急诊修复拇指指腹缺损三种方法的研究

目的 报道采用不同方法急诊修复拇指指腹缺损的疗效。方法 采用示指背侧岛状皮瓣，拇指桡侧指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣转位有趾腹皮瓣游离移植三种方法，为21例线指指腹缺损进行急诊修复。结果 20例以瓣成活，1例失败。术后随访半年－2年，平均10个月。所有皮瓣血运，弹性，质地均良好。指腹二点分辨觉：示指背侧岛状皮瓣平均为92.mm，拇指桡侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣平均为8mm，趾腹皮瓣平均为5.6mm。结论 急诊修复拇指指腹缺损首选趾腹皮瓣，其次为拇指桡侧指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣或示指背侧岛状皮瓣。     

指背血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损

目的 探讨拇指组织缺损的修复方法。方法 利用8具尸体16只手进行解剖学研究，观察了拇指背动脉、第1掌背动脉及食指桡侧指背动脉。临床上分别以拇指背动脉、示指桡侧指背动脉为蒂于手背侧设计岛状皮瓣进行应用。结果 拇指背动脉外径0．24～0．46mm，平均0．37mm，示指桡侧指背动脉0．26～0．56mm，平均0．44mm，血管恒定。临床应用拇指背血管蒂逆行皮瓣、示指桡侧指背血管蒂皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损12例；皮瓣带人桡神经指背支形成有感觉皮瓣，效果更满意。结论 以指背血管为蒂的手背侧皮瓣是修复拇指组织缺损的较为理想方法。     

An alternative approach in the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture skin defects: first dorsal metacarpal artery island flap

Skin defects are often present following surgery for Dupuytren's contracture. The first dorsal metacarpal artery island flap (FDMA) has been used by others for soft tissue reconstruction about the radial and dorsal aspect of the hand, thumb and fingers. We have used it successfully to fill the skin defects often seen following palmar fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture. The thin nature of the flap makes it suitable for this application. The FDMA arises from the radial artery just before the radial artery enters the first dorsal interosseous muscle and divides into three branches: 1 to the thumb, 1 to the index finger (radiodorsal branch) and a muscular branch. It is the radiodorsal branch that supplies the skin over the index finger. The island flap based on this artery includes the dorsal terminal branches of the radial nerve and venae comitantes. The flap is formed to include the fascia of the first dorsal interosseous muscle to avoid injury to a possible deep artery and to yield sufficient fat to promote venous drainage. The flap is passed subcutaneously through the first web space and sutured in place to cover the skin defect in the palm. A full thickness skin graft is used to cover the defect over the proximal phalanx of the index finger.     

Foucher first dorsal metacarpal artery flap versus littler heterodigital neurovascular flap in resurfacing thumb pulp loss defects

Our study aims to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of Foucher's first dorsal metacarpal artery flap and Littler's heterodigital neurovascular flap in thumb pulp reconstruction, by assessing wound healing of donor and recipient sites, sensibility, and functional outcome of the reconstructed thumb. Fourteen male patients were reconstructed either with Foucher (n = 8) or Littler flap (n = 6). Dissection of Foucher's flap was faster than that of Littler's flap. All Littler flaps survived completely, but we experienced 1 partial Foucher flap necrosis. Thumb motility and stability was optimal in all patients. Wound healing of donor sites was achieved in both groups. Two patients reconstructed with Littler flap developed scar contractures and presented a reduced range of motion of donor finger and first webspace, respectively. Although Littler flap resulted in better sensibility and tactile gnosis of the reconstructed thumb-pulp, Foucher flap ensured negligible donor site morbidity, complete cortical reorientation, and better overall hand function.     

