椎动脉发育不良和胚胎型大脑后动脉与后循环缺血

<正>后循环缺血是常见的缺血性脑血管病,包括后循环短暂性脑缺血发作和脑梗死,约占缺血性脑卒中的20%[1]。血管闭塞性疾病和栓塞是常见的导致后循环缺血的血管因素,其中血管闭塞性疾病主要发病机制是动脉粥样硬化,椎动脉粥样硬化疾病与颈内动脉粥样硬化有相同的特点及共同的危险因素。此外,由于椎动脉管径细小伴随的血流动力学、血压及血液成分改变等危险因素的共同作用,发育不良的椎     

胚胎型大脑后动脉与脑血管病

胚胎型大脑后动脉是一种常见的Willis环胚胎变异类型.文章对胚胎型大脑后动脉的定义、分型以及其与侧支循环、缺血性卒中、颅内动脉瘤等疾病的关系进行了综述.     

椎动脉发育不良与急性后循环缺血性脑卒中

目的探讨椎动脉发育不良(VAH)与急性后循环缺血性脑卒中的相关性。方法连续收集本院神经内科住院患者718例,均行颈动脉超声和头颅MRI检查。将颈动脉超声诊断单侧或双侧VAH的381例为观察组,无VAH的337例为对照组。回顾性分析2组急性后循环缺血性脑卒中发生率。逐步logistic回归分析危险因素。结果观察组胚胎型大脑后动脉发生率显著高于对照组(48.03%vs 15.13%,P=0.000),2组急性后循环缺血性脑卒中发生率无显著差异(年龄≤55岁,14.16%vs 10.00%,年龄55岁,7.84%vs 11.24%,χMH2=0.310,P=0.578)。高血压(OR=1.913,P=0.019),高脂血症(OR=1.875,P=0.015)为急性后循环缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。结论 VAH多见,其合并胚胎型大脑后动脉不增加急性后循环缺血性脑卒中发病风险。     

老年脑动脉狭窄患者胚胎型大脑后动脉与侧支循环的相关性研究

目的 研究老年脑动脉狭窄患者胚胎型大脑后动脉(FTP)与侧支循环的相关性.方法 选择2019年1月～2021年3月火箭军特色医学中心神经内科和齐齐哈尔医学院附属第二医院神经内六科诊治的存在FTP和脑动脉狭窄的老年患者45例.评估FTP的影像学特点,分析合并脑动脉狭窄或闭塞时FTP与侧支循环的相互关系.结果 完全型FTP...     

大脑后动脉区梗死特殊临床表现

三偏征是指偏盲、偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍。三偏征被认为是由颈内动脉、大脑中动脉及脉络膜前动脉病变所致。大脑后动脉区梗死 (ＰＣＡＩ)也可造成三偏症状和体征 ,病例较少。有关ＰＣＡＩ的研究没有其他区域梗死研究广泛 ,相关文献报道较少。其发病率据国外报道为 5 %～ 10 %,国内     

一侧大脑前动脉发育不良的经颅多普勒超声检测与分析

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)分析一侧大脑前动脉发育不良(细小支)的血流动力学特点并探讨TCD的诊断价值。方法对经TCD和磁共振血管造影(MRA)筛查的28例一侧大脑前动脉发育不良的患者,进行颈动脉压迫试验前后细小侧和对侧大脑前动脉交通前段(ACA-A1)的血流动力学改变的观察,并与28例健康者(对照组)比较。结果28例患者细小侧ACA-A1血流速度(62±17)cm/s显著低于对照组(87±15)cm/s(P<0.01),对侧ACA-A1血流速度(123±13)cm/s显著高于对照组(P<0.01),细小侧ACA-A1血流速度平均为对侧的1/2。压迫对侧颈总动脉后,细小侧ACA-A1血流速度增高倍数(3.08±0.51)显著高于对照组(1.97±0.25)(P<0.01),对侧ACA-A1血流速度增高倍数(1.35±0.11)显著低于对照组(P<0.01),细小侧ACA-A1血流速度增高幅度平均为对侧的2倍以上。结论根据颈总动脉压迫试验前后双侧大脑前动脉的血流动力学改变,结合血流信号强度、血流分布等辅助指标,TCD可诊断一侧大脑前动脉发育不良。     

支架和球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞大脑后动脉大型动脉瘤一例

患者男,50岁。2012年7月2日因偶有头晕,在当地医院接受头部MRI和磁共振血管成像检查,显示有颅内动脉瘤(图1a,1b),无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)。为进一步诊治,于2012年7月13日收入首都医科大学宣武医院。既往有高血压病史1年,一直服用缬沙坦80 mg,1次/d,控制血压为125～140/70～85 mm Hg。入院体检:血压136/     

