Implantation of scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses

A surgical technique for implanting a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) in eyes without capsular or zonular support is presented. A 10-0 polypropylene suture attached to a standard needle is tied to the apex of each haptic and passed transclerally through the ciliary sulcus to secure the haptics at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock meridians. This technique produced good visual results in six aphakic patients who were contact lens intolerant, two patients in whom capsular or zonular rupture at the time of cataract surgery precluded standard nonsuture fixation techniques, one patient who had intracapsular cataract extraction for a subluxated, cataractous lens, and one patient who had secondary IOL implantation in combination with penetrating keratoplasty for aphakic bullous keratopathy. Advantages over other techniques of posterior chamber lens implantation in the absence of capsular support include technical ease, avoidance of iris fixation, and more precise placement of scleral fixation sutures, thus minimizing IOL decentration.     

UBM对Ⅱ期后房人工晶状体植入术的应用价值

目的评价超声生物显微镜（UBM）对Ⅱ期后房人工晶状体（IOL）植人术的临床应用价值。方法连续收集散瞳后裂隙灯显微镜观察不到残留后囊情况,需行Ⅱ期IOL植入术的25例（30眼）,术前应用UBM观察周边部残留囊的范围,虹膜和囊粘连的位置和程度,以初步选择后房型IOL的类型和植入方式;术后3个月时观察IOL的位置,并分析视力、眼压、角膜内皮细胞数量变化及IOL表面色素沉积情况。结果术前根据UBM显示残留囊情况,分别采用折叠式和非折叠式2种IOL,并计划3种方式植入,分别为A组：睫状沟支撑型折叠式IOL植入（13眼）;B组：仅一襻睫状沟缝线固定非折叠式IOL植入（9眼）;C组：两襻均以睫状沟缝线固定非折叠式IOL植入（8眼）。此结果与手术过程中手术显微镜直视观察下所见完全一致,均按原计划成功植入后房IOL。术后3个月时,均无IOL脱位发生。UBM示IOL位于角膜中央后的距离3组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A组有9眼双襻均位于睫状沟（睫状沟-睫状沟固定）,另4眼一襻位于睫状沟,另一襻位于睫状体。B组有7眼双襻均位于睫状沟,另2眼一襻位于睫状沟,另一襻位于睫状体。C组有6眼双襻均位于睫状沟,另2眼一襻位于睫状沟,另一襻位于睫状体。IOL光学部与虹膜接触率3组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。尽管IOL襻的位置不同,3组之间角膜内皮数量、眼压变化及IOL表面色素沉积的发生率等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后3个月时,所有术眼的裸眼或矫正视力均达到或接近于术前最好矫正视力。结论UBM可作为Ⅱ期后房型IOL植入术前选择IOL类型及手术方式的依据。     

Secondary intraocular lens implantation in children

PURPOSE: We describe a technique for secondary intraocular lens implantation in the ciliary sulcus in patients with congenital cataract or with primary aphakia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Secondary intraocular lens implantation was performed in 119 eyes of 74 children. The average age at this procedure was 6.8 (range 22 months to 10 years), whereas the average age at primary cataract surgery was 18 weeks (range 7 weeks to 19 months). The average follow-up was 5.7 years. All eyes received a PMMA IOL. The sites of IOL fixation was ciliary sulcus. All patients had cataract extraction (lensectomy) via the pars plana, leaving in situ peripheral collarette of capsular bag to enable secondary lens implantation. RESULTS: Complications included IOL dislocation in five eyes, visual axis opacification in four, pupillary capture in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary IOL implantation in the ciliary sulcus is a safe and effective method to correct aphakia in pediatric patients with adequate capsular support. This surgical procedure is associated with a low rate of complications.     

后房型人工晶状体缝线固定术后并发症的临床观察

目的：探讨后房型人工晶状体睫状沟缝线固定术在白内障术中韧带断裂及后囊破裂后人工晶状体二期植入,外伤性白内障、晶状体脱位等无晶状体后囊膜术眼中的应用及术后并发症。

方法：选取我科2007-02/2012-11 采用后房型人工晶状体缝线固定术患者31例32眼,均获得较满意的效果。

结果：术后随访3mo～1a,矫正视力>0.5者9眼(28%); 0.1～0.5者17眼(53%); <0.1者6眼(19%)。出现术中睫状体穿刺口出血、术后角膜水肿、角膜散光、悬吊线松弛断裂、人工晶状体偏位等主要并发症。

结论：后房型人工晶状体缝线固定术是目前无后囊或后囊膜晶状体悬韧带大范围缺损的手术首选,但还有许多手术并发症有待进一步解决。     

Secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in children.