First dorsal metacarpal artery flap for thumb reconstruction: a retrospective clinical study

Extensive pulp (zone 4) defects of the thumb, with the exposure of tendon or bone, are challenging reconstructive problems. Surgical treatment includes the use of local, regional, and free flaps. The first dorsal metacarpal artery flap has been used successfully for defects of the thumb. The innerved first dorsal metacarpal artery flap from the dorsum of the index finger was first described by Hilgenfeldt and refined by Holevich. An island flap carried on a neurovascular pedicle consisting of the first dorsal metacarpal artery was first demonstrated by Foucher and Braun. Seven innervated FDMCA island flaps were performed from May 2005 until July 2007 for thumb reconstruction. There were three women and four men with an average age of 54.9 years (range 28–89 years). The mean follow-up period was 15.4 months (range 4–29 months). The dominant hand was involved in six (85.7%) patients. In a retrospective clinical study, the following criteria were evaluated: (1) etiology of the defect, (2) time of reconstruction (primary vs. delayed), (3) survival rate of flap, (4) sensory function (Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments, static 2-PD, pain, cortical reorientation), (5) TAM measured with the Kapandji index, and (6) subjective patient satisfaction (SF 36). Four patients presented with trauma, two patients with defects after tumor resection and one with infection of the thumb. The flap was used for immediate reconstruction in three (42.9%) patients and for delayed reconstruction in four (57.1%) patients. Delayed reconstruction was performed 4.75 (1–12) months after initial trauma or first surgery. The donor area was grafted with full-thickness skin grafts in all cases. All flaps survived. The mean SWMF was 3.31 g and average statis 2-PD over the flap was 10.57 mm. Pain at the flap scored 3.71 over 10 and at the donor site 2.17 over 10. Paresthesia at the flap scored 0.57 over 4 and at the donor site 0.33 over 4. Complete cortical reorientation was only seen in one patient. The mean Kapandji score of the reconstructed thumb was 7.43 over 10. Using the SF-36, mean physical health of the patients scored 66.88% and mean mental health scored 70.55%. Disturbing pain and paresthesia of the flap are exceptional. The static 2-PD is more than 10 mm, and is clinically over the limit. Cortical reorientation was incomplete in all but one patient. Touch on thumb is felt on the dorsum of the index finger; however, sensation is not disturbing or interfering with the patient’s activities. Foucher described the technique débranchement–rébranchement in order to improve this problem. The postoperative total amount of motion of the reconstructed thumb was very good. The results demonstrated that the FDMCA flap has a constant anatomy and easy dissection. It has a low donor site morbidity if FTSG is used. It also shows good functional and aesthetic results. Therefore, the FDMCA flap is a first treatment of choice for defects of the proximal phalanx and proximal part of the distal phalanx of the thumb.     

吻合神经的手部皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复指端软组织缺损

目的 报道应用吻合神经的手部皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复手指指端软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 采用掌背皮神经营养血管皮瓣掌侧移位修复拇指指端软组织缺损;拇指尺背侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复示指指端软组织缺损:中、环、小指指背皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复相应指端软组织缺损;共修复指端软组织缺损56例. 结果 皮瓣全部成活,随访6个月～3年,皮瓣质地柔软、弹性好、耐磨;指端饱满,色泽正常,两点辨别觉5.4～9.6 mm,45例感觉恢复至S3,11例至S4,外观及功能满意.结论 应用吻合神经的手部皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复手指指端软组织缺损,效果良好.     

Arterial anatomy and clinical application of the dorsoulnar flap of the thumb.

After injection of stained latex at the brachial artery, the arterial supply of the dorsal aspect of the thumb was studied by light microscopy in 25 cadavers. An artery, located on the dorsoulnar side and connecting the head of the first metacarpal with the dorsal arcade of the proximal nail fold, was found in all dissections. We report the results of the anatomic study and the clinical applications of a dorsoulnar skin flap that can be raised on its artery with a distal pedicle. Clinical experience is based on 32 flaps. In 25 cases this flap was used for distal skin loss coverage (palmar or dorsal) of the thumb as an island flap. In 7 cases it was used for reconstruction of the finger pulp (5 index and 2 middle fingers) in the form of a cross-finger flap.     

