乳头括约肌小切开并大气囊扩张术对胆总管结石的疗效

内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）治疗胆总管结石已得到广泛应用。Chung等发现内镜下乳头气囊扩张（endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD）较EST操作更简单、安全,不但能保留乳头括约肌的功能,而且出血、穿孔并发症的发生率明显降低,被认为是可替代EST治疗胆管疾病的方法。但后来研究发现EPBD增加了术后胰腺炎的发生率。近年来,有报道经乳头括约肌小切开（sEST）联合内镜下乳头大气囊扩张术（EPLBD）与EST同样安全有效。本研究通过随机对照临床实验,探讨sEST＋EPLBD对胆总管结石的疗效。     

EPBD术与EST术在十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石治疗中的对比研究

目的比较内镜下气囊扩张术（EPBD）和内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（EST）治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石的应用价值。方法对68例十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石患者进行内镜下治疗,其中38例行EPBD术,30例行EST术。结果结石取净率,EPBD术比EST术更加有效（分别为97％和81％,P=0．027）;EPBD组总的并发症和胰腺炎并发症分别为5．3％和5．3％,明显低于EST组的20％和13．3％（P值分别为0．024和0．028）。结论EPBD术治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石比EST术操作方便、简单,且安全、有效。     

经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆胰疾病

目的 探讨经内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)在治疗胆胰疾病中的应用价值,并对影响疗效的因素进行分析.方法 应用国产乳头柱状扩张气囊对88例胆胰疾病患者行EPBD治疗,如有胆管结石,行胆管结石取石术或碎石术,常规放置鼻胆管引流,随访观察疗效及并发症情况.结果 88例患者行乳头气囊扩张均获成功.61例胆管结石患者中55例采用网篮或取石气囊取出结石,4例采用机械碎石篮碎石后取出;1例2次内镜取尽结石;另2例患者改行EST后成功取出结石.胆总管下段良性狭窄扩张后有效率达94.11%(16/17),未发生出血、穿孔等急重并发症.结论 EPBD对胆总管结石的取出以及胆总管下端良性狭窄的治疗效果明显,尤其适用于需要保留乳头括约肌功能的年轻患者及经内镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)禁忌的患者.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石的临床护理

目的：探讨经内镜括约肌切开（EST）和内镜乳头气囊扩张（EPBD）治疗胆总管结石的临床应用价值及其并发症的护理。方法：对于〈10mm结石采用EPBD治疗，〉10mm采用EST治疗。结果：91例经内镜乳头括约肌切开（EST），69例采用内镜乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）。自然排出者30例（18.7％）；采用网篮或取石球囊取出结石有100例（62.5％），其中6例2次取石取尽，5例残留结石行外科手术治疗；采用碎石网篮碎石后取出结石者25例（15.7％），其中单颗结石4例，多发性结石10例。13例1次碎石取出，10例2次取出，2例经3次内镜取石取净。1例继发急性胆管炎，4例急性胰腺炎。本组无1例消化道穿孔及死亡。结论：EST和EPBD安全、有效，并发症少，是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段。     

括约肌切开术和乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石症的疗效比较

目的 :探讨经内镜括约肌切开术 (EST)和内镜乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD )治疗胆总管结石的安全性和疗效 ,临床对比EST和EPBD两组近期和远期并发症。方法 :经EST和EPBD两种术式共治疗胆总管结石 72例 ,对于<10mm结石采用EPBD ,>10mm结石采用EST ,经B超及ERCP的定期随访 ,对比两者术后近期 (1个月内 )和远期 (3年内 )的疗效及并发症。结果 :治疗成功 70例占 97% ,近期并发症在EST组为 15 % ,其中出血 2例、胆管炎 3例、胰腺炎 1例 ,而EPBD组仅 1例发生胰腺炎 ,发生率为 2 9% ;远期并发症在EST组为 10 4% ,其中逆行胆总管炎 2例 ,复发性胆石症 2例 ,而EPBD组无远期并发症。结论 :EST和EPBD安全有效 ,但为更好地预防术后近、远期并发症 ,保留十二指肠乳头括约肌功能 ,对于 <10mm胆总管结石应首选EPBD ,而 >10mm胆总管结石应采用EST及相应的内镜下网篮和气囊等取石术 ,内镜治疗胆总管结石将成为一种安全的首选方法     