BACKGROUND: Primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after cataract aspiration is a widely accepted means of correcting pediatric aphakia. However, little is available in the literature on secondary IOL implantation in children. We present our experience over the past 6 years. METHODS: The charts of 57 aphakic children (61 eyes) who underwent secondary posterior chamber IOL implantation between January 1989 and April 1996 were reviewed. In general, these children were either intolerant of or noncompliant with their contact lenses. An attempt was made to correlate visual outcome with patient variables. Evaluation of the ciliary sulcus structure was made in selected patients by ultrasonographic biomicroscopy to reveal any changes resulting from the presence of the IOL haptic in the sulcus. RESULTS: The age range at the time of surgery was 2 to 16 years (mean 8 y). Mean follow-up was 14 months (range 6 to 48 months). Forty-two percent of the patients had a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better and 78% saw better than 20/80. Posterior capsular opacification occurred in 10 eyes, 8 of which required neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy. No major complications occurred. Ciliary sulcus evaluation by biomicroscopy did not reveal any significant ciliary body or scleral erosion. No changes were noted when the implanted sulcus was compared with the normal contralateral side. CONCLUSION: Although follow-up was short, this review suggests that secondary posterior chamber IOL implantation is a safe alternative when other methods of correcting pediatric aphakia fail.     

Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the planning for secondary implantation of intra ocular lens in aphakia

Purpose This is a prospective investigational study that was performed at Tanta University Eye Hospital, Tanta, Egypt to evaluate the role of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in planning secondary implantation of intra ocular lens (IOL) in aphakia. Methods Preoperative UBM was performed for the assessment of anterior segment of 30 aphakic eyes admitted for secondary IOL implantation with special attention to central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), ciliary sulcus (CS), anatomical changes, and posterior capsular (PC) integrity which had been assessed by measuring the remnants of PC with special attention to the 12, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 9 o’clock meridians. Results This study involved 30 eyes in 27 patients; 16 males and 11 females. The mean age was 8.39 ± 2.36 years. The causes of aphakia were: congenital cataract extraction in14 eyes (46.7 %); trauma in 14 eyes (46.7 %); and after extracapsular cataract extraction in 2 eyes (6.6 %). The mean CCT was 0.61 + 0.35 mm and the mean ACD was 3.03 + 0.41 mm. The ciliary sulcus was patent in 28 eyes (93.4 %). Posterior synechia was observed in 8 eyes (26.7 %), lens remnants in 11 eyes (36.7 %), corneal scars in 11 eyes (36.7 %), and vitreous in anterior chamber in 1 eye (3.3 %). The integrity of PC was illustrated with a diagram. Conclusions UBM is a useful device to evaluate aphakic eyes before secondary IOL implantation through good evaluation of the anterior segment with special attention to the posterior capsular integrity, ciliary sulcus, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and detection of any structural changes in the anterior segment resulting from the remote cause of aphakia.     

Artisan虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入术及后房型人工晶状体睫状沟缝线固定术治疗无晶状体眼的比较

目的:比较Artisan虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入术及后房型人工晶状体睫状沟缝线固定术治疗无晶状体眼的疗效及并发症。方法:2007-03/2009-03我院住院患者中连续24例24眼无后囊膜支持的无晶状体眼患者,随机分为两组。一组11眼行Artisan虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入术,另一组13眼选择后房型人工晶状体睫状沟缝线固定术。观察手术前及手术后1d;1wk;1mo的裸眼视力(visual acuity,VA)、最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、眼压(intraocularpressure,IOP)、角膜内皮细胞计数(corneal endothelial cells,CECs)。结果:两组间比较,术前VA,BCVA,CECs差异无统计学意义,术后BCVA,CECs差异无统计学意义。Artisan组手术后VA优于术前BCVA,差异有统计学意义。睫状沟缝线固定组手术后VA与手术前BCVA差异无统计学意义。两组手术前后IOP差异无统计学意义。结论:Artisan虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入术与后房型人工晶状体睫状沟缝线固定术都是治疗无晶状体眼有效方法。两者比较,Artisan虹膜夹持型人工晶状体植入术手术操作相对简单,组织损伤小,更加安全,是治疗无后囊膜支持的无晶状体眼的比较理想的治疗方法。     

囊袋内白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入术的临床分析

探讨囊袋内白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入术的手术方式，术后并发症及优点，方法６０例白内障行开信封式前囊截开，囊袋内白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入术。结果７８眼中７６眼人工晶状体固定在囊袋内，２眼因后囊破裂，行睫状沟固定人工晶状体植入。     

