胆肠吻合不放支撑引流管的临床研究

为了预防胆瘘及吻合口狭窄的发生,传统的胆肠吻合术式多在吻合口上下端放置支撑管引流.长期的临床实践发现放置引流管更容易引起胆肠吻合口狭窄和其他并发症,如近期的感染、胆汁流失、代谢紊乱和远期的吻合口炎性增生、粘连狭窄、胆管炎发作、结石再生等,给患者带来了痛苦和不便.近年来的临床研究发现,胆总管探查取石行低位胆肠大口吻合不放T管一期缝合可以取得良好效果[2-3];也有研究对高位吻合不放支撑引流管进行探讨[4-5].高密市市立医院、高密市人民医院从1999年1月开始开展胆肠吻合不放支撑引流管的临床研究,总结报道如下.     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗分析

目的探讨胆道损伤的外科处理方法。方法回顾分析10年中7例医源性胆管损伤的外科处理。结果胆总管修复+T管支撑引流2例,胆总管对端吻合+T管支撑引流2例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合+引流管支撑2例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例。结论胆管修补、胆管对端吻合及胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,放置胆管支撑引流管6个月以上是治疗胆管损伤防治胆管狭窄的一个重要方法。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是修复高位胆管损伤或二期修复胆管损伤的首选方法。     

胰头十二指肠切除术胰瘘、胆瘘的相关因素

目的 探讨胰头十二指肠切除术中胰瘘，胆瘘与吻合口内是否置支架引流和的关系及与吻合方法的关系。临床资料 回顾分析我院４９例胰头十二指肠切除术，其中Ｃｈｉｌｄ法重建术３９例，Ｗｈｉｐｐｌｅ法重建术９例，胰管栓塞断端缝闭旷置１例；胰管内置支撑引流管４５例，未置引流管３例，胆管戳孔置Ｔ管３１例，胆管内置管结胆肠吻合口再经空肠外引流１１例，示置引流管７例。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤七例诊治分析

目的 探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)致胆管损伤的原因、特点及处理措施.方法 回顾性分析自1997年10月至2012年3月间3152例LC术中胆管损伤7例的临床资料.结果 胆管损伤7例,术中发现4例,术后发现3例.因技术因素致胆管损伤2例,病理因素2例,胆管解剖变异1例,人为因素2例.处理措施:行胆总管端端吻合+T管支撑引流2例,胆总管修补+T管支撑引流1例,肝总管修补+T管支撑引流1例,右肝管修补放置“Y”型引流管2例,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例.除1例胆管狭窄外,余均恢复良好.结论 基层医院LC引起胆管损伤应引起足够重视,手术者经验技巧不足、胆道结构变异及局部病理改变是引起胆管损伤的主要原因,术中及时发现,及时处理胆管损伤是减少严重并发症的关键.     

兔细小胆管拖入式胆肠吻合的实验研究

目的 观察拖入式胆肠吻合术预防细小胆管胆肠吻合口狭窄的效果并初步探讨其机制.方法 21只新西兰大耳兔随机分成A组(空白对照组,行开关腹术)、B组(行胆管-空肠黏膜对黏膜缝合胆肠吻合术)、C组(行拖入式胆肠吻合术),每组7只兔.于2周、4周、8周检测血清总胆红素(TBil)和直接胆红素(DBil),8周后动物处死取胆管及胆肠吻合口组织,测量胆管壁厚度、胆管腔和胆肠吻合口直径,胆肠吻合口行病理学观察及免疫组化检测ki67指数.结果 (1)A、C组TBil、DBil无升高,B组出现梗阻性黄疸,TBil、DBil较A、C组显著升高(P＜0.01).(2)C组胆肠吻合口较A组增大,未出现狭窄,B组胆肠吻合口完全闭合;胆肠吻合口直径C＞A＞B,各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);胆管腔直径、胆管壁厚度B组＞C组＞A组,各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)A组无明显中性粒细胞浸润,B组大量中性粒细胞浸润,C组少量中性粒细胞浸润;ki67指数B＞C＞A,各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 拖入式胆肠吻合组未出现吻合口狭窄,为预防细小胆管吻合口狭窄提供一定借鉴;其机制可能是减少吻合口炎症反应和抑制组织过度增生.     

