Increased resting energy expenditure in patients with end-stage renal disease

BACKGROUND: Protein-calorie malnutrition is a significant problem for patients with end-stage renal disease. Increased resting energy expenditure may be an important contributing factor. We postulate that resting energy expen diture in the different stages of renal disease and treatments may be different. METHODS: Resting energy expenditure was measured using a whole-room indirect calorimeter (metabolic chamber) along with nutritional parameters and body composition after 12-hour fasting in 15 patients with advanced chronic renal failure patients, 15 patients on chronic hemodialysis, and 10 patients on peritoneal dialysis. Patients on hemodialysis were assessed on a non-dialysis day. A 2-day dietary recall was used to assess energy intake. RESULTS: Resting energy expenditure, adjusted for fat-free mass, was similar in patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis but significantly higher than in patients with chronic renal failure (p < .05). Resting energy expenditure in all patients were generally higher (10% to 20%) than predicted values using standard equations derived in normal and obese populations, whereas daily energy intake was less (26% to 34%) than energy expenditure for all groups, adjusted for light daily activity. CONCLUSIONS: End-stage renal disease patients displayed increases in resting energy expenditure over the predicted values derived using normal populations. Resting energy expenditure was significantly higher in patients receiving dialysis, regardless of the modality, than patients with chronic renal failure. Daily energy intake was substantially less than required in all patient groups studied, suggesting that patients with renal failure could develop protein-calorie malnutrition because of increased resting energy expenditure, which is exacerbated by dialysis.     

营养治疗慢性肾功能衰竭效果的初步观察

在非透析综合疗法中膳食治疗的原则,应是在限制低蛋白质摄入量的基础上设法提高必需氨基酸的摄入水平,以纠正体内氨基酸代谢紊乱。根据此原则我们为慢性肾功能衰竭患者制备了低蛋白麦淀粉膳食(蛋白质限制在20～40g/24hr,总热量2000～3000kcal/24hr),麦淀粉含蛋白质量甚低(0.4—0.6g％),故以其代替大米,面粉做为主食,既可减少植物蛋白质的进量,又可在低蛋白限量范围内适当增加含必需氨基酸丰富的食品,如蛋,奶、瘦肉等;并使优质蛋白质占膳食中总蛋白质量的50～70％。本组30例病人经治疗1—2个月后,除6例(2例无效,4例因故未坚持治疗)外,病人氮质血症均有减轻,临床症状得到改善,营养状况有所改进,延长了生命,根据6例氮平衡实验结果,提示慢性肾衰病人(Ccr5—10ml/min)的饮食在充足热量摄入的基础上,蛋白质摄入量至少0.5g/kg/24hr,(其中优质蛋白占50—70％),才可达到氮的平衡。     

连续性血液净化在治疗重症脓毒血症中的应用

目的：探讨连续性血液净化（CBP）治疗重症脓毒血症患者的疗效。方法：对30例重症脓毒血症患者,在CBP治疗前、治疗期间及治疗结束后分别监测患者血流动力学参数、呼吸机参数及急性生理和慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ）,测定动脉血气、肾功能、电解质,记录多巴胺用量及呼吸机参数。结果：所有治疗均进行顺利,经过CBP治疗,患者血流动力学较治疗前改善;氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、动脉氧分压（PaO2）均升高、吸入氧浓度（FiO2）下调,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;平均动脉压（MBP）升高,多巴胺的需要量明显减少（P〈0．05）;APACHEII评分、肌酐、尿素氮、血钾水平较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论：CBP能改善重症脓毒血症患者的血流动力学状况及肺氧合功能,维持内环境稳定,是一种可行、有益的辅助治疗重症脓毒血症的方法。     

早期连续性肾脏替代治疗严重脓毒症合并急性左心衰患者的疗效

目的探究早期连续性肾脏替代(Early continuous renal replacement,CRRT)治疗严重脓毒症合并急性左心衰患者的临床疗效及对机体心肌肌钙蛋白(Cardiac troponin I,cTnI)、N端前脑钠肽(N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)水平的影响。方法选取胜利油田中心医院2016年1月-2017年12月收治的严重脓毒症合并急性左心衰竭患者79例,按随机数字法分为对照组39例和治疗组40例,对照组患者采用常规治疗,治疗组患者在常规治疗的基础上采用CRRT治疗,比较治疗前后两组患者的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评价系统Ⅱ(Acute physiology and chronic health assessment system II,APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭估计(Sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)评分、氧合指数及左室射血分数(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF),判断CRRT治疗的疗效,比较治疗前后两组患者的CRP、cTnI、NT-proBNP及NLR水平,分析治疗前后两组患者免疫功能指标(CD4^+、CD8^+、CD4^+/CD8^+、IgA、IgG和IgM)情况。结果治疗前,两组患者APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,两组患者APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分均降低,且治疗组各指标水平优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者氧合指数、LVEF、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+、IgA、IgG和IgM均上升,CD8^+水平下降,且治疗组各指标水平优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CRRT治疗可有效改善严重脓毒症合并急性左心衰患者的机体免疫情况,减轻炎症反应,对于患者的预后情况有改善作用。     