Correction of thumb deformities after burn: versatility of first dorsal metacarpal artery flap

In the management of a debilitated burned hand due to contractures, thumb reconstruction constitutes the most crucial part for a beneficial functional outcome. Among the limited local flap alternatives for the thumb, the first dorsal metacarpal artery flap, harvested from the dorsal aspect of the index finger can provide elastic, durable and sensate coverage for soft tissue defects after contracture release. In a 3-year period, neurovascular island first dorsal metacarpal artery flap was used in 14 patients suffering thumb deformities. The time elapsed after the underlying injury until reconstruction ranged from 5 months to 17 years. Follow-up revealed that all deformities were successfully treated with satisfactory functional recovery and cosmetic results. Donor site morbidity was minimal with an acceptable scar on the dorsum of the index finger and adequate tendon gliding without producing extension deficit. Our experience with management of deformities involving the thumb and/or adjacent thenar area revealed that the first dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a reliable local neurovascular island flap option, offering acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes in respect to sensation, elasticity, durability and skin-match.     

拇指皮肤缺损的早期显微外科修复

目的 报道应用不同类型的皮瓣修复拇指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 对43例拇指皮肤缺损患者，急诊应用7种方法治疗。其中拇指掌侧推进皮瓣8例，示指近节背侧岛状皮瓣15例，第一掌背逆行筋膜皮瓣4例，中、环指邻侧双岛状皮瓣3例，桡动脉鼻烟窝皮支逆行岛状皮瓣5例，带骨间后动脉的前臂逆行岛状皮瓣4例，mu趾甲皮瓣游离移植4例。结果 本组43例中，坏死1例，改用其它皮瓣修复；部分坏死2例，经换药痊愈。其余40例拇指外形较好，指腹感觉存在，活动正常或稍差于健侧，拇指能与2～5指对指。结论 不同程度的拇指皮肤缺损选用合适的方法修复，疗效可靠。     

拇指指腹缺损的显微外科修复

目的 探讨含感觉神经的微型皮瓣修复拇指指腹缺损的临床疗效.方法 2000年2月-2010年3月,采用食指背岛状皮瓣、中指侧方岛状皮瓣、以桡侧指动脉为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣、桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的逆行皮瓣、拇指尺背侧动脉逆行皮瓣、拇指背皮神经营养血管皮瓣、第2趾趾腹皮瓣、？？趾甲皮瓣、大鱼际部浅静脉动脉化逆行皮瓣共9种皮瓣修复重建拇指指腹缺损134例.结果 3例皮瓣坏死,131例成活,6个月～1.5年随访108例,皮瓣外形血供充分,质地柔软,感觉测定S2～S4＋,两点辫别觉6～11mm.结论 采用含感觉神经的微型皮瓣修复拇指指腹缺损,对供区影响小、效果佳、为理想的术式选择.     

逆行第一跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复(足母)趾腓侧游离皮瓣供区创面

目的应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾腓侧游离皮瓣的供区,为减少显微外科供区损伤提供新方法。方法2000年2月至2004年6月,对12例拇指及其他手指软组织缺损,采用趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复。根据第1跖背动脉和跖底动脉在跖趾关节处存在恒定的交通支的解剖学基础,切取逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾供区创面,足背供区直接缝合。结果12例趾腓侧游离皮瓣和逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣移植全部成活,平均随访10个月,皮瓣外观和功能恢复良好。趾腓侧游离皮瓣平均两点辨别觉为6mm,逆行第1跖背动脉皮瓣为10mm。结论在趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复拇指或其他手指软组织损伤的同时,应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣完善修复趾供区创面,达到了＂双赢＂的手术目的。     

Restoration of thumb sensibility with the innervated first dorsal metacarpal artery island flap

PURPOSE: This study investigated the quality of sensibility from innervated first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMCA) island flaps in younger and older patients and evaluated the donor site morbidity at the index finger. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with an innervated FDMCA island flap to restore sensibility of the thumb were divided into groups according to age (>50 or <50 years). Sensory recovery and cortical reorientation were tested with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, a calibrated 2-point discrimination tester, and needle prick testing. Donor site morbidity was evaluated for range of motion, aesthetic appearance, pain, and problems with injuries. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.3 years and the mean follow-up period was 3 years. The 14 patients older than 50 years had a static 2-point discrimination (s2-PD) of 10.9 mm compared with 10.8 mm of the 11 patients younger than 50 years. The average loss of s2-PD of the flap compared with the donor area averaged 2.7 mm in all patients. Complete cortical reorientation occurred in 7 patients older than 50 years and in 5 patients younger than 50 years. Total loss of range of motion of all donor finger joints was 14 degrees (4.4%) compared with the contralateral index finger. Twenty-two patients were satisfied with the result. CONCLUSIONS: There were no age-related differences in the surgical results of the innervated FDMCA island flap and the donor site morbidity was negligible.     

