系统性硬化症肺部高分辨率CT影像学表现分析

目的探讨系统性硬化症(SSc)肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像学特征。方法回顾性分析2013-02~2017-04该院临床确诊15例SSc肺部HRCT影像学表现。结果 15例SSc患者肺部正常4例,表现以两肺外围分布为主的间质性纤维化11例。HRCT主要表现支气管血管束扭曲变形、小叶间隔增厚,可见条索状影、胸膜下线及弧形线9例,呈网格状改变7例。沿支气管血管束及小叶间隔分布小结节状影,胸膜下见小结节影10例。单纯以磨玻璃样改变5例,轻度胸膜增厚或少量胸腔积液9例。小片状实变影及蜂窝肺4例。结论 HRCT显示SSc的间质性细微病变,在SSc的诊断和随访治疗中具有重要价值。     

外源性变应性肺泡炎的临床病理特征和影像学表现

目的探讨外源性变应性肺泡炎(EAA)的临床病理特征和影像学表现。方法分析5例外源性变应性肺泡炎病例的临床特点、影像学表现、肺活检的病理特征。结果 EAA常见的临床表现为咳嗽、呼吸困难、咳痰、发热;主要阳性体征为轻度紫绀、肺部听诊湿啰音或Velcro啰音;肺功能检查显示限制性通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍。HRCT表现为磨玻璃影、小叶间隔增厚、小叶中心性结节、网格影和蜂窝肺等。支气管肺泡灌洗液显示淋巴细胞增多。肺活检组织病理学示淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎,细支气管周围可见小的不典型肉芽肿和多核巨细胞。患者对糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论临床表现结合影像学特点可提示EAA临床诊断,肺活检是诊断EAA有效的检查方法。     

分子生物学假阳性致肺癌性淋巴管炎误诊为肺结核的临床诊治过程分析

2019年4月17日,武汉市肺科医院呼吸科收治1例69岁男性因外院结核分子生物学阳性诊断为肺结核的肺癌性淋巴管炎患者。该患者因“发现肺部阴影3个月,间断咳嗽2个月”入院。既往有结肠癌病史。胸部CT扫描显示双肺弥漫性沿支气管血管束分布结节伴磨玻璃影,伴小叶间隔增厚,双肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大,双侧胸腔积液,在外院行肺泡灌洗液(BALF)GeneXpert MTB/RIF(简称“ GeneXpert”)检出MTB(极低)及TB-PCR检出MTB,诊断为肺结核,转诊至武汉市肺科医院。入院后完善结核相关检查,PPD皮肤试验阴性,γ干扰素释放试验阴性,胸部CT影像学特征不符合肺结核改变,临床怀疑BALF结核病病原分子生物学检测假阳性,建议患者复查BALF、GeneXpert及经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA),患者拒绝。给予诊断性胸腔穿刺,抽出胸腔积液20ml,送检显示,癌胚抗原(118.4μg/L)明显升高,提示恶性胸腔积液;最后行内科胸腔镜胸膜活检,提示转移性低分化腺癌,结合胸部CT表现,诊断为肺癌性淋巴管炎。患者后因病情恶化死亡。笔者认为,影像学表现为沿支气管血管束分布结节伴小叶间隔增厚及纵隔淋巴结肿大时需鉴别肺癌性淋巴管炎。影像学表现与肺结核不相符时,分子生物学阳性诊断肺结核需谨慎,以避免误诊误治。     

结缔组织病的肺部HRCT表现

目的评价结缔组织病肺部病变的HRCT表现。方法分析144例临床确诊为结缔组织病的肺部HRCT表现，观察病变的异常表现及分布特点。结果144例结缔组织病的肺部HRCT最常见异常表现为小叶间隔增厚（107例，74．3％）、胸膜病变（88例，61．1％）、磨玻璃密度影（65例，45．1％）、胸膜下线（49例，34．0％）；而蜂窝样变、心包病变最少见。肺内病变主要分布在下肺区、外周部。在RA、SLE、PM—DM二组间，小结节样影更常见于SLE（37．8％，P=0．003）。结论HRCT是评价结缔组织病肺部损害的敏感方法，对指导临床治疗、判断预后有重要价值。     