经颅多普勒超声对大脑后动脉发育不良的血流动力学检测

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）分析大脑后动脉（PCA）发育不良的血流动力学特点并探讨TCD对其的诊断价值.方法 选择经TCD和磁共振血管成像（MRA）筛查的52例大脑后动脉交通前段（PCA-P1）发育不良的患者,进行颈动脉压迫试验前、后血流动力学改变的观察,并与52例无血管变异的健康者（对照组）比较.结果 ①52例PCA-P1发育不良患者的不良侧PCA-P1的收缩期峰值流速为（55±8）cm/s,低于对照组的（60±6）cm/s,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.分别压迫同侧颈总动脉（CCA）后,发育不良侧的PCA-P1收缩期峰值血流速度为（192±25）cm/s,高于对照组的（96±14）cm/s,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.发育不良者的PCA-P1收缩期峰值血流速度于颈动脉压迫试验前、后的比值（Vp后/Vp前）为3.52±0.53,高于对照组的1.60±0.17,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.②压迫同侧CCA后,发育不良侧PCA-P1舒张期末血流速度与压迫前的比值（Vd后/Vd前）为4.48±1.28,高于对照组1.6l±0.25（P〈0.01）.③发育不良侧PCA-P1血管搏动指数为1.00±0.22,高于对照组的0.78±0.09,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.④52例患者中有28例血流频谱呈高阻力型改变,24例血流频谱正常.同侧CCA压迫前、后,高阻力型频谱组与压迫前比值（Vd后/Vd前）为5.3±1.1,高于血流频谱正常组的3.5±0.6,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,但VP后/VP前与正常频谱组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.⑤TCD疑诊PCA-P1发育不良者39例,经MRA确诊32例,阳性符合率为82.1%;其中表现为高阻力型血流频谱患者17例,经MRA确诊PCA.P1发育不良的有16例,阳性符合率为94.1%.结论 根据CCA压迫试验前后的PCA-P1的血流动力学变化参数,结合血流频谱形态,TCD可初步诊断PCA-P1发育不良.     

大脑中动脉中重度狭窄患者大脑前和大脑后动脉的血流动力学变化

目的探讨大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）的血流动力学变化对TCD诊断大脑中动脉中、重度狭窄的意义。方法回顾性分析经DSA检查证实的单侧MCA中度狭窄（19例）、重度狭窄（56例）的患者共75例。采用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测双侧MCA、ACA、PCA的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张末期流速（EDV）、MCA狭窄远段收缩期峰值流速（PSVdis）,计算血管搏动指数（PI）及MCA狭窄段与狭窄远段峰值流速比值（PSV／PSVtlis）。记录DSA显示的ACA、PCA脑膜支的代偿情况。结果①19例MCA中度狭窄患者均未见脑膜支代偿;56例重度狭窄患者中,31例存在脑膜支代偿,ACA脑膜支代偿的患者18例,PCA脑膜支代偿的患者24例（P=0．263）。②重度狭窄者MCA的PSV、PSV／PSVdis,均明显高于中度狭窄者（P〈0．01）。重度狭窄者患侧ACA、PCA的PSV[（126±51）、（85±35）cm／s）]、EDV[（61±30）s、（41±21）cm／s）]均显著高于健侧ACA、PCA的PSV[（102±32）、（61±13）cm／s）],EDV[（47±17）、（28±7）cm／s],P〈0．01;中度狭窄者双侧ACA、PCA的PSV、EDV差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③有ACA、PCA腑膜支代偿患者的PSV、EDV,均较无代偿患者的明显增快（P〈0．01）,PI值减小（P〈0．05）。结论TCD显示患侧ACA、PCA的流速代偿性升高对于鉴别MCA中、重度狭窄具有重要的诊断价值。     

椎动脉发育不良的研究进展

椎动脉发育不良(VAH)既往被认为是一种正常的先天性血管变异.越来越多的研究结果显示,VAH与动脉粥样硬化、椎-基底动脉延长扩张症、后循环缺血事件、眩晕等密切相关.该文就VAH的流行病学、病因与发病机制、诊断、导致的相关疾病等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期有助于VAH筛查和随访观察的开展,避免或延缓VAH相关不良事件的...     

椎动脉发育不良与后循环缺血性卒中

椎动脉发育不良是椎动脉的一种常见变异类型.关于椎动脉发育不良与后循环缺血性卒中的关系,目前尚无统一定论.现有的证据提示,椎动脉发育不良可能是后循环缺血性卒中的促发因素,尤其是在并存其他血管危险因素的情况下.文章阐述了椎动脉发育不良的流行病学、椎动脉发育不良患者后循环缺血性卒中的临床表现和影像学特点以及椎动脉发育不良引起后循环缺血性卒中的可能机制.     