胆总管结石274例诊治体会

目的 探讨胆总管结石的治疗方法。方法 经内镜不切开乳头括约肌取石、EST和手术治疗胆总管结石274例。对于＜15mm结石采用不切开乳头括约肌取石；＞15mm结石采用EST治疗；对于＞25mm结石、充满型结石、胆总管狭窄段＞15mm或乳头插入失败采用外科手术治疗。结果 274例中203例（74.09%)采用内镜治疗全部成功，其中98例不切开乳头括约肌用篮或取石气囊取出结石，53例经EPBD后网篮或气囊取石；52例采用EST治疗后取石。40例采用碎石网篮碎石后取出碎石片。168例一次取石成功，35例经2－3次取石后取净。内镜取石总的并发症发生率为3．49％。手术治疗71例，全部取净结石，并发症发生率为4．22％。134例术后胃肠造影检查，EST治疗中4例有钡剂入胆道。结论 内镜治疗胆总管结石具有安全、有效、并发症少等优点，可作为治疗胆总管结石的首选方法，治疗中尽可能保留乳头括约肌的功能，可进一步减少并发症的发生。     

内镜治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石的治疗方法及价值。方法对107例十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石患者行EST和(或)适度水压气囊扩张,并行网篮取石和(或)机械碎石后网篮取石。结果 107例行EST后99例取净结石(92.5%),术后发生胰腺炎3例,出血2例,穿孔1例,并发症发生率为8.4%。结论内镜下治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石是首选的治疗方法,只要熟悉胆总管末端与憩室的解剖关系;明确适当的切开指征,掌握EST及取石的操作技巧,就可避免或减少并发症的发生。     

内镜在治疗胆总管结石中的应用价值(附480例报道)

目的 :探讨经内镜括约肌切开术 (EST)和内镜乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD)在治疗胆总管结石中的应用价值。方法 :经EST和EPBD共治疗各类型胆总管结石 480例 ,对 <8mm胆总管结石采用EPBD治疗 ,>9mm胆总管结石采用EST治疗。结果 :474/ 480例 (98.8% )ERC检查成功 ,46 8/ 474例 (98.7% )内镜取石治疗成功 ,总的并发症 2 .7%。结论 :EST和EPBD治疗胆总管结石安全、有效 ,并发症少 ,是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段     

十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术与十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗肝外胆管结石的近期疗效观察

目的:探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)与十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)在治疗肝外胆管结石时的安全性和疗效。方法:(1)实施EPBD68例,应用气囊将十二指肠乳头开口扩张至8-10mm,直接用取石网篮或取石气囊取石。其中63例在EPBD后当即清除结石(9例在EPBD后再行EST取石);3例7-10d后在十二指肠镜下再次行EPBD取尽残余结石;2例改行外科手术取石。(2)实施。KST63例,应用拉式切开刀对乳头作12-15mm切开后取石。其中59例用取石网篮及取石气囊当即清除结石(其中7例附加碎石网篮碎石后取石);2例7-10d后在十二指肠镜下再次取尽残余结石;2例改行外科手术取石。结果:68例完成EPBD的病例中,无出血、穿孔、胆管炎及重症胰腺炎发生。63例完成EST的病例中,无穿孔发生;胆管炎2例,出血2例,重症胰腺炎1例。9例在EPBD后再行EST取石的病例,无出血、穿孔、胆管炎及重症胰腺炎发生。结论:EPBD联合EST取石可提高取石的成功率,且胰腺炎的发生率较单纯EST显著降低,发生出血、穿孔的风险也明显降低;EPBD联合EST取石,出血风险及胰腺炎的发生率与单纯EPBD比较无明显差异。     

十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开联合胆道镜治疗残余胆总管末段嵌顿结石

目的：探讨十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（EST）联合胆道镜治疗残余胆总管末段嵌顿结石的方法和效果。方法：14例残余胆总管末段嵌顿结石在经T管瘘道不能取出结石时联合EST，在乳头括约肌切开后，再用胆道镜将嵌顿结石推入十二指肠以清除结石。结果：全组病例行EST联合胆道镜技术均获成功，胆总管末段嵌顿结石完全清除，仅3例合并中量消化道出血，无严重并发症。结论：EST联合胆道镜治疗术后残余胆总管末段嵌顿结石安全有效，表明了内镜能解决临床的疑难问题。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.