直肠癌肺淋巴管转移一例

正肺外癌性淋巴管炎为呼吸科少见病例,其临床表现可有咳嗽、咳痰、气短、喘息,体征可伴有双肺呼吸音降低、弥散干啰音。典型的CT表现为:(1)小叶间隔不均匀增厚;(2)支气管血管束增粗;(3)胸膜增厚/病变多见;(4)肺外癌性淋巴管炎多不伴有肺门淋巴结肿大。由于该病通常易被误诊为肺间质感染、心源性肺水肿、淋巴管结核等[1],因此现将我院收治的1例肺外癌性淋巴管炎患者治疗情况报道如下,以加强呼吸科同仁对该病的认识。     

肺结核患者肺间质性病变的HRCT征象特点及其影像学疗效的观察

目的 探究活动性肺结核间质病变HRCT特征及影像学疗效观察。方法 选择2017年12月—2021年12月衡水市人民医院诊治的初次发病,活动性肺结核患者120例,根据HRCT征象有无间质病变分为两组,分析两组患者治疗前后肺间质病变吸收变化规律。结果 存在肺结核间质病变患者(79例),HRCT主要表现为小叶内间质病变,包括小叶内细网格影(52例)、小叶内微结节(59例)及小叶间隔增厚(24例)。经规范治疗,不同类型病变均有不同程度吸收;治疗过程中,小叶内细网格和小叶间隔在强化期末和未治疗前比较,无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗结束和强化末期比较,也无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗末期和治疗前明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 活动性肺结核间质病变包括小叶细网格影、小叶内微结节、小叶间隔增厚、支气管血管束增厚等较实质病变吸收时间明显滞后,在治疗过程中可以通过HRCT检查以评价临床治疗效果。     

类风湿性关节炎累及胸部的CT诊断价值

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis,RA）合并肺间质病变的临床特点及CT表现。方法回顾我院2006年10月—2010年12月36例RA并发肺间质病变的临床及CT改变。结果 36例患者胸部X线平片主要表现为：两肺纹理增粗,肺间质及胸膜改变不明显;常规CT扫描表现为：肺间质的改变及胸膜病变;肺高分辨CT〈HRCT〉可见到更丰富的影像学改变,主要有肺磨玻璃样变,小蜂窝样囊腔改变,小叶间隔增厚,网格影及胸膜下微结节和小结节。结论 RA引起的肺部换害,特别是间质性肺病,由于早期症状还明显,在临床工作中易被忽视或延误诊断,因此有必要提高临床医生和患者对RA所致肺损害的认识,提示临床医生对相关因素的RA患者尽早作胸部CT扫描,特别是肺HRCT检查,以早期了解RA浸润肺部的程度及估计预后。     

Kerley氏A、B线在肺疾病诊断中的价值

两肺弥漫性粟粒型结节阴影,以粟粒型肺结核、肺泡癌、肺转移癌较常见,其中不典型病例的 X 线鉴别诊断比较困难。任何导致肺小叶间隔增厚的病理过程是形成 Ker-ley 氏线影像的 X 线解剖基础。弥漫型肺泡癌、肺转移癌均可能产生淋巴管网癌性郁积、扩张、小叶间隔增厚,而粟粒型肺结核则无产生以上病理和 X 线变化     

癌性淋巴管炎的CT表现及其对肺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨癌性淋巴管炎在CT上的征象及其对肺癌的诊断价值。方法对6例经手术或穿刺病理证实为肺癌且有癌性淋巴管炎CT征象进行分析。结果5例肺癌有典型的癌性淋巴管炎,1例肺癌和癌性淋巴管炎CT表现均不典型。结论典型的癌性淋巴管炎CT表现是诊断肺癌的重要征象。     

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细支气管炎是直径小于2 mm的传导气道的炎症过程,以膜性和呼吸性细支气管及其周围的炎症细胞浸润和(或)伴有基质增厚为病理特征.虽然炎症细胞、基质细胞及胶原沉积的程度和分布不同会形成不同的组织学、影像学和临床表现,但细支气管的炎症性病变常常呈小叶中心分布,可以被高分辨率CT(HRCT)清楚地显示出来,主要表现为小叶中心性分布的弥漫性结节影和(或)伴树芽征.     