示指背侧皮瓣与趾腓侧皮瓣瓦合修复拇指套脱伤

目的 介绍应用示指背侧岛状皮瓣与游离趾腓侧皮瓣瓦合修复拇指套脱伤的临床方法.方法 对9例残留甲床的拇指套脱伤患者,采用示指背侧岛状皮瓣与趾腓侧游离皮瓣瓦合进行修复.结果 术后9例拇指瓦合皮瓣全部存活,随访时间为6个月至3年,皮瓣颜色、质地良好,拇指指甲生长良好,外形和功能满意,皮瓣两点分辨觉为8～10mm.供区示指及足趾植皮区愈合良好,无明显功能影响.结论 示指背侧岛状皮瓣与游离趾腓侧皮瓣瓦合修复是治疗残留甲床的拇指套脱伤的一种较好方法.     

Further experience with the bipedicled neurovascular island flap in thumb reconstruction

A procedure is described for the transfer of sensibility to the thumb by means of an island flap. The donor site is the dorsoradial surface of the index finger. The flap is supplied by two neurovascular pedicles. The palmar one includes the digital artery of the index and the dorsal branch of the palmar digital nerve. The dorsal pedicle includes the dorsoradial artery and nerve of the index and one or two superficial veins. This procedure was used in 29 patients without early postoperative complications. The advantages of the method are the resurfacing of the prehensile surface of the thumb by a flap with good arterial and venous supply while preserving the innervation and the palmar skin of the donor finger.     

同指顺行岛状皮瓣移位修复指腹缺损

目的探讨同指带指神经血管蒂顺行岛状皮瓣移位修复指腹缺损的手术效果。方法2003年11月~2005年2月,30例32指指腹缺损患者,男25例,女5例。年龄18~56岁。创面经彻底清创,应用抗生素治疗2~8d后行同指带指神经血管蒂顺行岛状皮瓣移位修复。缺损范围为1.5cm×1.2cm~3.5cm×2.1cm。皮瓣设计在同指的尺背侧或桡背侧,皮瓣远端距甲根不<5mm,避免损伤甲基质,近端不超过中节指横纹,腹侧切口不超过手指中线,背侧切口不超过手指背中线。切取皮瓣范围为2.0cm×1.5cm~4.0cm×2.5cm。供区创面切取上臂内侧带真皮下血管网皮片植皮。结果术后30例32个皮瓣全部成活,未发生血管危象。25例获随访2~8个月。皮瓣质地血运良好,外形满意,两点辨别觉7~10mm,手指伸展、屈曲活动功能基本正常。结论同指带指神经血管蒂顺行背侧方岛状皮瓣移位,手术方法简便、安全,效果满意,是修复拇、手指指腹缺损的一种较好方法。     

Reconstruction of finger pulp defect with reversed fasciocutaneous island flap from same finger

Objective:To investigate the clinical curative effect of reconstruction of finger pulp defect by anastomosis of reversed fasciocutaneous island flap with dorsal branch of the digital nerve of the same finger. Methods: The restoration of finger pulp defect with fasciocutaneous island flap from the same finger was conducted in 25 cases (30 fingers) from January 2002 to June 2003. Nine patients (11 fingers) whose flaps with dorsal branch of the digital nerve anastomosed with the digital inherent nerve around the surface of the wound were Group A and the others were Group B. The follow-up was carried out at 3 and 9 months after the operation to observe the shape of finger pulp and the sense restoration between two groups. Results: All flaps of 25 cases (30 fingers) survived. Three months after operation, the patients had fully grown finger pulps and recovered the superficial sensation and tactile sense of finger pulps. The two point discrimination on average was 5. 00 mm±0. 23 mm in Group A and 6.00 mm±0.30 mm in Group B. The difference between two groups was highly significant. Nine months later, their senses of finger pulps between two groups were recovered basically. Conclusions: The reversed fasciocutaneous island flap from the same finger is the first choice to reconstruct the finger pulp defect, and the anastomosis of dorsal branch of the digital nerve shall be determined according to the specific condition.     