The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on food intake, growth, and renal function in chronically azotemic rats

Chronically uremic patients appear to have an increased nutritional requirement for vitamin B6, and vitamin B6 deficiency occurs frequently when such individuals do not receive supplements of this vitamin. Since manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency in renal failure are not well defined, this study examined two aspects of the chronic renal failure syndrome which might be influenced by vitamin B6: impaired growth and progressive loss of renal function. We examined food intake, weight gain, the food efficiency ratio, degree of azotemia, and renal function in chronically azotemic rats pair-fed for 6 weeks either a vitamin B6-deficient diet or a diet containing a surfeit of vitamin B6. In the azotemic vitamin B6-deficient rats, as compared to the azotemic B6-replete rats, there was evidence of reduced appetite, decreased weight gain, a lower food efficiency ratio, increased azotemia, and a reduced glomerular filtration rate as estimated from the urea clearance or the mean of the urea and creatinine clearances. These findings suggest that vitamin B6 deficiency may contribute to decreased food intake, reduced growth, and lower renal function in animals with chronic renal insufficiency.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰的比较研究

目的 对比分析在重症急性肾衰治疗上运用连续性肾脏替代治疗方法与间歇性血液透析治疗方法的临床效果.方法 选择自2010年1月-2012年3月在该院接受治疗的500例重症急性肾衰患者,分成实验组和对照组各250例,实验组患者选择连续性肾脏替代治疗[1],对照组患者选择间歇性血液透析治疗,经过一段时间的治疗后对比实验组和对照组患者治疗前后血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、内生肌酐(Ccr)的水平的变化;并对2组患者进行调查随访,比较1年后的存活率.结果 比较结果发现实验组患者在Scr、BUN、Ccr方面的改善明显好于对照组,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);同时随访调查显示实验组患者的1年存活率也显著优于对照组,分别为82.4％和52.5％,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 与间歇性血液透析治疗相比,连续性肾脏替代治疗具有临床效果好、患者存活率高等优点,临床意义十分重要.     

连续性血液净化与普通血液透析在老年急性肾衰竭患者中的对照研究

目的比较连续性血液净化(CBP)与普通血液透析(IHD)治疗老年急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的疗效、预后及并发症。方法选取在某院就诊的老年急性肾衰患者38例,随机分为普通血液透析对照组和连续性血液净化治疗组,每组19例。对两组患者透析等综合治疗7 d、14 d、30 d的血清肌酐和尿素氮的水平,两组患者透析并发症情况、病死率情况等进行统计分析。结果两组并发症无明显的特异性及差异性,两组治疗方式对患者死亡率影响不具有统计学意义,CBP组,在治疗后7 d、14 d、30 d时,血清肌酐水平和尿素氮水平都低于IDH组,肾功能恢复较IDH组明显快。结论老年急性重症肾衰竭患者,应尽可能予以连续性血液净化治疗,促进肾功能恢复。     

应用连续性血液净化治疗急性肾衰竭患者的临床疗效观察

目的探讨连续性血液净化治疗急性肾衰竭患者的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供指导。方法选择我院自2011年2月至2013年2月收治的急性肾衰竭患者47例为研究对象,随机分为对照组23例和观察组24例。对照组给予常规血液透析治疗,观察组则给予连续性血液净化治疗。对比观察两组患者治疗前后的血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)水平变化,比较两组的病死率。结果 1两组患者治疗后血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)指标均显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后Scr、BUN水平显著低于对照组治疗后,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2观察组患者死亡1例,病死率为4.17%(1/24),对照组死亡7例,病死率为30.43%(7/23),两组病死率比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性血液净化治疗急性肾衰竭征患者的临床疗效显著,能够促进患者肾功能的恢复,同时还能最大限度地挽救患者生命,值得临床推广。     

连续性血液净化治疗肾前性氮质血症（附8例分析）

目的探讨连续性血液净化（CBP）对肾前性氮质血症的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析肾前性氮质血症患者8例．均给予CBP治疗,方案为日间连续性静脉静脉血液透析滤过（CVVHDF）。结果入选患者诱因包括肾病综合征、急性（或慢性基础急性加重）左心功能衰竭、营养不良性低白蛋白血症、肝硬化失代偿期。经CBP治疗后除肝硬化失代偿期患者外．其余7例患者肾功能改善,尿量恢复正常。心功能衰竭患者心功能改善。肝硬化失代偿期患者尿量及肾功能无改善。结论CBP对肾病性低蛋白血症及心源性低灌注所致肾前性氮质血症可能具有较好的效果。     

Increased contribution of protein oxidation to energy expenditure in head-injured patients

