复方银杏口服液治疗冠心病168例疗效观察

目的比较银杏口服液与银杏叶提取物为主要成分的复方银杏口服液治疗冠心病的疗效。方法选择348例冠心病患者，采取随机方法分为治疗组168例，对照组180例，治疗组以银杏叶提取物、人参浸膏、五味子提取物等组方制成的复方银杏口服液治疗，对照组口服银杏口服液，疗程均为14d，比较两组临床疗效。结果治疗组、对照组显效率分别为69．6％和44．4％，总有效率分别为91．1％和71．7％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；治疗组治疗后心电图及血脂较对照组改善明显（P〈0．05）。结论复方银杏口服液制备工艺简单，质量可控，治疗冠心病疗效明显优于银杏口服液。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方银杏胶囊中银杏叶总黄酮含量…

紫外分光光度法测定复方银杏胶囊中银杏叶总黄酮含量李梅杨正鸿王坚毅＊（广西医科大学第一附属医院南宁５３００２７）复方银杏胶囊主含银杏叶提取物，可用于治疗脑栓塞、脑血管痉挛、冠心病、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、效果良好。银杏类制剂多以总黄酮作为质量控制指标［１～７...     

银杏磷脂胶囊与银杏叶胶囊的药效学比较

［摘要］目的比较银杏磷脂胶囊与银杏叶胶囊的主要药效学。方法取豚鼠60只，随机分为6组，银杏叶胶囊组，银杏磷脂胶囊低、高剂量组，大豆卵磷脂组，混合物组，淀粉组，每组10只。每天灌胃给药1次，连续7 d。以MS 302生理药理多用仪监测心功能指标；测定冠脉流出液中肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的含量以及心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果银杏磷脂胶囊两个剂量组CK、LDH含量较淀粉模型组明显降低；银杏磷脂剂量依赖性地降低缺血心肌组织中MDA含量，升高SOD活性。且银杏磷脂高剂量组明显优于等剂量（总黄酮醇苷）银杏叶胶囊组和混合物组。结论银杏叶提取物（EGb）和银杏磷脂复合物可通过抑制脂质过氧化反应而保护酶的活性，且银杏磷脂复合物该作用明显强于等剂量（总黄酮醇苷）的EGb与混合物。     

舒血宁注射液与低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

我院于2002年10月1日～12月31日应用舒血宁(银杏叶提取物，每5ml含总黄酮醇苷4．2mg，银杏内酯A0．3mg，北京双鹤高科天然药物有限公司，批号20020117)与低分子肝素(杭州赛诺菲制药，批号20020318)治疗急性脑梗死30例(治疗组)和单用低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死30例(对照组)进行疗效对比。     

银杏提取物治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效观察

目的：观察银杏提取物（金纳多）注射液与复方丹参注射液治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效。方法：心绞痛患者126例，随机分为金纳多注射液（治疗组）64例和复方丹参注射液（对照组）62例进行临床疗效研究。结果：治疗组的总有效率（90．63％）优于对照组（72．58％），差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：金纳多注射液治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效良好。     

银杏叶提取物的制备工艺优化及质量控制

目的:优化中药银杏叶提取物的制备工艺及质量控制方法.方法:采用HPLC技术建立银杏叶提取物中总黄酮醇苷和总银杏酸的含量测定方法,以总黄酮醇苷转移率为指标,采用正交试验优化银杏叶提取物的乙醇回流提取工艺,并以总黄酮醇苷的含量和总银杏酸限量为指标成分,建立该银杏叶提取物的质量控制方法.结果:银杏叶提取物的最佳提取工艺为称取...     

静脉滴注舒血宁致严重过敏反应1例

舒血宁注射液为中药制剂,5mg／支,为黄色澄明液体。成分为银杏叶提取物17．5mg（含总黄酮醇苷4．2mg,含银杏内酯0．70mg）,用于缺血性心脑血管疾病、冠心病、心绞痛、脑梗死、脑血管痉挛的治疗。此药极少出现不良反应,2006年本院发生1例严重过敏反应,现报道如下。     

银杏黄酮苷与复方丹参片治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效比较

目的：比较银杏黄酮苷(舒血宁片)与复方丹参片治疗冠心病心绞痛的疗效。方法：68例冠心病心绞痛患者随机分为，治疗组38例，口服银杏黄酮苷2片，tid；对照组30例，口服复方丹参片3片，tid。两组疗程均为4周，治疗前后观察临床症状、心电图、心功能、血液流变学、硝酸甘油用量及不良反应。结果：治疗组在临床症状及心电图、心功能及血液流变学的改善、硝酸甘油停减率方面均优于对照组(P＜0.05)，无明显不良反应。结论：银杏黄酮苷治疗心绞痛安全有效，优于复方丹参片。     

补阳还五煎剂治疗冠心病心绞痛50例

目的观察补阳还五煎剂治疗冠心病心绞痛的疗效。方法将95例冠心病心绞痛患者随机分成两组。治疗组50例采用补阳还五煎剂加味治疗;对照组45例给予银杏叶片（每片含总黄酮醇苷9.6 mg）2片,po,tid。两组疗程均为1个月。结果治疗组总有效率（90.0%）明显高于对照组（66.7%）（P＜0.05）,治疗组心电图总有效率（86.0%）亦明显高于对照组（62.2%）（P＜0.05）。结论补阳还五煎剂治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效确切、安全。     

HPLC测定银杏叶提取物缓释微丸黄酮和内酯含量

目的：测定银杏叶提取物缓释微丸中总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯银杏内酯的含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC），色谱柱：Aglient C18（250mm×4．6min，5μm）；流动相分别为甲醇-0．4％磷酸溶液（52：48）、甲醇-水（35：65）；流速1．0ml·min^-1。结果：槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素和白果内酯、银杏内酯A、B、C等4种内酯均能得到较好的分离效果，线性关系良好。结论：本方法准确稳定、灵敏度及重复性较好，能够控制该制剂的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.