2009年上海市中小学生甲型H1N1流感疫苗大规模接种流行病学效果评价

目的 评价2009年上海市中小学生接种甲型H1N1流行性感冒疫苗(简称甲流疫苗)的流行病学效果.方法 研究对象为长宁、杨浦、闸北、普陀、浦东新区和崇明县内接受甲流疫苗接种(接种组)和未接受甲流疫苗接种(对照组)的在校中小学生,分别收集接种组与对照组学生每日的发热和流感样病例数,通过计算疫苗保护率和保护效果指数,以评价甲流疫苗的流行病学效果.结果 甲流疫苗接种前,流感样病例的发病高峰是在2009年11月,流感样病例罹患率达6.19%.接种疫苗后,接种组发热的罹患率为0.98%,流感样病例的罹患率为0.61%;对照组发热的罹患率为2.37%,流感样病例的罹患率为1.75%.与对照组相比,接种组甲流疫苗接种后控制发热的保护率为58.65%,保护效果指数为2.42,控制流感样病例的保护率为65.14%,保护效果指数为2.87.结论 接种甲流疫苗可以降低中小学生发热及流感样病例的发生率,具有一定的保护作用.     

国产甲型H1N1流行性感冒疫苗接种一年后的现场流行病学效果分析

目的分析国产甲型H1N1流行性感冒(甲流)疫苗接种一年后的流行病学效果。方法用随机抽样方法,应用队列研究,观察封闭单位内接种甲流疫苗者(接种组)和未接种甲流疫苗者(对照组)在一起甲流爆发疫情中罹患率的差异,以疫苗保护率和保护效果指数分析甲流疫苗的流行病学效果。结果接种组305人,未接种组622人,均为男性,接种组与对照组年龄构成差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。接种一年后发生甲流爆发疫情,报告流感样病例118例,罹患率12.73%。接种组甲流罹患率8.20%,低于对照组的罹患率(14.95%),差异有统计学意义(2=8.41,P=0.004)。疫苗保护率为45.15%,保护效果指数1.83。结论国产甲流疫苗接种一年后仍有较好的保护效果。     

2010年长沙市甲型H1N1流感大流行血清学流行病学调查

目的掌握2010年长沙市甲流流行期间不同时点及人群甲型H1N1型流感血清流行病学特征。方法 2010年1月、3月、8月使用多阶段随机抽样方法在全市5个区,按照0~、6~、16~、25~和60~岁5个年龄组随机抽取一定数量的研究对象开展三次横断面调查,每次均对调查对象进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血进行甲型H1N1流感血凝抑制试验。结果 5个年龄组人群中,6~岁组和16~岁组甲流血清抗体阳性率都随着时间的推移呈现下降趋势,以6~岁组的下降幅度较大,其抗体滴度几何均数(GMT)下降幅度也较大。6个职业组人群中,学生和医务人员组甲流血清抗体阳性率都随着时间的推移呈现下降趋势,学生组下降幅度较大。不同性别间血清抗体阳性率和GMT差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。综合三次调查结果,接种甲流疫苗后,人群的甲流血清抗体阳性率达到55.53%,为未接种流感疫苗人群的2.15倍;抗体GMT达到44.62,为未接种甲流疫苗人群的3.74倍。结论 2010年长沙市甲流流行趋势趋于缓和,初步形成免疫屏障;学生和医务人员是感染甲流的高风险人群;接种甲流疫苗后人群有较高的抗体阳性率,但是抗体水平下降较快;接种甲流疫苗对人群有一定的保护作用,应加强对60岁及以上人群甲流疫苗的接种和补种。     

甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种对其暴发疫情的影响

目的了解甲型H1N1流感(甲流)疫苗接种后对甲流暴发疫情的影响。方法对2011年4—5月发生在学校的1起甲流暴发疫情进行流行病学描述性分析,用回顾性队列研究的方法分析甲流疫苗接种对该起暴发疫情的影响。结果该校542名师生中191人患病,罹患率为35.24%,发病时间主要集中在4月19—25日,发病人群主要为1～6年级的小学生(χ2=9.972,P0.01),住校生发病高于非住校生,112名接种过甲流疫苗的师生发病率为16.96%,明显低于未接种疫苗的师生(40%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.661,P0.05),OR=0.306(95%CI∶0.180～0.521)。结论接种甲流疫苗可以有效预防甲型H1N1流感的发生,减少暴发疫情的发病率。     