胆道良性狭窄金属支架置入术后并发症及其处理

目的探讨金属支架置人治疗胆道良性狭窄的并发症。方法随访5例胆道良性狭窄应用金属支架治疗的病人，由于反复出现寒战发热，合并支架内结石形成，胆管阻塞，其中4例行手术取出支架。结果4例病人手术取出金属支架，术中见金属支架被胆泥堵塞，胆管壁黏膜破坏，支架取出困难；行胆肠吻合胆管内置管引流。2例病人因置人金属支架后反复胆管炎，胆汁性肝硬化，肝功衰竭死亡。结论金属支架不适合应用于良性胆道狭窄。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤46例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中减少或避免胆管损伤的术中判断和操作技巧。方法回顾分析我院1992年10月～2005年10月39860例LC的临床资料，其中胆管损伤46例。结果行胆管裂口修补，置T管支撑引流26例；游离两断端，做端端吻合，T管支撑引流4例。T管支撑时间3～12个月。胆管空肠的Rouxen-Y吻合11例；副肝管结扎5例。胆管狭窄再手术4例，胆肠吻合口狭窄再手术2例。结论深刻的解剖认识，熟练的操作技巧可以避免或减少胆管损伤的发生。早期诊断和处理胆管损伤避免急性炎症期是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

TGF-β1及CTGF在胆管缺血性损伤修复过程中的表达及意义

目的 观察TGF-β1 及CTGF 在胆管损伤修复过程中的表达,探讨良性胆管狭窄形成机制.方法 建立大鼠胆管缺血损伤模型,观察术后胆总管及肝脏组织病理改变;免疫组化检测两组胆管组织TGF-β1 及CTGF的表达,计算阳性细胞数.结果 实验组夹闭处胆管管腔狭窄伴纤维组织增生,钳夹部位以上胆管扩张;肝脏炎性细胞浸润.对照组...     

超声引导经皮经胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的方法探索

目的：探讨超声引导经皮经胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的方法及疗效。方法：2021年6月至2022年1月对6例胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管结石病人,在超声引导下经皮经胆肠吻合口建立通道,置入软质胆道镜取出肝内胆管结石,行扩张肝内胆管狭窄和吻合口狭窄的治疗。结果：6例病人经皮经胆肠吻合口置入胆道镜建立通道的方式分别是：3例病人在超声引导下穿刺置入;2例病人经皮经肝穿刺胆管,超声引导置入;1例病人超声引导置管失败,转开腹显示结肠后胆肠吻合,辅助经皮置入胆道镜。6例病人通道位置良好,可顺利进入左、右肝内胆管取石治疗。术后无腹腔出血、无肠瘘、无胆漏、无腹腔感染等近期并发症发生。随访1～6个月,通道形成良好,可反复多次取石、扩张肝内胆管和吻合口狭窄的治疗。结论：超声引导经皮经胆道吻合口治疗肝内胆管结石、肝内胆管狭窄、胆肠吻合口狭窄,具有微创、安全可行、效果良好的优点。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗.方法 分析2007-2009年肝移植术后不同类型胆道并发症的患者的临床资料,评价胴道并发症的类型,处理方式及术后恢复情况.结果 肝移植术后胆道并发症患者23例,包括胆漏患者12例,计胆管吻合口漏7例,肝断面胆管漏3例,胆囊管漏1例,迷走胆管漏1例;移植术后胆管狭窄患者11例,其中吻合口狭窄4例,非吻合口性狭窄7例.7例吻合口漏患者中,胆管重建2例(Roux-en-Y吻合和胆肠襻式Warren吻合);胆道吻合口修补1例;单纯依靠外引流管引流1例,活体双供肝肝移植的患者剖腹探查纠正胆漏失败后行再次肝移植1例;行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)植入支架2例.肝断面胆管漏3例中,行肝断面胆管缝扎1例,ERCP联合B超引导下穿刺引流2例,引流2个月后胆漏闭合,拔除引流管,但是随后又出现胆道狭窄,ERCP术后,病情好转.胆囊管漏1例,行胆囊管缝扎.迷走胆管漏1例,行胆囊床缝扎.吻合口狭窄的患者4例,3例经ERCP治愈,1例行胆肠吻合重建胆道后治愈.非吻合口性狭窄的7例,行ERCP治疗3例,ERCP失败后,行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage,PTCD)1例;再次肝移植3例,2例患者术后恢复良好,1例死于严重感染.结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症危害大,关键在于预防.     