Intraocular lens implantation in the absence of capsular support: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology

OBJECTIVE: This review was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of open-loop anterior chamber, scleral-sutured posterior chamber, and iris-sutured posterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) in eyes with inadequate capsular support for posterior chamber implantation in the capsular bag or ciliary sulcus. It also attempted to determine whether there is a preferred IOL or fixation site of choice in eyes with inadequate capsular support. METHODS: A literature search conducted for the years 1980 to 2001 yielded 189 citations related to IOL implantation in the absence of capsular support. An update search, conducted in March 2002, yielded an additional 28 articles. The Anterior Segment Panel members reviewed these abstracts and selected 148 articles of possible clinical relevance for review. Of these, 89 were considered sufficiently clinically relevant for the panel methodologist to review and rate according to the strength of evidence. A level I rating was assigned to properly conducted, well-designed, randomized clinical trials; a level II rating was assigned to well-designed cohort and case-control studies; and a level III rating was assigned to case series. Articles comparing the safety and efficacy of the IOL type and fixation site were further evaluated for the quality of the statistical methods used in the study. Studies with a rating of A or B were considered acceptable, C was borderline, and D and F were considered unacceptable as medical evidence. RESULTS: Forty-three articles with data concerning outcome of IOL insertion in eyes with inadequate capsular support had an evidence rating of level III or higher and were used in the final review of the safety and efficacy of one or more lens types and/or fixation sites. Seven articles had data about more than one lens type. Six had a statistical method rating of C or higher and were used to evaluate differences in visual outcomes and complication rates between lens types and fixation sites. CONCLUSIONS: The literature supports the safe and effective use of open-loop anterior chamber, scleral-sutured posterior chamber, and iris-sutured posterior chamber IOLs for the correction of aphakia in eyes without adequate capsular support for placement of a posterior chamber lens in the capsular bag or ciliary sulcus. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate the superiority of one lens type or fixation site. Precise determination of small differences in visual outcome or complication rates will require a large prospective, randomized clinical trial.     

Ciliary sulcus anatomical dimensions

Trans-scleral ciliary sulcus and iris suture fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) in eyes without posterior capsular support are techniques gaining wider acceptance. Primary indications are IOL exchange in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and secondary IOL insertion in aphakia. Accurate placement of the posterior chamber lens loops within the ciliary sulcus is based on knowledge of ciliary sulcus anatomy. Nineteen postmortem eyes were sectioned in the coronal plane to expose the posterior iris border and the ciliary body. Ciliary sulcus diameters were measured, and the mean diameter was 11.0 +/- 0.37 mm. The mean limbus-ciliary sulcus distance was then measured by passing 26-gauge needles through the ciliary sulcus and sclera. The mean limbus-ciliary sulcus distance was 0.9 mm. These measurements may guide ophthalmic surgeons in choosing appropriate IOL designs for IOL exchange or secondary IOL procedures.     

Influence of intraoperative complication on intraocular rigid lens fixation in pediatric cataract surgery

PURPOSE: This paper presents the intraoperative complications in pediatric cataract surgery with IOL implantation and their influence on fixation place. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 384 eyes of 276 children undergone operative procedure for cataract. Anterior capsulorhexis, lens cortical aspiration, primary posterior capsulorhexis with anterior vitrectomy and IOL implantation were done in all eyes. The place of IOL implantation was capsular sac or ciliary sulcus. RESULTS: There were no serious intraoperative complications but in cases with large anterior (5.2%) and posterior (14.6%) radial capsule tears, vitreous loss (12.3%), and hemorrhage (5.5%) to anterior and posterior chamber the IOL was fixated at ciliary sulcus (in 37.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical procedure is useful and safe in the management of pediatric cataract. Location of an IOL in the ciliary sulcus in a child, is acceptable. To avoid decentration in this cases, we recommend rigid PMMA IOLs.     

后囊破损的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植人术

目的探讨后囊破损Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术的临床疗效。方法对２２例（２２只眼）后囊破损的白内障术后患者,根据后囊破损的大小和位置,分别采用睫状沟或囊袋内固定和缝线睫状沟单襻或双襻固定的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术。结果后囊破损的Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术术后矫正视力≥０．５者占５９．１％（１３例）,术后前房及人工晶体表面渗出者占２２．７％（５例）,而同期所做的后囊破损的Ⅰ期后房型人工晶体植入术者术后矫正视力≥０．５者占４０％,术后前房及晶体表面渗出者占４０％。结论后囊破损的白内障患者,在破损的范围不能确定或范围过大时,主张选择Ⅱ期后房型人工晶体植入术。     