High-resolution computed tomography findings are correlated with disease severity in asthma

BACKGROUND: The structural changes in the airways of asthmatics are also referred to as remodeling and can be identified using high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT). OBJECTIVES: To find out whether there are any abnormal HRCT features which can be attributed to asthma and their clinical correlates, and any differences of abnormal HRCT features between asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: We performed (HRCT) scans to assess airway remodeling in 160 nonsmoker asthmatics compared with 27 patients with COPD. RESULTS: Bronchial wall thickening, hyperlucency, centrilobular prominence, bronchiectasis, thick linear opacities and mucoid impaction were all correlated with disease severity in asthma. FEV(1) values were inversely correlated with bronchial wall thickening, hyperlucency, mucoid impaction, linear shadows, centrilobular prominence and bronchiectasis. In addition, thick linear opacities, mucoid impaction and bronchiectasis were more prominent in those patients with a long duration of asthma. Bronchial wall thickening, thick linear opacities, mucoid impaction, bronchiectasis and emphysema were more prominent in COPD patients compared with asthmatics. There was no difference with regard to age, mean values of FEV(1) and the duration of asthma between allergic and nonallergic asthmatics as well as abnormal HRCT findings. CONCLUSIONS: COPD patients have more prominent HRCT findings as compared with asthmatics. In the asthmatics, abnormal HRCT findings are more prominent with increased severity, decreased FEV(1) values and the duration of asthma. The remodelling of airways in allergic asthmatics did not differ from that in their nonallergic counterparts as determined by HRCT.     

The importance of histology in the evaluation of pulmonary transplantation: carcinomatous lymphangitis

Pulmonary carcinomatous lymphangitis is a form of neoplastic metastatic spread to the lungs, which represents a poor prognosis for the patient. The physician may be confronted by a differential diagnosis with diffuse pulmonary interstitial affections requiring specific treatment, including lung transplantation. We present the case of a patient, diagnosed with pulmonary interstitial disease with rapidly progressive worsening of lung function, who was considered for lung transplantation. Videothoracoscopic lung biopsy demonstrated the existence of carcinomatous lymphangitis, which completely changed the therapeutic direction.     

胸片结合CT诊断37例下肺结核的价值

目的探讨胸片结合cT诊断37例下肺结核的价值。方法分析37例下肺结核患者的临床资料，所有患者均行胸部和cT扫描检查，分析临床表现特点和影像学诊断价值。结果胸片诊断准确率70．27％（26例），其中14例密度不均的斑片状或小片状影，7例边缘模糊的大斑片致密影，5例空洞型，四周点片状、条索状影。cT扫描诊断准确率91．89％（34）例，精确显示空洞、卫星病灶、胸膜增厚、胸腔积液等。胸片结合cT诊断准确率97．30％（36例）。结论下肺结核胸片、cT扫描各有其影像学特点，两者结合可提高诊断准确率。     