Randomized trial of choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T tube in orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of biliary complications after liver transplantation in patients undergoing choledochocholedochostomy reconstruction with or without T tube in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several reports have suggested that biliary anastomosis without a T tube is a safe method of biliary reconstruction that could avoid complications related to the use of T tubes. No large prospective randomized trial has so far been published to compare the two techniques. METHODS: One hundred eighty recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation were randomly assigned to choledochocholedochostomy with (n = 90) or without (n = 90) a T tube in six French liver transplantation centers. All types of biliary complications were taken into account. RESULTS: The overall biliary complication rate was increased in the T-tube group, even though these complications did not lead to an increase in surgical or radiologic therapeutic procedures. The major significant complication was cholangitis in the T-tube group; this did not occur in the other group. The incidence of biliary fistula was 10% in the T-tube group and 2.2% in the group without a T tube. Other biliary complications were similar. The complication rate of cholangiography performed with the T tube was greater than with other types of biliary exploration. The graft and patient survival rates were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study is the first large prospective, randomized trial of biliary complications with or without a T tube. The authors found an increase in the biliary complication rate in the T-tube group, which was linked to minor complications. The T tube did not provide a safer access to the biliary tree compared with the others types of biliary explorations. The authors recommend the performance of choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube in liver transplantation.     

Allogeneic fibroblasts in dermal substitutes induce inflammation and scar formation

In the present study, we compared the use of autologous versus allogeneic fibroblasts in dermal skin substitutes in a porcine wound model. The allogeneic fibroblast populations were isolated from female and a male pig (allo-1, - 2 and - 3) and the controls, autologous fibroblasts, from female graft-recipient pigs (control). The histocompatibility of the three donor pigs with the recipient pigs was determined with a mixed lymphocyte reaction. In two pigs, full-thickness wounds were treated with the fibroblast-seeded dermal substitutes (n = 5 per animal) and immediately overgrafted with meshed split-skin autografts. After 6 weeks, wound contraction was measured by planimetry and scar formation was scored. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks biopsies were taken and evaluated for the presence of inflammatory reactions, myofibroblasts, and scar formation. The mixed lymphocyte reaction of both recipient pigs showed the highest responses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the allo-3 donor pig, and was low or negative for allo-1 and allo-2. In all "allogeneic" wounds, more inflammatory cells were observed over time along with inflammatory foci consisting of a mix of lymphocytes and granulomatous cells. After 4 weeks, myofibroblasts were absent in the control wounds, whereas in "allogeneic" wounds, myofibroblasts colocalized with inflammation foci. The final scar tissue of the "allogeneic" wounds showed granulating areas with thin, immature collagen bundles. In contrast, the control wounds showed a dermal tissue with mature collagen bundles organized randomly like in normal skin. The wounds treated with allo-3 fibroblasts showed in both pigs a significant increase in scar formation and wound contraction when compared with control wounds. In conclusion, for optimal restoration of dermal skin function with minimal scar formation, skin substitutes containing autologous fibroblasts are preferred over skin substitutes with allogeneic fibroblasts.     

