A financial analysis of maxillomandibular fixation versus rigid internal fixation for treatment of mandibular fractures.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of mandibular fracture treatment by closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation (CRF) with open reduction and rigid internal fixation (ORIF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 85 patients admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service at San Francisco General Hospital and treated for mandibular fractures from January 1 to December 31, 1993. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those treated with CRF and 2) those treated with ORIF. The outcome variables were length of hospital stay, duration of anesthesia, and time in operating room. The charge for primary fracture treatment included the fees for the operation and hospitalization without any complications. Within the group of 85 patients treated for mandibular fractures in 1993, 10 patients treated with CRF and 10 patients treated with ORIF were randomly selected, and hospital billing statements were used to estimate the average charge of primary treatment. The average charge to manage a major postoperative infection also was estimated based on the billing statements of 10 randomly selected patients treated in 1992 (5 treated with CRF, 5 with ORIF) who required hospital admission for the management of a complication. The average total charge was computed by using the average charge for primary treatment plus the incidence of postoperative infection multiplied by the average charge for management of that complication. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients were included in the study. The average charge for primary treatment was $10,100 for the CRF group and $28,362 for the ORIF group. The average charge for the inpatient management of a major postoperative infection was $26,671 for the CRF group and $39,213 for the ORIF group. The average total charge for management of a mandible fracture with CRF was $10,927; the total charge for the ORIF group was $34,636. CONCLUSION: The results of this retrospective study suggest that the use of CRF in the management of mandibular fractures at our institution provides considerable savings over treatment by using ORIF. The use of ORIF should be reserved for patients and fracture types with specific indications.     

Technique of suspension maxillomandibular fixation in mandibular fractures

An operative technique for suspension maxillomandibular fixation is described, and the results of its clinical application are discussed. On the basis of precise assessment of muscular interaction on the mandibular fragments, fixation is applied in one or two points of the jaw to eliminate the action of forces that would bring the fragments out of occlusion, while simultaneously using these forces to produce occlusion for the purpose of fixation.     

Risk factors for development of infection in patients with mandibular fractures located in the tooth-bearing area.

PURPOSE: The aim was to identify the main risk factors for infection in patients with mandibular fractures located in the tooth-bearing area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty-nine case histories were retrospectively reviewed regarding treatment results and nature of complications developed. The data concerning possible risks were analysed statistically to find out those factors that seemed to have a significant influence on the development of infection. RESULTS: The incidence of infection in patients with mandibular fractures located in the tooth-bearing area was determined by the following risk factors: social and organizational conditions of medical care, trauma pattern, preexisting medical status and treatment tactics. The main contributory factors were delayed medical care, accompanying pathological disorders, angular location, multiple and comminuted fractures and the type of antibiotic used.     

口内途径坚强内固定术治疗下颌骨骨折29例报告

目的 :评价口内途径坚强内固定术及术中暂时性小环结扎治疗下颌骨骨折的效果。方法 :对 2 9例 47处下颌骨体部骨折先作两侧磨牙区和切牙区三点式颌间小环结扎 ,骨折线两侧作牙间结扎 ,初步恢复下颌骨的弓形和咬合关系后 ,自下颌前庭沟作切口 ,显露骨折处并复位后进行小型钛板坚强内固定术。术毕拆除颌间结扎 ,恢复下颌运动。分别于术后第 1d和 90d进行临床和X线检查 ,评价其咬合关系、骨折复位及愈合情况。结果 :2 9例47处下颌骨体部骨折均获得良好的复位和骨性愈合 ,咬合关系良好 ,无并发症。结论 :口内途径小型钛板坚强内固定术可对下颌骨体部骨折进行良好的固定 ,获得满意的咬合关系。     

Rigid internal fixation for the treatment of infected mandibular fractures.

A review of the literature is presented that shows that treatment of infected fractures by rigid internal fixation is biologically sound. A protocol for managing infected mandibular fractures with plate and screw fixation was developed and used on 11 patients. All patients had osseous union of the fracture and none required removal of the bone plate. This protocol is recommended as a viable option in the treatment of infected mandibular fractures.     

Transoral 2.0-mm miniplate fixation of mandibular fractures plus 2 weeks' maxillomandibular fixation: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: We conducted a study to assess the efficacy of intraoral treatment of mandibular fractures using a 2.0-mm miniplate and 2 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four mandible fractures in 31 patients with a mean of 15 days of MMF were included in this study. A 2.0-mm miniplate was adapted along Champy's lines of ideal osteosynthesis and secured with four 8.0-mm monocortical screws. All patients were followed for at least 8 weeks after surgery. The incidences of bone or soft tissue infections, wound dehiscence, nonunion, malunion, malocclusion, plate fractures, and iatrogenic neurosensory deficits were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Primary bone healing was achieved in 100% of cases. No soft or hard tissue infection, malocclusion, malunion, nonunion, dental injuries, plate fracture, or iatrogenic nerve injuries were observed. Two (4.52%) minor complications-intraoral wound dehiscences-were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a single 2.0-mm miniplate adapted along Champy's line of ideal osteosynthesis and stabilized with 4 monocortical screws plus 2 weeks of MMF was a viable treatment modality for mandibular fractures.     

