机器人辅助经自然腔道内镜手术的研究现状与展望

腹腔镜和介入内镜在临床的成功应用开创了微创领域的全新时代,经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES）巧妙地将腔镜手术和内镜技术融合,再次翻开了微创外科的新篇章。NOTES的发展必然伴随技术的创新,尽管前进的道路上仍有挑战,但NOTES已取得令人瞩目的成绩。近年来,机器人技术的蓬勃发展,     

单孔腔镜技术发展带给我们的思考

经自然孔道内镜外科（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES）经过近10年的研究,已经由一个理想中的概念走向初步的临床应用。由于其尚存在诸多较难克服的技术瓶颈,现阶段仍无法广泛开展。经脐单孔腔镜手术是目前最现实可行的“无瘢痕”技术。该技术近年来在国内外进展迅速,但是仍然存在许多亟待改进的方面,包括操作技巧的进步、器械设备的研发和手术观念的提高。该技术的临床应用和适应证的拓展将为NOTES手术提供有益的技术准备,若与内镜相结合,则可发挥各自的优势,使病人得到更为安全、有效、微创的治疗。由此可见,腔镜医生的培养需要辅以内镜技术的培训,这样才能造就技术全面的微创外科医生。     

经自然腔道内镜技术和单孔腹腔镜技术在结直肠外科手术中的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）和单孔腹腔镜手术（LESS）是当今国际微创外科领域的研究与临床应用热点。NOTES技术尚待进一步的发展．而LESS技术是现阶段最可行的体表“无疤痕”技术。是NOTES技术的过渡阶段。虽然腹腔镜辅助的NOTES结直肠手术和完全的NOTES结直肠手术已经见诸报道．但是该手术目前仍然主要处于动物试验阶段。LESS技术在结直肠手术中的应用已经较为广泛．其可行性已经为较多的文献资料证实．而其是否符合肿瘤根治原则尚需进一步的研究确定。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜外科技术应用现状和展望

尽可能的减少手术创伤是所有外科医生的追求,也是外科手术学的发展方向.经自然孔道内镜外科(NOTES)正是在这样的背景下应运而生,其优势在于减少或隐藏手术瘢痕,减少术后疼痛,促进术后康复等等[1-3].     

微创-微创外科-微创技术的探索

用尽可能小的创伤技术，使病人获得同样良好的治疗效果，是医学的永恒追求。微创外科与外科微创化这一医学理念的诞生，是外科技术发展史上的一场革命，它代表了现代高科技和医学科学综合发展的主流方向，是历史对医学提出的人性化要求。在治愈疾病的同时尚能保留外表完整、美观的躯体，恢复人体的生理功能，这显然符合病人的最高利益，也满足了外科医生科学与艺术相结合的追求境界。当前或以后，微创外科技术应用的广度和深度已经是衡量现代大医院整体水平的主要指标之一，本文作者根据多年实践经验通过大量文献复习和思考以自己独到的见解从微创观念的诞生、微创概念、微创与医学模式、微创技术评价、微创外科与循证医学、微创技术与传统手术、微创技术与外科医生的手术风格与手术技巧、微创外科医生的培养、微创骨科、微刨外科展望等10个方面提出了当前微创外科发展必须关注和探索的相关问题，对从事微创外科工作的医生具有很强的指导作用，在此我们推荐每位读者认真阅读，用开拓创新的思维活动，共同推动微创外科不断实践、进步与发展。     

微创外科技术新热点:经自然腔道与经脐入路

随着微创外科技术的发展,腹壁无瘢痕手术成为新的追求目标。其基本入路是经自然腔道手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）,即经自然腔道（胃、直肠或阴道）置入软性内镜,从而达到腹壁无瘢痕、术后疼痛更轻、更加微创、美观的效果。但NOTES技术难度较高,而且存在腹腔感染和脏器穿刺孔漏等风险,我们尝试开展了经脐入路内镜手术（transumbilicalendoscopicsurgery,     

NOTES技术——微创胆囊切除新技术

NOTES技术,即经自然腔道内镜手术,是目前最为关注的新兴微创技术之一.从开腹胆囊切除术,到现今已经相当成熟的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,以及目前提出的经自然腔道胆囊切除术,充分说明微创技术已被广泛认可,并且在不断的发展中.NOTES技术的提出将是外科微创手术的一次"新革命".     

单孔腹腔镜手术的现状与前景

在确保治疗安全性和有效性的前提下,尽可能减少手术创伤是所有外科医生的追求,也是外科学的发展方向.经自然孔道内镜外科(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)正是在这样的背景下应运而生的,其优势在于减少或隐藏手术瘢痕,减轻术后疼痛,促进术后康复等[1-3].     

NOTES技术——微创胆囊切除新技术

NOTES技术,即经自然腔道内镜手术,是目前最为关注的新兴微创技术之一.从开腹胆囊切除术,到现今已经相当成熟的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,以及目前提出的经自然腔道胆囊切除术,充分说明微创技术已被广泛认可,并且在不断的发展中.NOTES技术的提出将是外科微创手术的一次"新革命".     