Effects of continuous epidural administration of bupivacaine through a catheter in pigs

We studied whether long-term epidural catheter (nylon) placement for bupivacaine administration (morphine in 2 pigs) would cause any pathological changes in the epidural space and spinal cord of pigs. There were similar kinds of slight inflammatory changes in ligamentum flavum and dura mater in bupivacaine-treated (4 ml 0.5% bupivacaine, twice daily for 7 days, n = 8; 16 ml 0.25% bupivacaine infusion in 12 h, n = 3) and morphine-treated (2 mg preservative-free morphine, twice daily for 7 days, n = 2) pigs compared with corresponding control pigs (saline, n = 8) 24 h after treatment. There were minimal inflammatory changes in one of the two bupivacaine-treated pigs recovering for 3 weeks. In one of the bupivacaine pigs there was a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus) all along the epidural catheter. In this pig the overall level of bupivacaine plasma concentrations after an injection decreased stepwise during the 7-day period (sampling at 2-day intervals). In the other pigs treated for 7 days, the level of bupivacaine concentrations did not change markedly from first sampling to later samplings. It is probable that inflammatory changes in the epidural space, following prolonged administration of bupivacaine and morphine, are largely due to catheter irritation.     

原位肝移植术中应用T型管重建胆管的近期相关并发症

目的 研究同种异体肝移植术中应用T型管重建胆管的相关并发症。方法 回顾性分析2000年7月至2005年2月间135例患者肝移植术中应用T型管重建胆管的临床资料，总结其相关并发症的类型，并探讨减少并发症的方法。结果 135例患者肝移植术后共发生T型管相关性并发症9例，发生率为6．7％，其中发生拔除T管后腹膜炎5例；术后胆漏2例；T型管脱落2例。几乎所有患者拔除的T型管管腔均可见胆泥形成。结论 原位肝移植术中应用T型管重建胆管可以引起较高的胆管并发症发生率，因此不使用T型管是值得探讨和提倡的。     

强直性脊柱炎骨代谢的研究进展

强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）是一种自身免疫功能异常引起的以慢性炎症性关节炎为主要表现的疾病,可发展为脊柱关节炎,慢性炎症和病理性骨形成是它的两个主要病理特点。进行性的脊柱关节僵硬引起的脊柱活动障碍是患者最常见的主诉,因此对脊柱关节的异常骨增生的病理机制得到广泛的关注。但随着对AS研究的深入,发现在脊柱局部过度骨化的同时伴有系统性的骨丢失,表明AS发病过程不仅仅是单一的成骨或破骨异常,而是处于兼有两者的骨代谢失衡环境中。目前研究发现AS疾病中Wnt、BMP信号通路和炎症反应在AS疾病中既促进成骨,又能影响破骨细胞形成;而破骨细胞在发挥骨吸收作用的同时,它的产物又参与了新生骨形成。但大多数研究均是着重于描述单独的成骨或破骨机制,未能明确地阐明它们是如何在引起脊柱周围骨质增生的同时导致全身骨量丢失的具体作用机制。AS病理过程中炎症因子是否在不同的部位发挥不同的作用,如何在控制新生骨形成的同时减少骨质疏松发生的风险,这些问题仍需要得到进一步的探索研究。     