深圳市宝安区中小学生甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种率调查及影响因素分析

目的调查深圳市宝安区中小学生甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种率及影响因素。方法在全部中小学中随机抽取1 405名学生进行问卷调查,对一般情况采用描述性分析,组间构成比比较采用χ2检验,探讨多变量影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果宝安区中小学生的甲型H1N1流感疫苗调查接种率为30.4%;甲流疫苗知识的总体知晓率为39.5%;未接种甲流疫苗最主要原因是怕出现疫苗不良副反应,占38.7%;男性学生、年龄增加、近三年接种过季节性流感疫苗的学生更倾向于接种疫苗。结论宝安区中小学生甲流疫苗知晓率偏低,应加强对学生甲流和甲流疫苗的相关知识宣传,同时加强季节性流感知识的健康教育,疾控部门应利用各种渠道及时对公众传达准确的信息。     

广州市469名城区居民对甲型H1N1流感疫苗认知情况及态度分析

目的快速评估广州市城区居民甲型H1N1流感(以下简称甲流)疫苗接种意愿,分析影响接种意愿的因素,为实施甲流疫苗接种工作提供科学依据。方法2009年9月采用自行设计的调查问卷,在4个居民休闲集散点采用街头随机拦截的方法对广州市城区常住居民及暂住超过3个月的外来人员进行调查,调查内容包括基本情况、对甲流及其疫苗的知晓及态度情况,被访者接种意愿及让其小孩(如果有)接种的意愿和不接种的原因;对影响接种意愿的因素进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果469名被访者甲流疫苗免费接种意愿率为40.7%(191/469),被访者为其小孩接种甲流疫苗意愿率为81.6%(168/206),;一线人员(包括医务人员、警务人员、公交司机及老师)接种意愿率为51.0%(26/51);不同性别、年龄、职业和文化程度人群的接种意愿率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不接种疫苗的主要原因是"身体健康,不需接种"(54.3%,151/278),其次"担心疫苗不安全及无效"(13.0%,36/278);非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,担心自己或家人感染(OR=2.615)、知道甲流疫苗研制成功(OR=2.347)、认为疫苗有效(OR=1.306)是影响被访者接种意愿的因素(均P0.05)。结论广州市部分被访者(包括一线人员)的接种甲流疫苗意愿率较低,且比为其小孩接种的意愿率低。应加强对广州市城区居民甲流及其疫苗相关知识的健康教育,以提高其接种甲流疫苗的依从性。     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗的安全性研究

目的评价甲型H1N1流行性感冒裂解疫苗(简称甲流疫苗)的安全性。方法设立主动监测点,通过全国疑似预防接种异常反应信息管理系统,收集全市接种甲流疫苗和主动监测点接种季节性流感疫苗后的AEFI个案信息,采用描述性方法对相关指标进行流行病学分析。结果邯郸市常规报告接种甲流疫苗后AEFI发生率14.64/10万,以一般反应为主,占88.57%,症状主要为38.5℃以下的低热,无严重不良反应和接种事故发生。主动监测点接种甲流疫苗后AEFI发生率752.63/10万,全部为一般反应,以发热为主。主动监测点接种季节性流感疫苗后AEFI发生率203.14/10万,全部为一般反应,均为发热。结论甲流疫苗接种后AEFI发生率高于季节性流感疫苗,但低于欧盟流感疫苗评价指标。甲流疫苗接种后AEFI反应类型以一般反应为主,且多为低热。甲流疫苗是安全的。     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗的安全性监测