250例新型冠状病毒肺炎高分辨率CT特征分析

目的对250例新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现特征进行分析总结,以期提高对COVID-19的HRCT精准诊断水平。方法采取整群抽取法抽取2020年1月1日至2月20日期间武汉市肺科医院收治的COVID-19疑似患者492例,对其中250例核酸检测阳性的确诊患者,回顾分析其HRCT的病灶形态特征性表现。250例患者中,男169例(67.6%),女81例(32.4%);年龄21~83岁,中位年龄51岁。临床症状中,发热患者229例,其中中低热型患者210例(84.0%);出现呼吸道症状者195例(78.0%);无临床症状但是有与患者密切接触史而体检发现肺部异常者38例(15.2%)。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析,采用描述性统计方法,计数资料采用"率或构成比(%)"表示。结果 (1)患者性别与年龄特点:男169例(67.6%),女81例(32.4%),男性高于女性35.2个百分点。在21~83岁患者的不同年龄组中,21~岁年龄组6例(2.4%,最低值):50~岁年龄组89例(35.6%,最高值)。(2)临床表现特点:低热患者(210例,84.0%)与发生呼吸道症状者较多(195例,78.0%),密切接触者无症状体检发现肺部异常者38例(15.2%)。250例核酸检测阳性而最后得到确诊的患者中,HRCT首诊诊断为COVID-19者221例(84.4%)。(3)HRCT表现特征:表现为多发肺磨玻璃样密度影(ground-glass opacity,GGO)者195例(78.0%);多发片状影者36例(14.4%);弥漫间质性浸润影者27例(10.8%);多发大片状实变影者20例(8.0%);出现病灶中血管束增多影者207例(82.8%);病灶发生于两肺下叶外带及胸膜下者207例(82.8%);动态观察中,间隔3d短期复查病灶呈爆炸性方式增多者221例(88.4%)。结论掌握上述COVID-19典型的HRCT表现特征后,将大大提高COVID-19的CT诊断准确率,从而大幅度提高COVID-19的临床综合诊断水平。     

儿童肺结核CT影像分析

目的 探讨儿童肺结核的CT平扫及增强的影像表现特征。 方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年8月在我院住院的69例结核病患儿,临床症状、PPD试验及影像学表现均符合结核病特征,经抗结核治疗后复查,患者临床症状及肺部病灶均有所好转。收集患儿的影像学资料,对其进行分析。 结果 69例患儿的CT不同影像表现为：原发性肺结核（8例）包括原发综合征（5例）和胸内淋巴结结核（3例）,原发综合征表现为肺内的原发结核病灶、结核性淋巴管炎及淋巴结炎,此型与胸内淋巴结结核的CT平扫均可见纵隔、肺门及腋窝多发肿大淋巴结,增强扫描不均匀强化或淋巴结中心干酪坏死区无强化,边缘环形强化的特点。原发性血行播散性肺结核（10例）表现为两肺大小、密度、分布均匀一致的粟粒状影合并纵隔淋巴结肿大。原发性肺内浸润性结核病灶和干酪性肺炎（43例）的影像表现为2个肺叶散在分布的结节状、斑片状影,还有甚至双肺多叶多段广泛分布的结核病灶,在结节状、斑片状、大片状结核病灶的基础上形成干酪性肺炎、空洞。结核性胸膜炎（8例）可见不同程度的渗出性胸腔积液及胸膜增厚粘连等表现。 结论 CT平扫及增强对于诊断儿童肺结核,明确肺内各种病灶形态,轻微病灶、隐匿病灶、微结节及干酪性肺炎等具有一定价值,可为临床诊断提供重要依据。     

Pulmonary involvement in sarcoidosis: CT findings at diagnosis and their changes at follow-up in cases without corticosteroid treatment]

To review the pulmonary CT findings in sarcoidosis at diagnosis, and to analyze the change in each finding at follow-up in cases without corticosteroid treatment. The study included 21 cases of pulmonary involvement of sarcoidosis. We analyzed the presence or absence and grade of each HRCT finding: bronchial wall thickening, enlargement of vascular shadows, pleural involvement, septal thickening, small nodules, ground-glass opacities, centrilobular opacities, consolidation, nodules, and volume loss. Afterwards, we compared the initial CT with the follow-up CT, and described the change of each finding as "improved" or "not improved". Furthermore, we decided if each case as a whole was improved or not after considering all of the pulmonary CT findings. Twelve of the 21 cases were improved. Small nodules, ground-glass opacities, centrilobular opacities, and nodules had improved in more than 50% of the cases since the initial CT. However, pleural involvement (10/11) and volume loss (6/9) were not improved. Pleural involvement and volume loss correlated the radiological irreversibility (p < 0.05). Of the several pulmonary CT findings in sarcoidosis, pleural involvement and volume loss show the highest rates of irreversible pulmonary changes.     

