄≤90%、急性心肌梗死和急诊CABG等高危因素行off-pump CABG时,要做好体外循环的准备。     

27例冠状动脉旁路移植术死亡病例临床分析

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)院内死亡病例相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析27例单纯CABG死亡病例临床资料,应用中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术风险评估系统(Sino systemfor coronary operative risk evaluation,SinoSCORE)进行手术风险评估,对致死原因、死亡时间、临床危险因素等进行统计学分析。结果 1146例CABG死亡27例死亡率2.36%,其中SinoSCORE评估低危6例,中危5例,高危16例。术中死亡3例,手术48 h内死亡5例,手术48 h后死亡19例。手术48 h内死亡原因为循环衰竭,手术48 h后死亡原因为肺功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭等引起的多脏器功能衰竭。高龄女性死亡患者多因肺部感染引起肺功能衰竭。结论SinoSCORE手术风险评估对手术结果有预测作用,心、肺、肾功能衰竭是主要死亡原因。CABG围手术期应根据患者的特点行个性化治疗,采取积极有效的预防和治疗措施。     

二次冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床疗效

目的 评价二次冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床疗效.方法 51例病人(占医院同期进行冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的2.5%)进行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术,距首次手术(15.1±5.8)年.10例采用非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG),41例采用体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG).正中切口43例,左胸侧切口8例.结果 3例行CABG病人手术后呼吸衰竭,需呼吸机辅助.所有病人住ICU(2.2±0.7)天,住院(9.2±2.4)天.术后死亡2例(3.9%),采用OPCABG和CABG者各1例,死亡原因分别为急性心肌梗死、低心排血量综合征和呼吸功能衰竭、重症肺炎.完全再血管化44例,其中行OPCABG者6例,CABG者38例.部分再血管化7例,行OPCABG者4例,CABG者3例.结论 CABG和OPCABG行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术均安全,疗效满意,能达到完全再血管化的目的.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术218例临床分析

目的：总结冠状动脉旁路植术（CABG）治疗冠心病的经验。方法：回顾分析2001年1月－2002年2月完成的CABG218例，体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术（CCABG）152例，非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术（OPCAB）66例，对手术方法、主要并发症和围术期治疗进行分析。结果：院内死亡5例。1例术后第14天死于肺部感染、急性肾功能衰竭；1例术后第3天死于心肌梗死；1例术后第2天死于急性肺梗死；2例因ARDS、多器官功能衰竭死亡。余213例治愈出院。随访有6例复发心绞痛，药物治疗有效。结论：严格掌握手术适应证、充分的术前准备、手术技巧的完善、良好的心肌保护及加强围术期处理是提高CABG早期疗效的关键因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.