Effects of maxillomandibular fixation and rigid internal fixation on pulmonary function in patients with mandibular fractures

Closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) is associated with airway obstruction. The ventilatory effect of open reduction and rigid internal fixation (ORIF) as an alternative treatment has not been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of MMF and ORIF on pulmonary function (PF) in patients with mandibular fractures. Using a computer-generated simple randomization protocol, 40 eligible participants were allocated to MMF and ORIF treatment groups. PF tests were done preoperatively and at 24 hours, 1, 6, and 7 weeks postoperative in all participants in both groups, using a portable office spirometer (Spirobank G). Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were determined. At 6 weeks postoperative, PF tests were performed after the release of MMF. PF tests in the MMF and ORIF groups were similar preoperatively. At 24 hours postoperative, FEV₁/FVC was significantly lower in the MMF group than in the ORIF group (p < 0.001). Values of FEV₁ (p = 0.022), FEV₁/FVC (p = 0.001) and PEFR (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the MMF group than in the ORIF group at 1 week postoperative. While MMF negatively impacted on PF, ORIF had no adverse effect on PF.     

Conservative treatment of comminuted mandibular fracture involving maxillomandibular fixation with miniplates

Bars and steel wires are the most commonly used methods to achieve maxillomandibular fixation, although there are numerous alternatives described for this same purpose. In cases of edentulous candidates for the conservative treatment of facial fractures, none of the conventional methods can be instituted for maxillomandibular fixation. Fixation in such cases is achieved with the aid of the total dentures of the patient or the confection of splints, but these methods lead to eating and oral hygiene problems. This article reports the case of an edentulous patient with a comminuted mandible fracture treated with a rarely described technique in which intermaxillary fixation was achieved with titanium miniplates.     

A simple method for fixation of mandibular fractures

A useful but underused technique of mandibular fixation is described. Its main advantages over more traditional techniques are that it is easily and rapidly applied, suitable for both children and adults, and generally well tolerated. The method can be employed where only a few teeth are present and in displaced fractures together with an intraosseous buccal plate wire. It is a method that can be recommended for use in nonmaxillofacial units and in areas where only basic equipment and facilities are available.     

A resorbable and rapid method for maxillomandibular fixation in pediatric mandible fractures

Maxillomandibular immobilization in pediatric mandible fractures is accomplished through a resorbable screw placed into the zygomatic body to which is attached a large, monofilament, circummandibular suture. Although the screw must be placed intraoperatively, this method of jaw immobilization is rapid, secure, does not damage the teeth, and can be removed in the office in the older child.     

不同固定方法对下颌骨骨折治疗效果的比较

目的 评价下颌骨骨折不同固定方法的治疗效果及术后并发症，探讨各种骨折固定方法的优缺点。方法 l18例下颌骨骨折患者分别采用单纯颌间结扎、颌间结扎加钢丝骨内固定、小型钛板坚固内固定，对其术后功能恢复时间、并发症、骨折严重程度与固定方法及并发症的关系进行统计学分析比较。结果 三种不同的骨折治疗方法并发症的发生率不同，其中骨折的严重程度和并发症的发生率高度相关。单纯颌间结扎治疗下颌骨骨折方法简单，但限制开口时间长，功能恢复慢，产生的并发症多；颌间结扎加钢丝骨内固定在一定程度上增加了固定的稳定性，但口外切口增加了面神经下颌缘支误伤的可能性，限制开口时间长；小型钛板坚固内固定方法对牙周及颞下颌关节影响小，不限制开口或早期就开始下颌骨运动，功能恢复快；但如钛板放置不当，会导致牙根或下牙槽神经的损伤及术后咬合紊乱的发生。结论 小型仗板坚固内固定方法治疗下颌骨骨折并发症少，功能恢复快；且口内切口隐蔽无损伤面神经的风险，疗效明显好于单纯颌间结扎或颌间结扎加钢丝骨内固定方法。     

Treatment of mandibular fractures. Need for rigid internal fixation

The treatment of 200 mandibular fractures was evaluated retrospectively with special reference to the need for rigid internal fixation (AO-plating), as indicated by the ASIF organization. It was shown that the treatment was most typically intermaxillary fixation (50%) followed by Gunning-type splints (17%), wire (16%) and plate (6%) osteosynthesis, while 11% received no active treatment. Complications during splinting were most common among patients treated by osteosynthesis via an extra-oral approach. Most of the fractures (73%) were estimated to be anatomically suitable for AO-plating. One fifth (22%) had relative indications for the use of rigid internal fixation, and 59% had absolute indications, mostly due to simultaneous condylar and corpus (body) fractures or due to fractures in the angle region.     

Clinical comparison between arthrocentesis and conventional conservative treatment with maxillomandibular fixation for unilateral high condylar fractures

This study aimed to compare the effects of arthrocentesis and conventional closed reduction for unilateral mandibular condyle fractures. A total of 30 patients with unilateral condylar fractures were evaluated. Patients with a high condylar fracture and magnetic resonance evidence of joint effusion (JE) were divided into two groups: those treated with intra‐articular irrigation and betamethasone injection (group I) and those given conservative treatment and rigid maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) (group II). All patients were assessed for mandibular range of motion (ROM), protrusive movements, lateral excursion movements on the fractured and non‐fractured sides, pain in the temporomandibular joint and malocclusion, both before and after treatment. There were no significant differences in regard to protrusion, lateral excursion movement and incidence of malocclusion at 12 months after treatment between the groups (P > 0·05). In group I, ROM and joint pain showed good improvement from the early stages of treatment, and those patients had better outcomes as compared to group II for those parameters at 1 and 3 months after injury. The present findings indicate that arthrocentesis may be more effective and provide faster healing than conventional closed reduction.