模拟高原大鼠梭曼中毒血液单胺类递质的变化

本研究采用荧光分光光度仪检测了模拟４０００ｍ高原大鼠复合梭曼中毒后不 清中５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）、５－羟吲哚乙酸（５－ＨＩＡＡ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ）和多巴胺（ＤＡ）等５种单胺物质的含量。结果表明：大鼠在模拟高的状态和复合中一道因中单胺物质的含量民平原对照相比，以及７２μｇ／ｋｇ中毒组与５６μｇ／ｋｇ中毒组和高原对照组相比，明显同（Ｐ〈０．０１）。提示高原复合梭曼中体内单胺类物质的     

缺氧条件下梭曼对PC12细胞的毒性作用

目的：为研究有机磷化合物的细胞毒性及其在缺氧或低氧环境中毒性升高的机理，为高原有机磷中毒的预防和治疗用药提供依据。方法：利用ＭＴＴ比色法、放免技术及荧光分析法测定缺氧条件下梭曼中毒ＰＣ１２细胞存活率、ｃＡＭＰ含量和细胞内游离钙浓度（〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕）ｉ的变化。结果：单纯梭曼中毒组ＰＣ１２细胞存活率无明显改变，缺氧及缺氧中毒细胞胞存活率显著下降；缺氧组、梭曼中毒组及缺氧梭曼中毒组的细胞ｃＡＭＰ含量〔Ｃ     

模拟4000m高原梭曼中毒对大鼠纹状体胆碱能系统的影响

为探讨高原缺氧脑损伤胆碱能系统的变化及其在高原有机磷毒剂毒性升高中的作用和机理。利用ＤＮＴＢ法,羟胺比色法「３Ｈ」－ＱＮＢ放射性配基结合法检测了模拟高原４０００ｍ和／或梭曼中毒大鼠纹状体乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）活性、乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）水平及毒蕈碱样胆碱受体（Ｍ受体）的变化。实验显示,模拟高原大鼠纹状体的ＡＣｈＥ活性出现了不同程度的升高,ＡＣｈ水平降低,Ｍ受体密度和亲和力显著增加;高原条件下梭 毒时     

模拟高原梭曼中毒脑组织磷脂酶A2等活性和含量的变化

目的 探讨高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒脑组织中磷脂酶A2（PLA2）、腺苷酸，环磷酸腺苷的变化及其在脑损伤中的作用机制。方法 以Wistar大鼠为模型观察高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒后12，24，48h大鼠脑水肿的发生率以及脑组织中PLA2的活性。腺苷酸，环磷酸腺苷（cAMP)的变化特点。结果 高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒后24h脑组织伊思蓝含量（EB）、PLA2的活性，腺苷酸含量明显升高以及海马，小脑，皮层cAMP的含量明显升高。结论 高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒时，脑组织损伤具有早而重的特点，其具体机制可能与能量代谢抑制及衰竭和磷脂酶A2和腺苷酸环化酶的激活有关。     

矽肺患者肺泡灌洗液的肿瘤坏死因子检测和促成纤维细胞生长能力的研究

对５６例矽肺中尉得支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）及ＢＡＬＦ中肺巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）无血清培养上清液中ＴＮＦ含量进行了检测，同时探讨了它们对人胚肺成纤维细胞（ＦＢ）增殖活性的影响，结果表明：ＢＡＬＦ中可疑矽肺上ＴＮＦ含量高于其它各种期矽肺，随着期别增加而减少，ＡＭ上清液中ＴＮＦ含量ＩＩ期高于Ｉ期，ＢＡＬＦ和ＡＭ上清液促ＦＢ增殖活性与ＴＮＦ含量高低有一定关系，随着ＴＮＦ浓度增高而增高，但不成平行关系，这可能     

高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒脑Ca2+/CaMPKⅡ活性抑制机理

目的 探讨缺氧复合梭曼中毒脑组织Ca^2 /CaMPKⅡ活性抑制机理。方法 本实验采用放射免疫技术，观察模拟4000m高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒后12，24，48h脑组织CaM含量以及钙/钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ（Ca^2 /CaM-PKⅡ)活性的变化影响。结果 高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒后脑组织CaM含量在中毒后24h明显高于单纯中毒组，缺氧对照组和正常对照组；缺氧中毒组脑组织Ca^2 /CaM-PKⅡ活性在中毒后48h明显低于单纯中毒组，缺氧对照组和正常对照组；而钙通道拮抗剂尼莫地平（Nimodipine)可对抗这种改变。结论 CaM,Ca^2 /CaM-PKⅡ在高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒大鼠脑组织损伤机理中起了重要的作用。     

模拟高原缺氧复合梭曼中毒大鼠心肌G蛋白的变化

目的　探讨高原缺氧条件下梭曼中毒大鼠心肌抑制性G蛋白 (Giα)表达及含量的变化 ,为临床救治心功能损害提供理论依据。方法　实验大鼠随机分为正常对照组、高原缺氧组、梭曼中毒组和缺氧复合梭曼中毒组。应用RT -PCR及蛋白免疫印迹法分别检测大鼠心肌GiαmRNA的表达和蛋白含量的变化。结果　单纯缺氧、梭曼中毒或缺氧复合梭曼中毒组均可引起心肌GiαmRNA表达和含量降低 ;与单纯梭曼中毒比较 ,缺氧复合梭曼中毒 2 4h后GiαmRNA的表达降低 4 .1% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Giα含量降低 7.5 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　大鼠心肌Giα表达及含量降低 ,可能是高原缺氧条件下梭曼中毒大鼠心功能损害加重的重要原因之一     

铍病豚鼠BALF中纤维粘连蛋白,层粘连蛋白和磷脂的变化

以氧化铍（ＢｅＯ）气道染毒方法制备实验性豚鼠铍病模型。用间接酶免疫吸附法测定铍病豚鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中纤维粘蛋白（ＦＮ）、层粘连蛋白（ＬＭ）水平的变化，结果表明染毒后１周豚鼠ＢＡＬＦ中ＦＮ明显升高，染毒后１０周ＬＭ有下降趋势。用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）法测定染毒豚鼠ＢＡＬＦ中磷脂（ＰＬ）组分的变化，初期为ＰＩ和ＰＥ下降，尔后逐渐恢复。     

双光气对大鼠肺损伤的研究

研究了双光气染毒后不同时间大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）成分及肺形态学改变。结果表明，双光气染毒后，ＢＡＬＦ成分的变化程度与肺形态改变密切相关ＢＡＬＦ成分分析可作为动物实验中探测双光气所致肺损伤的有力手段。     

急性肺损伤大鼠肺灌洗液及血清中LDH，ALP，TC，TG及PL变化研究

对静脉注射油酸引起急性肺损伤的（ＡＬＩ）大鼠，在注射后不同时间收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）和血清进行分析，发现其ＢＡＬＦ中乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）和磷脂（ＰＬ）均有不同程度增加，注射后０．５小时ＬＤＨ即增高达对照组的６．７倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。血清中ＬＤＨ，ＡＬＰ，ＴＣ及ＰＬ均有异常改变，其中注射后０．５小时血清ＬＤＨ即高达对照组的２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验组ＢＡＬＦ及血清中甘油三酯（ＴＧ）均比对照组有所降低。实验提示，ＢＡＬＦ和血清中ＬＤＨ升高伴脂类异常，有可能是早期诊断急性肺损伤较特异的组合指标。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.