椎动脉发育不全及其临床意义

椎动脉发育不全是一种先天性血管变异,其发生率为1．9%~26．5%。近几年的研究显示,椎动脉发育不全可能是后循环脑梗死的潜在危险因素,特别是当与其他脑血管危险因素并存时。椎动脉发育不全可能导致局部的血流低灌注和复杂的神经血管调节,而与偏头痛也存在一定的联系。     

Vertebral artery hypoplasia as an independent risk factor of posterior circulation atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke

Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) is a frequent anatomical variation of vertebral arteries, with emerging evidence suggesting that it contributes to posterior circulation ischemia. However, the relationship between VAH and ischemic stroke remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of VAH in patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke who were followed up in a neurology clinic and to determine if it can potentially be a risk factor for atherosclerotic stenosis in vertebrobasilar circulation.This retrospective study included 609 patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke between January 1, 2019 and January 1, 2020. Demographic of patients, risk factors, radiological and clinical characteristics were evaluated.Posterior circulation was very common in patients with VAH, and the most common locations of atherosclerotic stenosis were V1 and V4 segments of the vertebral artery and the middle segment of basilar artery. Analysis of the risk factors for atherosclerotic stenosis in patients with posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke suggested that VAH was an independent risk factor.Findings of the study suggest that VAH pre-disposes atherosclerotic stenosis in vertebrobasilar circulation, although its mechanism remains unknown. Hemodynamic parameters associated with atherosclerosis could not be measured in vivo. Thus, to better understand the underlying mechanism, conducting studies that examine blood flow parameters with high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography in patients diagnosed with acute cerebral ischemia patients with VAH is warranted.     

椎动脉优势、基底动脉弯曲与后循环卒中

椎动脉优势一般被认为是一种先天性血管变异或是无意义的临床发现.许多研究表明,椎动脉优势造成的双侧椎动脉血流不对称易于导致基底动脉弯曲.一些研究显示,椎动脉优势和基底动脉弯曲与后循环卒中均存在一定的相关性.     

血管内栓塞治疗大脑后动脉瘤

目的探讨应用血管内介入栓塞治疗大脑后动脉瘤的方法和安全性。方法回顾性分析应用血管内栓塞治疗的8例大脑后动脉瘤患者的临床特点、治疗方法及预后。结果①8例患者共有8个动脉瘤,其中P1段动脉瘤1例,P1与P2交界处动脉瘤2例,P2段动脉瘤3例,P3段动脉瘤2例;梭形或夹层动脉瘤6例,囊状动脉瘤2例。②球囊闭塞载瘤动脉1例,弹簧圈动脉瘤内填塞同时阻断载瘤动脉5例,动脉瘤内填塞保留载瘤动脉2例。③术后DSA示动脉瘤均完全消失,6例载瘤动脉阻断的患者术后无缺血症状,所有患者均未出现神经功能缺损和其他介入相关并发症。④术后3—6个月复查DSA,未见动脉瘤复发。临床随访1～12年,所有患者均恢复正常生活。结论血管内介入栓塞大脑后动脉瘤是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Stenting for a symptomatic posterior cerebral artery stenosis

Evolvement of endovascular devices and increase of operator expertise have made angioplasty and stenting in intracranial vessels technically possible. Stenting has been reported in treating stenosis in middle and anterior cerebral arteries with favorable outcomes. However, the feasibility of stenting for stenosis in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) has not been established. We report a patient with progressive focal cerebral ischemic symptoms, which were arrested after reconstruction of the associated PCA stenosis with stenting. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Vertebral artery stenosis

Opinion statement Stenosis of the vertebral artery (VA) in either its extra- or intracranial portions is an important cause of posterior circulation stroke. Diagnosis of VA stenosis by noninvasive imaging techniques is improving and new endovascular and medical treatments are now available. However, the natural history of VA stenotic lesions is not known and its optimum management is unclear. Symptomatic VA stenosis should be initially treated with established antiplatelet agents. There is no proven indication for anticoagulation in cases of VA stenosis. Case series have shown that angioplasty and stenting for proximal extracranial VA stenosis have a low perioperative complication rate and are effective in restoring luminal diameter. Evidence from randomized trials on its long-term efficacy versus medical therapy is not available. Regarding current evidence where symptoms are refractory to antiplatelet treatment, or where recurrent stroke risk is considered increased due to either an incomplete circle of Willis or an anomalous VA circulation, it can be considered in centers with experience of the procedure. Randomized trials comparing stenting with medical therapy are required. Surgery may be a viable alternative to angioplasty and stenting, but only in a few specialist centers. Evidence from randomized controlled trials of medical and other interventions for VA stenosis are required.     

Vertebral artery stenting.

The safety and efficacy of endoluminal stenting in treating atherosclerotic vertebral artery disease was evaluated in 38 vessels in 32 patients. Indications for revascularization included diplopia (n = 4), blurred vision (n = 4), dizziness (n = 23), transient ischemic attacks (n = 4), drop attack (n = 1), gait disturbance (n = 1), headache (n = 2), and asymptomatic critical stenosis (n = 1). Success (< 20% residual diameter stenosis, without stroke or death) was achieved in all 32 patients (100%). One patient experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) 1 hr after the procedure. At follow-up (mean, 10.6 months), all patients (100%) were alive and 31/32 (97%) were asymptomatic. One patient (3%) had in-stent restenosis at 3.5 months and underwent successful balloon angioplasty. Endoluminal stenting of vertebral artery lesions is safe, effective, and durable as evidenced by the low recurrence rate. Primary stent placement is an attractive option for atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenotic lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:1-5.