目的 评价甲型H1N1流行性感冒裂解疫苗(甲流疫苗)的安全性.方法 设立主动监测点,通过全国疑似预防接种异常反应(Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI)信息管理系统,收集邯郸市2009-10/2010-05接种甲流疫苗和主动监测点接种季节性流感疫苗后的AEFI个案信息,采用描述性方法对相关指标进行流行病学分析.结果 邯郸市常规报告接种甲流疫苗717 288人,发生AEFI 105例,AEFI发生率14.64/10万,以一般反应为主,占88.57％,症状主要为38.5℃以下的低热,无严重不良反应和接种事故发生.主动监测点接种甲流疫苗1 993人,发生AEFI 15例,AEFI发生率752.63/10万,全部为一般反应,以发热为主.主动监测点接种季节性流感疫苗1 969人,发生AEFI 4例,AEFI发生率203.14/10万,全部为一般反应,均为发热.结论 邯郸市监测点甲流疫苗接种后AEFI发生率高于季节性流感疫苗,反应类型以一般反应为主,且多为低热.甲流疫苗是安全的.     

2009年上海市甲型H1N1流感疫苗大规模人群接种免疫学效果评价

目的评价2009-2010年上海市甲型H1N1流行性感冒疫苗(甲流疫苗)的免疫学效果。方法以公安人员、中小学生、医务人员这三类重点人群作为免疫学评价的对象,采用分层抽样的方法在上海市4个区县抽取公安人员110人,中小学生146人,医务人员306人,于甲流疫苗接种前和接种后5~6周分别采集外周静脉血,检测甲型H1N1流感(甲流)抗体水平,进行甲流疫苗免疫学效果评价。结果总体上,甲流抗体阳性率由接种前34.9%提高到98.9%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)由接种前1∶17提高到1∶351,抗体≥4倍增长率为85.6%。结论 2009年上海市大规模人群接种的甲流疫苗具有良好的免疫学效果。     

北京市300例孕妇对甲流相关信息知信行的调查

目的 了解北京市孕妇对甲型H1N1流感及其疫苗的知识、信念、行为.方法 由统一培训的调查员在北京妇产医院门诊,随机分层抽取在2009年11月至2010年2月期间就诊的孕妇进行问卷调查.结果 共调查了300名孕妇,其中早孕54人,中孕123人,晚孕123人.有77.0%的孕妇认为感染甲流会对孕妇、胎儿产生不良影响,有69.3%的人认为甲流疫苗有保护作用,有21.67%的人认为接种甲流疫苗是预防甲流的有效措施,有10.0%的人愿意接种甲流疫苗,只有2.0%的人自身接种了甲流疫苗.人们对疫苗安全性的顾虑是影响甲流疫苗接种的主要原因.结论 孕妇对甲流危害的认知水平较高,但对甲流疫苗的认识不足,我们应广泛利用大众媒体,并发挥临床医生面对面的交流作用,以提高孕产妇接种甲流疫苗的意愿.     

H1N1 vaccination

Early results (January to April) from the 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey show that an estimated 41% of Canadians (excluding those in the territories) aged 12 or older had been vaccinated for H1N1 by April 2010. The percentages were higher in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec and Saskatchewan than in Canada overall. Relatively high percentages of females and people aged 45 or older were vaccinated; the percentage of immigrants who had done so was relatively low. Being in a priority group (health-care worker, having children younger than 5 in the household, or having a chronic condition that could increase the risk for complications from H1N1) increased the likelihood of vaccination. A history of seasonal flu vaccination and having a regular doctor were also associated with H1N1 vaccination. Nearly three-quarters of those who had not been vaccinated reported that they did not think it was necessary.     