Congenital cataract extraction with primary aphakia and secondary intraocular lens implantation in the ciliary sulcus

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of cataract extraction without primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children. SETTING: Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 157 congenital cataract cases (55 bilateral and 47 unilateral) treated between 1985 and 2001. Evaluated were the functional results (visual acuity, binocular vision) and factors influencing the prognosis (age at surgery, stage of cataract development, associated pathology, postoperative complications). In all patients, cataract extraction was via the pars plana and anterior vitrectomy was performed, leaving a peripheral capsular collarette in place. Postoperatively, all the patients were fitted with glasses or contact lenses, after which they had secondary implantation of an IOL in the ciliary sulcus. RESULTS: The functional results were similar to those in the literature for eyes with or without an IOL. Nevertheless, the literature reports a 25% risk for reoperation in the first 2 years after implantation and secondary vitrectomy for reopacification of the visual axis in 20% of bilateral cases and 38% of unilateral cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our functional results indicate that in cases of bilateral congenital cataracts, initial rehabilitation with aphakic correction and secondary IOL implantation leads to a predictable postoperative refraction and fewer complications. Visual rehabilitation in unilateral aphakia was more difficult because of poor compliance with contact lenses, generally leading to a preference for early IOL implantation.     

两种硅油取出联合人工晶状体Ⅱ期植入术疗效比较

目的:比较经睫状体平坦部三切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体囊袋内或睫状沟植入术与既往二切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体睫状沟缝合术治疗玻璃体切割术后硅油填充无晶状体眼的疗效及并发症。方法:回顾性分析2004-01/2006-12及2007-01/2009-12于中国医科大学附属第一医院眼科分别行上述两种硅油取出联合人工晶状体Ⅱ期植入术共计698例713眼,其中二切口组305例314眼,三切口组393例399眼,比较两组视力提高、术中及围手术期并发症、术后1a内玻璃体再出血、视网膜脱离复发、视网膜前膜发生率。结果:二切口组术后视力提高2行及以上98眼(31.2%),术后发生角膜内皮失代偿6眼(1.9%),术后发生低眼压13眼(4.1%),高眼压者11眼(3.5%),人工晶状体严重偏位者17眼(5.4%),术后1a内玻璃体再出血37眼(11.8%),视网膜脱离复发24眼(7.6%),视网膜前膜者45眼(14.3%);三切口组术后视力提高2行及以上者217眼(54.4%),术后角膜内皮失代偿及术后高眼压者均为0,术后低眼压5眼(1.3%),人工晶状体严重偏位者6眼(1.6%),术后1a内玻璃体再出血9眼(2.3%),视网膜脱离复发7眼(1.8%),视网膜前膜者3眼(0.8%),两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:与既往二切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体睫状沟缝合术比较,经睫状体平坦部三切口硅油取出联合人工晶状体囊袋内或睫状沟植入术疗效更好,并发症少,适宜广泛应用。     

Neue Hinterkammerlinse zur sulkusgestützten und nahtlos irisfixierten Implantation in aphake Augen ohne Kapselstrukturen

PURPOSE: To avoid anterior chamber lens implantation in aphakic eyes without capsular or zonular support, the laborious scleral fixation of a standard posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) is widely used, despite a large range of possible complications (macular edema, IOL tilt/decentration, suture erosion, vitreous hemorrhage). A sutureless iris-fixed ciliary sulcus implantation of a posterior chamber IOL (Binder-IOL, Fa. Iolution, Itzehoe) designed especially for such cases represents an alternative. METHOD: At the end of both haptics of this IOL, with a 6 mm optic zone, a T-shaped anchor is mounted at an angle of 45 degrees from the optical plane. These anchors are inserted from behind the iris into peripheral iridotomies performed preoperatively with a YAG-laser or intraoperatively with a vitrectomy cutter. The long, C-shaped haptics are thus secured in the ciliary sulcus. RESULTS: After slight modification of the technique, the implantation can be performed securely and reproducibly. In the 22 implantations performed to date, the IOL was well centered and stable, even in cases with only residual iris stroma. If the iridotomies are been performed too centrally, an ovalisation of the pupil may occur. No further side effects have been observed. CONCLUSION: The technique of sutureless sulcus fixation presented here leads to less complications than scleral suture fixation. A prerequisite for safe implantation of the anchors is good visibility of the peripheral iris. The implantation of the Binder-IOL is especially suitable for aphakic eyes with a loosened iris diaphragm.     