An intraluminal prosthesis may improve healing of a one-layer colonic anastomosis: an experimental study in pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare healing of one-layer colonic anastomoses with or without a soluble intraluminal prosthesis (* SBS-tube). DESIGN: Randomised, partly blinded controlled study. SETTING: University hospital, Denmark. SUBJECTS: 16 female Danish country strain pigs, of which 8 had the SBS tube inserted and 8 acted as controls. INTERVENTIONS: One-layer colonic anastomoses either hand-sewn (n = 8, controls) or hand-sewn onto an SBS tube (n = 8). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Macroscopic evaluation, leakage test, breaking strength, histology, oxygen tension in and near the anastomosis peroperatively and 4 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Three quarters of the tubes (n = 8) dissolved in less than 2 hours. Histological examination showed significantly better structured layers and more mucosal epithelial covering in the SBS group. The other histological variables examined were: tissue gap (p < 0.08), inflammation (p < 0.10), breaking strength (p < 0.46) and amount of granulation tissue (p < 0.71), but the last findings were not significant. Oxygen tension at the anastomotic line was better in the SBS tube group, but not significantly so. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the SBS tube facilitates the sewing of the anastomosis and may improve healing, possibly because of better apposition of the cut ends and reduced tension in the sutures.     

Simvastatin prevents coronary microvascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive pigs

Patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease are at risk for cardiovascular diseases, possibly related to inflammation. Statins have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects on vascular structure regardless of cholesterol reduction. It was hypothesized that alterations in myocardial microvascular structure in swine renovascular hypertension (RVH) would be improved by simvastatin treatment. Three groups of pigs were studied after 12 wk: normal (n = 7), RVH (n = 7), or RVH+simvastatin (RVH+S; 80 mg/d; n = 6). Left ventricular muscle mass and myocardial perfusion were determined in vivo using electron beam computed tomography, and myocardial samples then were scanned ex vivo using micro-computed tomography for measurement of the spatial density of myocardial microvessels (80 to 500 microm) in situ. Capillary density and myocardial expression of inflammatory and growth factors were determined in myocardial tissue. The effects of simvastatin on inflammation-induced tube formation were evaluated in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells that were exposed to TNF-alpha. RVH and RVH+S had similarly increased arterial pressure and serum creatinine. However, left ventricular hypertrophy was prevented by simvastatin, and myocardial perfusion was increased. Compared with normal, RVH showed increased spatial density of microvessels (169.6 +/- 21 versus 107.7 +/- 15.2 vessels/cm(2); P < 0.05), which was decreased in RVH+S (72.5 +/- 14.9 vessels/cm(2)), whereas capillary density remained similar to normal. RVH also increased myocardial expression of inflammatory and growth factors, which were reversed by simvastatin. Furthermore, simvastatin attenuated TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis in vitro. Simvastatin prevents myocardial microvascular remodeling and hypertrophy in experimental RVH independent of lipid lowering. This protective effect is partly mediated by blunted expression as well as angiogenic activity of inflammatory cytokines.     

Biliary reconstruction is enhanced with a collagen-polyethylene glycol sealant

Bile leaks occur in up to 27 per cent of liver transplant patients after biliary reconstruction. Synthetic sealants have not been investigated for these biliary procedures. We performed a randomized controlled study to evaluate a novel absorbable polyethylene glycol/collagen biopolymer sealant (CT3 Surgical Sealant) after incomplete end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy (CDCD) in pigs. Pigs (n = 18) underwent transection of the common bile duct and incomplete CDCD over a T-tube, leaving a one-sixth circumferential defect anteriorly. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment (CDCD with sealant, n = 9) or control (no sealant, n = 9). Drains were used to monitor leak volume and bilirubin (bili) concentration. Cholangiography was performed on postoperative day 3. Leaks were defined as drain bili/serum bill > 3, total drain output > 10 mL/kg, and/or extravasation on cholangiography. Animals sacrificed at 3 and 8 weeks (n = 4 and n = 5 from each group, respectively) underwent pathologic examination of the CDCD site. Statistical methods included Student's t test, chi2, linear regression, and analysis of variance procedures. The control group had a higher drain output rate over the first 4 postoperative days than the treatment group (P < 0.05, analysis of variance). Five of nine (56%) control and one of nine (11%) treatment animals had a bile leak (P < 0.05, chi2). There was no major inflammatory response to the sealant versus controls. We conclude that CT3 is effective in decreasing biliary leaks in an incomplete CDCD porcine model with no major adverse pathologic changes. This sealant should be considered for trials for biliary reconstruction in humans.     