中环指岛状皮瓣、示指背侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤

目的 评价中环指岛状皮瓣和（或）示指背侧岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤的疗效。方法 １９８９年７月￣１９９８年１１月共８例拇指损伤应用中环指岛状皮瓣和（或）示指背侧岛状瓣修复。其中示指侧同状皮瓣转移修复拇指损伤２例,中指尺侧岛状皮瓣加示指背侧岛状岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指脱套伤１例,中环指双岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指撕脱离断伤１例。中指尺侧岛状皮拇指损伤４例。随访７个月－９年１１个月,平均５年１个月,主要观察皮     

不同术式的指动脉岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的探讨不同术式的指动脉岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损的临床效果。方法56例（56指）指腹缺损,应用邻指指动脉顺行岛状皮瓣修复拇指指腹4指,指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复2～5指指腹25指,带指神经血管蒂的岛状推进皮瓣修复2～4指指腹15指,指动脉背侧支逆行岛状皮瓣修复2～4指指腹6指,吻合血管的指动脉顺行岛状皮瓣修复示指指腹合并血管神经缺损2指,邻指带皮蒂的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣中指指腹4指。皮瓣切取面积为1.5 cm×2.0 cm～3.0 cm×4.0 cm。结果56指皮瓣全部成活。随访1～2年,指腹外形满意,感觉恢复良好,指腹感觉按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定：33指恢复至S4,13指恢复至S3＋,7指恢复至S3,3指恢复至S2。结论灵活应用不同术式的指动脉岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损,手术简便易行、安全、效果好。     

不同构制的足趾移植重建双拇指缺损

目的探讨不同构制的足趾移植重建双拇缺损的要点。方法１９８６年始，根据１１例双拇指缺损类型采用４种术式：（１）双足第二趾再造６例；（２）右足第二趾再造左拇，右示指近节背侧岛状皮瓣覆盖右拇创面１例；（３）双足甲瓣再造术２例；（４）左甲瓣＋右带末节趾骨甲瓣再造２例。１１例术后均经系统的康复治疗。结果９例全部成活，２例２个再造拇指发生血管危象，经手术探查和对症治疗后成活。术后１年随访，再造拇指感觉和运动功能恢复优良率达到９２％。结论不同构制的足趾组织移植是再造双拇缺损的首选方法。双套供血回流系统的建立是手术成功的关键。     

第二掌背动脉双轴点岛状皮瓣的解剖及临床应用

目的为第2掌背动脉(seconddorsalmetacarpalartery,SDMA)双轴点岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据,并观察其效果。方法30例新鲜成人尸手标本经肱动脉灌注天然乳胶—红色球磨染料混合液,观察SDMA皮肤返支动脉的走行、分支、分布及其吻合支。临床采用SDMA双轴点岛状皮瓣修复拇指皮肤缺损18例,背侧11例,掌侧7例,其中背侧皮肤缺损伴拇长伸肌腱缺损3例,中指背侧近侧皮肤缺损2例。切取皮瓣2cm×3cm～3cm×5cm。结果尸手标本中,皮肤返支血管出现率100%。皮肤返支血管在SDMA与食指伸肌腱交叉连接远侧0.5±0.2cm处穿出,在距掌指关节近侧1.2±0.5cm处进入皮肤;可见1.7±0.7支细小皮肤返支血管分支,在背侧浅静脉深面向近侧纵向扇行分布行走,血管网间有很多吻合;皮肤返支血管外径0.3±0.1mm,长6.5±0.8cm。临床应用18例,术后皮瓣全部成活。16例获8～14个月随访,2例失访。随访期间皮瓣色泽好,外形满意。皮瓣内神经桥接指固有神经的3例和与指背神经吻合的9例,两点辨别觉分别为0.9、1.1mm;未吻接神经的4例两点辨别觉为13～15mm。结论皮肤返支动脉的走行、分支、分布恒定,皮肤返支血管可增加SDMA皮瓣血管蒂长度,为临床应用提供解剖学依据,克服了SDMA岛状皮瓣从指背取皮需植皮留下瘢痕的缺点。