外伤性白内障的后房型人工晶体植入手术时机及方法的临床观察

对74例外伤后不同时期施行人工晶体植人术后眼部的反应及预后进行对比分析.结果显示不同时期人工晶体植入对视力预后无明显差异.Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期人工晶体植人术包括睫状沟固定术同样可取得良好的视力,但植入手术一般选择在外伤3月炎症反应完全消失以后较好.对于无后囊、后囊破裂较大的病例施行Ⅱ期人工晶体睫状沟缝合固定术同样可取得良好的效果.     

Long‐term results of bilateral congenital cataract treated with early cataract surgery,aphakic glasses and secondary IOL implantation

Purpose: To evaluate the long‐term visual outcome after early surgery of bilateral dense congenital cataracts, aphakic correction with glasses and secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation around 2 years of age. Methods: The medical records of paediatric patients who underwent cataract extraction, aphakic correction and secondary IOL implantation from 1993 to 2004 at Seoul National University Children’s Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Age at secondary IOL implantation, axial length (AL), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, ocular alignment, stereopsis, and postoperative ocular complications were recorded. Results: Thirty‐seven paediatric bilateral pseudophakic patients were identified with a mean follow‐up period of 81.4 months. Best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better were attained in 44.0% of eyes, and the median BCVA was 20/50. Preoperative factors associated with poor visual prognosis included cataract surgery after 8 weeks of age, interocular AL difference of 0.5 mm or more, and glaucoma. Amblyopic eyes showed more myopic change compared to fellow eyes. Good or moderate binocular function was achieved in 18.9% of all patients. Incidences of strabismus, glaucoma, posterior capsular opacity formation were 46.0%, 32.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Good postoperative BCVA and binocular function were achieved in most healthy children with bilateral dense congenital cataract and no posterior segment pathology. Early cataract surgery, aphakic correction with glasses and secondary IOL implantation around 2 years of age appears to be appropriate methods.     

无晶状体眼行IOL睫状沟缝线固定术的临床效果

目的：探讨无晶状体眼行人工晶状体(IOL)睫状沟缝线固定术的临床效果。

方法：回顾性分析2015-01/2018-06行IOL睫状沟缝线固定术患者38例38眼的临床资料,包括术中和术后并发症、眼压、IOL位置,并比较手术前后视力、屈光状态。

结果：术中出血6眼(16%),术后低眼压4眼(11%),高眼压11眼(29%),经治疗后恢复,IOL倾斜4眼(11%)。术后末次随访时视力较术前提高(P<0.05)。术前预留屈光度数(球镜)与术后3mo实际屈光度数(球镜)无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：IOL睫状沟缝线固定术是治疗无晶状体眼安全有效的方法,但应重视相关并发症。     

眼外伤晶状体玻璃体切除术后二期IOL植入术

目的 探讨复杂性眼外伤玻璃体切除术后无晶状体眼二期人工晶状体植入术临床疗效，评估手术的可行性及安全性。方法 手术31例(31眼)，术后随访3～20月，观察视力、散光度、眼压及并发症：结果 30眼术后裸眼视力均达到或接近术前矫正视力：后房型人工晶状体睫状沟植入7眼中视力≥0．5者占28．57％，后房型人工晶状体透巩膜睫状沟缝线固定术18眼中视力≥0.5者占22．22％，虹膜型人工晶状体植入术6眼中视力≥0．5者占33．33％：1眼视力下降。结论 复杂性眼外伤行玻璃体切除术后二期人工晶状体植入，经过术前病例的选择，术中采用眼内灌注，适宜的人工晶状体植入，可获得较好的视力。     

先天性白内障二期后房人工晶状体植入不同技术方法的探讨

目的探讨分析先天性白内障二期后房型人工晶状体植入术的不同技术方法、效果及可能出现的并发症。方法对27例(36眼)已行先天性白内障摘除的无晶状体眼患儿行二期后房型人工晶状体植入术,包括眼前节重建、后囊膜撕开或切开、前部玻璃体切除及人工晶状体缝线固定等技术。术后观察分析视力、人工晶状体及后囊膜情况及其他并发症。结果术后第3天视力>0.5者8眼,0.5以下者28眼;术后1个月矫正视力>0.5者12眼,0.5以下者24眼;术后3个月矫正视力>0.5者17眼,0.5以下者19眼。术后1个月发现残留后囊膜混浊10例,人工晶状体前纤维膜2例,人工晶状体位置良好,无夹持或脱位。观察6个月,无眼后节并发症,但屈光度的变化尚需长期观察。结论二期后房型人工晶状体植入术是治疗2岁以上儿童无晶状体眼的最佳方法,需要熟练掌握处理复杂情况的显微手术技巧和经验。