经自然腔道内镜技术在泌尿外科的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)代表着即将到来的微创治疗新时代,是继腹腔镜手术后又一次外科领域的革新,与传统开放手术不同,NOTES减少了腹壁切口和手术并发症.随着腹腔镜技术和理念的普及、内镜治疗器械和技术的进步,NOTES...     

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??What does NOTES bring us:a feasible technique or new conception of minimally invasive surgery ZHANG Zhong-tao. Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University?? Beijing 100050??China
Abstract To reduce the surgical invasiveness is always the aim of the surgeons. The conception of minimally invasive persistently pushes the innovation and development of surgical technique. Since 21st century, significant achievements have occurred in minimally invasive field, including laparoscopy and endoscopy. Under this background, both of surgeons and endoscopists are seeking even minimally invasive methods, which evoke the NOTES. For the limitations of ethics and instruments, NOTES presently is not a feasible clinical technique. Even in the near future, technical breakthrough achieved, NOTES would not be totally instead of laparoscopic surgery. More reasonably, in a long time, laparoscopic surgery and NOTES will be coexistent and inter-complementary. As a new conception of minimally invasive surgery, NOTES promote the laparoscopic technique.     

New minimally invasive approaches for cholecystectomy: Review of literature

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most commonlyperformed abdominal intervention in Western countries. In an attempt to reduce the invasiveness of the procedure, surgeons have developed single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy(SILC), minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy(MLC) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(NOTES). The aim of this review was to determine the role of these new minimally invasive approaches for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of gallstone related disease. Current literature remains insufficient for the correct assessment of emerging techniques for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. None of these procedures has demonstrated clear benefits over conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SILC cannot be currently recommended as it can be associated with an increased risk of bile duct injury and incisional hernia incidence. NOTES cholecystectomy is still experimental, although hybrid transvaginal cholecystectomy is gaining popularity in clinical practice. As it is standardized and almost identical to the standard laparoscopic technique, MLC could lead to limited benefits without exposing patients to increased postoperative complications, being therefore adoptable for routine elective cholecystectomy. Technical challenges of SILC and NOTES cholecystectomy could be addressed with the evolution of new surgical tools that need to catch up with the innovative minds of surgeons. Regardless the place of these approaches in the future, robotization may be necessary to impose them as standard treatment.     

In vivo miniature robots for natural orifice surgery: State of the art and future perspectives

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is the integration of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery techniques with endoscopic technology. Despite the advances in NOTES technology, the approach presents several unique instrumentation and technique-specific challenges. Current flexible endoscopy platforms for NOTES have several drawbacks including limited stability, triangulation and dexterity, and lack of adequate visualization, suggesting the need for new and improved instrumentation for this approach. Much of the current focus is on the development of flexible endoscopy platforms that incorporate robotic technology. An alternative approach to access the abdominal viscera for either a laparoscopic or NOTES procedure is the use of small robotic devices that can be implanted in an intracorporeal manner. Multiple, independent, miniature robots can be simultaneously inserted into the abdominal cavity to provide a robotic platform for NOTES surgery. The capabilities of the robots include imaging, retraction, tissue and organ manipulation, and precise maneuverability in the abdominal cavity. Such a platform affords several advantages including enhanced visualization, better surgical dexterity and improved triangulation for NOTES. This review discusses the current status and future perspectives of this novel miniature robotics platform for the NOTES approach. Although these technologies are still in pre-clinical development, a miniature robotics platform provides a unique method for addressing the limitations of minimally invasive surgery, and NOTES in particular.     

机器人微创心脏手术的应用现状

微创是心脏外科的发展方向之一.随着自动机械和计算机技术的进步,机器人微创外科手术已成为现实.机器人微创心脏手术具有创伤小、操作精细等优点,是微创心脏外科的前沿技术之一.作为一种革新的手术方式,机器人辅助下微创心脏手术得到了极大的关注,本文就机器人心脏手术的临床应用及手术效果作一综述.     

Robot-Assisted Cardiac Surgery

Recognition of the significant advantages of minimizing surgical trauma has resulted in the development of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Endoscopic surgery offers patients the benefits of minimally invasive surgery, and surgical robots have enhanced the ability and precision of surgeons. Consequently, technological advances have facilitated totally endoscopic robotic cardiac surgery, which has allowed surgeons to operate endoscopically rather than through a median sternotomy during cardiac surgery. Thus, repairs for structural heart conditions, including mitral valve plasty, atrial septal defect closure, multivessel minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB), and totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), can be totally endoscopic. Robot-assisted cardiac surgery as minimally invasive cardiac surgery is reviewed.     

Natural orifice translumenal surgery: Flexible platform review

Natural orifice translumenal surgery (NOTES) has garnished significant attention from surgeons and gastroenterologists, due to the fusion of flexible endoscopy and operative technique. Preliminary efforts suggest that NOTES holds potential for a less invasive approach with certain surgical conditions. Many of the hurdles encountered during the shift from open to laparoscopic surgery are now being revisited in the development of NOTES. Physician directed efforts, coupled with industry support, have brought about several NOTES specific devices and platforms to help address limitations with current instrumentation. This review addresses current flexible platforms and their attributes, advantages, disadvantages and limitations.     