Pulmonary carcinomatous lymphangitis of prostatic origin, disclosed by acute respiratory insufficiency, regressing by treatment with an LH-RH agonist]

Carcinomatous lymphangitis of prostatic origin is infrequent and usually carries a poor prognosis. The authors report a case of pulmonary carcinomatous lymphangitis related to a prostatic carcinoma. This case was remarkable for its acute mode of revelation and for its favourable outcome under treatment with LH-RH agonists.     

Clinico-pathological study of collagen-related pulmonary lesions in cases of open lung biopsy]

We studied the clinico-pathological correlation of collagen disease-related pulmonary lesions to examine the pathological and radiological features of collagen lung, and the effect of steroid therapy. Ten open lung biopsy cases were examined; 4 male, and 6 female. The mean age was 55 years old. Seven cases developed pulmonary shadows after the diagnosis of collagen disease, and 3 cases showed pulmonary shadow prior to diagnosis. Pathologically, 6 cases proved to be bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), 3 cases were chronic interstitial pneumonia (UIP), and 1 case was acute interstitial pneumonia. All cases had inflammatory thickening of the interstitium involving the pleura, bronchial wall, and perivascular connective tissue. Half of the cases had bronchiolar inflammatory lesions. Radiologically BOOP cases showed either localized ground glass shadows, or diffuse reticulonodular shadows predominantly in the lower lung fields with shrinkage of affected areas. UIP cases showed reticulonodular shadows, and active UIP cases showed overlapping ground glass shadows. Steroids were administered in cases of BOOP and active UIP, and all cases showed improvement. We consider that open lung biopsy is of use in the diagnosis of some cases and in assessing whether steroid therapy is indicated.     

A retrospective analysis of distinguishing features of chest HRCT and clinical manifestation in primary Sjögren’s syndrome-related interstitial lung disease in a Chinese population

To characterize the distinctive chest high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) features and clinical manifestations of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS)-related interstitial lung disease (ILD). The demographic data, clinical manifestations, and laboratory and radiological findings of 527 pSS patients were retrospectively analyzed. ILD was defined based on the presences of pulmonary signs in HRCT. Two hundred six of 527 patients were diagnosed as pSS-ILD, and the prevalence was 39.1%. The three most frequent abnormalities in HRCT were reticular pattern (92.7%), ground-glass attenuation (87.4%), and bronchovascular bundle thickening (82%). One hundred twenty-four cases (60.2%) of the pSS-ILD patients had only a single HRCT pattern, which involved 86 non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) cases (41.7%), 22 usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) cases (10.68%), 8 organizing pneumonia (OP) cases (3.9%), and 8 lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) cases (3.9%), respectively. Besides, the more important observation was that 82 cases had no less than two HRCT patterns, and NSIP admixed with OP (43.9%), NSIP admixed with UIP (35.4%), and NSIP admixed with LIP (19.5%) were the most frequent. HRCT of pSS-ILD patients demonstrated bilateral infiltrates (99%), with abnormalities predominantly in the lower lobes (89.3%) and subpleural areas (81.1%), and a few lesions were characterized by hilum distributed (8.7%). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) revealed impaired diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide and total lung capacity, and the rate of small airway lesions in the pSS-ILD patients was 3.5 times higher in patients of pSS. Logistic regression analysis showed that dry cough (OR 59.05), clubbing (OR 6.26), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (OR 21.38) and positive anti-Ro (OR 7.86) were relevant factors of pSS-ILD. ILD is the common pulmonary involvement of pSS and the prevalence of pSS-ILD is 39.1%. The single pattern of NSIP and UIP in HRCT are the commonest, and about 40% of the pSS-ILD patients possess multiple patterns in HRCT. The classification of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cannot completely include the pulmonary imaging features of pSS-ILD.