被动吸烟与cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性对乳腺癌发病的影响

目的 探讨被动吸烟、cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性及其联合作用对乳腺癌发病的影响。方法 2014 - 2015年间,采用病例-对照研究方法,收集病例794例,对照805例。问卷调查收集研究对象信息。采用飞行质谱技术,进行cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因单核苷酸多态性分型检测。采用多因素非条件 logistic 回归,分析环境烟草烟雾暴露及cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。结果 调整年龄、教育程度、家庭年总收入、职业、婚姻状况后,环境烟草烟雾暴露与gstp1基因多态性未发现协同作用。以环境烟草烟雾低暴露且携带 cyp1b1 rs1056836 C等位基因为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带 GG 基因在绝经前女性中乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 1.678,95%CI:1.039～2.711）。以环境烟草烟雾组合低暴露且携带sult1a1 rs9282861GG基因型为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带A等位基因绝经前乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 2.389,95%CI:1.157～4.931）,但交互作用系数无统计学意义。结论 环境烟草烟雾高暴露与cyp1b1 及sult1a1基因对乳腺癌发病风险可能存在协同作用,但尚扩大样本进行验证。     

Echo-AM1-1 encephaloscope]

A new miniature model of the A-mode ultrasonic echoencephaloscope, 0.88 MHz, has been developed and adopted to practical use in neurology. The device contains a detector for amplitude determination of echopulsation and curve (echopulsograms) recording. It is highly sensitive, cost-effective, which enhances the quality of rapid diagnosis of central nervous diseases, including those of vascular genesis, in in- and outpatient settings.     

接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后患甲型H1N1流感分析

目的 分析接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染的病例,探讨发病原因,为进一步提高疫苗预防效果提供参考依据.方法 对接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染148例,进行回顾性调查分析.结果 接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗11176例.发生甲型H1N1感染148例,感染率1.32%,其中1～14 d感染81例,感染率0.72%,＞15 d感染67例,感染率0.60%.结论 甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗是一种安全高效的疫苗,不足之处尚待进一步探讨、完善.     

NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10-15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies. A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined. Laboratory testing for NF1 mutations is difficult. A protein truncation test is commercially available, but its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value have not been established. No general, population-based molecular studies of NF1 mutations have been performed. At this time, it appears that the benefits of population-based screening for clinical features of NF1 would not outweigh the costs of screening.     

GSTM1及GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对尿中1-羟基芘水平的影响

目的 研究GSTM1、GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对多环芳烃接触工人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)水平的影响.方法 分别选取2个炼焦厂共447名多环芳烃职业接触工人(接触组)和某线材厂220名非职业接触工人(对照组)作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP水平,采用线性回归统计模型分析GSTM1和GSTT1缺失型及GSTP1 I105V位点的多态性对不同人群尿中1-OHP水平的修饰作用.结果 接触组工人尿中1-OHP浓度为4.61 μmol/mol Cr,明显高于对照组(0.34μmol/mol Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触类别和吸烟分别是影响尿中1-OHP水平的主要因素,在控制各混杂因素的影响后,线性回归分析显示,接触组尿中1-OHP水平和GSTP1 I105V位点多态性有关(单基因分析,P=0.012;多基因分析,P=0.011),对总体样本,单基因模型和多基因模型均显示,尿中1-OHP水平可能和GSTT1缺失型多态有关(P=0.055),多基因交互作用分析显示,GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态对接触组尿中1-OHP水平具有交互作用.结论 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)基因的多态性对接触多环芳烃工人尿中1-OHP水平有影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretions in workers under different exposure levels. Methods Four hundred and forty-seven occupationally exposed workers from two coking plants and 220 control workers from a wire rod plant were genotyped to analyze the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-OHP excretions. Results The urinary 1-OHP concentration in exposed group was much higher than that in control group (4.61 vs 0.34 μmol/mol Cr, P＜0.05). Occupational exposure levels and cigarette smoking were of the dominating factors affecting 1-OHP excretions in urine. After controlling potential confounders, decreased excretion of urinary 1-OHP was associated with GSTP1 I105V AG + GG genotype in coke oven workers (single-gene model, P=0.012; multi-gene model, P=0.011 ) and with GSTT1 null type in the analysis including all subjects (P=0.055 in both single-gene and multi-gene models). GSTT1 and GSTP1 were interacted on the urinary concentrations of 1-OHP. Conclusion Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be modified by GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, indicating that these genes are involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China

The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.