A primer on natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: building a new paradigm

Access to the abdominal cavity is required for diagnostic and therapeutic endeavors for a variety of medical and surgical diseases. Historically, abdominal access has required a formal laparotomy to provide adequate exposure. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging experimental alternative to conventional surgery that eliminates abdominal incisions and incision-related complications by combining endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques to diagnose and treat abdominal pathology. During NOTES, commercially available flexible video endoscopes are used to create a controlled transvisceral incision via natural orifice access to enter the peritoneal cavity. Common incision-related complications such as wound infections, incisional hernias, postoperative pain, aesthetic disdain, and adhesions could be minimized or eliminated by NOTES. NOTES has evolved from more than 2 centuries of technological innovations and continued growth in the field of surgical endoscopy. Innovative surgical endoscopists have slowly developed means to surpass the constraints of the gastrointestinal lumen by using a flexible endoscope. The future of surgical endoscopy may be the shared entity of NOTES, which further integrates endoscopy, gastroenterology, and minimally invasive and general surgery. Although the promise of NOTES is electrifying to surgeons and endoscopists, several key issues need to be characterized prior to the incorporation of NOTES into routine practice. This article reviews the status, contemporary body of literature, limitations, and potential future implications accompanying the development of NOTES.     

经自然腔道内镜外科的发展趋势

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery(NOTES)is a surgical technique which is performed with an endoscope passed through a natural orifice,and then through an internal incision in the viscera(stomach,vagina or rectum)to perform intraabdominal operations.Since the first successful transgastric appendectomy performed by Dr.Rao and Reddy in 2004,NOTES is developing rapidly.The advantages of NOTES include no injury and scar in the body surface;lower anesthesia requirements;faster recovery and shorter hospital stays;avoidance of transabdominal wound infections.NOTES can also be applied to patients who are not suitable for open surgery and lapascopic surgery.NOTES has the potential to revolutionize the field of minimally invasive surgery by eliminating abdominal incisions,however,the safety and efficacy of NOTES still needs to be investigated in lhe future.     

Surgeon Perceptions of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)

Introduction  If proven feasible and safe, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) would still need acceptance by surgeons if it were to become a mainstream approach. Methods  Three hundred fifty-seven surgeons responded to a preliminary survey describing NOTES and were asked to rate the importance of various surgical considerations and (assuming availability and safety) if they would choose to undergo and/or perform cholecystectomies by NOTES or laparoscopy and why. Results  The risk of having a complication was considered most important. NOTES was theorized to be riskier and to require greater skill than laparoscopy but to potentially cause less pain and convalescence. Nearly three-fourths (72%) of surgeons expressed interest in NOTES training which correlated with younger age, SAGES membership, minimally invasive surgery specialization, and flexible endoscopic volume. Forty-four percent would like to introduce NOTES cholecystectomy into their practices. Among those not preferring NOTES, 88% would adopt NOTES if data showed improved outcomes over laparoscopy. Finally, only 24% would choose to undergo cholecystectomy themselves by NOTES, believing it to be too new and riskier than laparoscopy. Discussion  The risk of having a complication is the greatest concern among surgeons, and safety will affect NOTES acceptance. Conclusion  The results of this survey seem to justify more focused future investigations. Poster presentation at Digestive Disease Week, Washington, D.C., May 21, 2007.     

Providing more through less: current methods of retraction in SIMIS and NOTES cholecystectomy

Background

As the field of minimally invasive surgery continues to develop, surgeons are confronted with the challenge of performing conventional laparoscopic surgeries through fewer incisions while maintaining the same degree of safety and surgical efficiency. Most of these methods involve elimination of the ports previously designated for retraction. As a result, minimally invasive surgeons have been forced to develop minimally invasive and ingenious methods for providing adequate retraction for these procedures. Herein we present our experience using endoloops and internal retractors to provide retraction during Single Incision Minimally Invasive Surgery (SIMIS) and Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) cholecystectomy. We also present a review of the alternative retraction methods currently being employed for these surgeries.

Methods

SIMIS was performed on 20 patients and NOTES was performed on 5 patients at our institution. Endoloops or internal retractors were used to provide retraction for all SIMIS procedures. Internal retractors provided retraction for all NOTES procedures.

Results

Successful cholecystectomy was accomplished in all cases. One SIMIS surgery required conversion to standard laparoscopy due to complex anatomy. There were no intraoperative complications. Although adequate retraction was accomplished in all cases, the internal retractors were found to provide superior and more versatile retraction compared to that of endoloops.

Conclusion

Adequate retraction greatly simplifies SIMIS and NOTES surgery. Endograb internal retractors were easy to use and were found to provide optimal retraction and exposure during these procedures without complications.