大鼠慢性细菌性前列腺炎模型的制备及其阿米卡星透过性研究

目的:制备大鼠慢性细菌性前列腺炎模型,了解大鼠慢性前列腺炎前列腺的阿米卡星透过性。方法:健康成年雄性大鼠180只,随机分为正常对照组(NC,n=48),慢性细菌性前列腺炎组(CBP,n=84)及慢性细菌性前列腺炎治疗组(CBPT,n=48)。用消痔灵及大肠埃希菌的阿米卡星敏感株与耐药株分别注射大鼠前列腺,制备CBP模型。NC及CBP组大鼠肌肉注射阿米卡星(28mg/kg),给药后1min～150min取各组大鼠的血清和前列腺,分别检测其抗菌药物活性以及前列腺组织的细菌数量与病理学改变,分析阿米卡星透过性及其治疗效果;CBPT组大鼠进行阿米卡星治疗7d;于3、5、8、10、13、15、17、21、18d取NC、CBP、CBT组大鼠前列腺,分离鉴定细菌及病理学检查。结果:CBP及CBPT组前列腺的组织病理学检查可见明显的炎症细胞浸润、纤维组织增生等慢性炎症病理学改变,分离培养可检出大肠埃希菌。NC组大鼠前列腺的组织病理学检查未发现明显病理改变,血清及前列腺组织始终不能检出抗菌活性以及细菌。CBP大鼠前列腺的大肠埃希菌数量随时间延长而逐渐减少,感染28d后每毫克前列腺的细菌数量减少为30个菌落形成单位(30CFU/mg)。CBPT大鼠前列腺的大肠埃希菌数量随治疗时间延长而迅速减少,阿米卡星敏感细菌感染的大鼠治疗10d后已不能检出任何细菌(0CFU/mg)。给药后2～150min,NC及CBP大鼠血清及前列腺组织内均可检出明显的抗生素活性,不同时间前列腺组织的抗生素活性分别可低于、等于或高于同期血清的抗生素活性。CBPT大鼠前列腺的慢性炎性组织病理现象,随给药时间延长以及前列腺细菌数量减少或消失可明显缓解。结论:采用前列腺直接注射消痔灵和细菌的方法,可获得具有明显慢性炎性组织病理学改变的细菌性前列腺炎大鼠模型。肌肉注射的阿米卡星能够进入大鼠慢性炎症前列腺组织内并且达到等于或高于血清的抗生素活性水平。进入前列腺组织的阿米卡星能够有效地杀灭敏感细菌,有利于前列腺组织炎性病理损害的缓解以及损伤组织的修复。     

Histopathological effects of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive following surgical application: an experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate experimentally the possible histopathological effects of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate glue when used as a tissue adhesive in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. For histopathological investigation, a study group of 144 rats in which intentionally produced lesions in myocardium (n=36), ascending aorta (n=36), lung (n=36) and abdominal aorta (n=36) were closed by using ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate was compared with the control group (n=144) in which the same lesions were closed by using sutures. On each of days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60, six rats from the study group and six rats from the control group were sacrificed and analyzed for each relevant organ in terms of bonding of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate polymers to tissue, foreign body reaction, inflammatory reactions, and necrosis. Endothelial cell damage, intimal hyperplasia, and thrombus formation were also evaluated in arteriotomy sections. RESULTS: In histopathological analysis of vascular, myocardial and pulmonary tissue sections, there was no significant histopathological difference between conventionally sutured tissues and ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate-applied tissues. CONCLUSIONS: As no significant difference between conventional suture and ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate application was detected in terms of histopathological reactions, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate may be considered as an alternative or adjunct to conventional techniques in controlling hemorrhage that cannot be controlled by conventional methods, in tissue repair and in the control of pulmonary air leakage, and may be used in vascular, myocardial and pulmonary surgery.