Six patients with acute head injury (initial GCS 4.8 +/- 1.7) were studied to determine the contribution of protein oxidation to resting energy expenditure (REE). Patients were studied on the second or third day post-injury and prior to implementation of nutritional support. Variables measured included REE by indirect calorimetry (normalized to percent predicted energy expenditure calculated from the Harris-Benedict equation). 24-hr urinary nitrogen excretion, calorie, and nitrogen intake. All patients received dexamethasone (39 +/- 2 mg/day) and three received pentobarbital. Mean REE was widely variable, ranging from 43 to 128% of predicted (mean, 90 +/- 31%). Mean 24-hr urinary nitrogen excretion was 16.5 +/- 5.8 g. The contribution of protein oxidation to REE was 30 +/- 4%. The contribution of protein oxidation to REE did not parallel REE (r = -0.237, p = NS) or REE expressed as percent predicted (r = -0.258, p = NS). The contribution of protein oxidation to energy expenditure is greater in acute heat trauma than previously described soft tissue injury and sepsis. The observed excessive nitrogen catabolism and increased contribution of protein oxidation to resting energy expenditure suggest accentuated protein requirements in respect to energy needs in head-injured patients.     

Increased contribution of protein oxidation to energy expenditure in head-injured patients.

Six patients with acute head injury (initial GCS 4.8 +/? 1.7) were studied to determine the contribution of protein oxidation to resting energy expenditure (REE). Patients were studied on the second or third day post-injury and prior to implementation of nutritional support. Variables measured included REE by indirect calorimetry (normalized to percent predicted energy expenditure calculated from the Harris-Benedict equation). 24-hr urinary nitrogen excretion, calorie, and nitrogen intake. All patients received dexamethasone (39 +/? 2 mg/day) and three received pentobarbital. Mean REE was widely variable, ranging from 43 to 128% of predicted (mean, 90 +/? 31%). Mean 24-hr urinary nitrogen excretion was 16.5 +/? 5.8 g. The contribution of protein oxidation to REE was 30 +/? 4%. The contribution of protein oxidation to REE did not parallel REE (r = -0.237, p = NS) or REE expressed as percent predicted (r = -0.258, p = NS). The contribution of protein oxidation to energy expenditure is greater in acute heat trauma than previously described soft tissue injury and sepsis. The observed excessive nitrogen catabolism and increased contribution of protein oxidation to resting energy expenditure suggest accentuated protein requirements in respect to energy needs in head-injured patients.     

Nutritional status in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: A poor nutritional status reduces the life expectancy of diabetes patients undergoing hemodialysis. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to specify the nutritional outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and well-controlled diabetes. DESIGN: Forty-five diabetes patients with CKD were enrolled in a cooperative-care program designed to control glucose, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and the albumin excretion rate (AER). Their glomerular filtration rate (GFR), body composition, serum albumin (SA), and resting energy expenditure were assessed and compared at baseline and 2 y later. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients did not start dialysis. Their glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and AER improved; their GFR declined slowly (-3.3 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2) x y(-1)). Their body mass index (BMI), lean body mass, and SA increased. The GFR decline was correlated negatively with the initial BMI (r = -0.37, P < 0.05) and positively with the initial GFR (r = 0.34, P < 0.05). Ten patients started hemodialysis: except for higher total body water (P < 0.05) and extracellular volume (P < 0.01), their initial nutritional status did not differ significantly from that of 10 patients with comparable baseline severe CKD but without dialysis. At the second evaluation, patients on hemodialysis lost lean body mass, and their SA was lower than that of the patients with severe CKD (P = 0.05); lean body mass was unchanged and SA was higher (P = 0.01) in the patients with severe CKD. No significant difference was detected for resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional status improved in CKD patients with well-controlled diabetes without dialysis, and it deteriorated in patients who started dialysis. A high initial BMI was associated with a slower decline in GFR.     

连续性血液净化治疗肾前性氮质血症(附8例分析)

目的探讨连续性血液净化(CBP)对肾前性氮质血症的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析肾前性氮质血症患者8例,均给予CBP治疗,方案为日间连续性静脉静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)。结果入选患者诱因包括肾病综合征、急性(或慢性基础急性加重)左心功能衰竭、营养不良性低白蛋白血症、肝硬化失代偿期。经CBP治疗后除肝硬化失代偿期患者外,其余7例患者肾功能改善,尿量恢复正常。心功能衰竭患者心功能改善。肝硬化失代偿期患者尿量及肾功能无改善。结论CBP对肾病性低蛋白血症及心源性低灌注所致肾前性氮质血症可能具有较好的效果。     

参芎葡萄糖注射液治疗急性肾衰竭的临床观察

目的观察参芎葡萄糖治疗急性肾衰竭的疗效。方法将80例急性肾衰竭患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,于3周后分别进行血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN),纤维蛋白原等相关指标检测。结果治疗组治疗3周后血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN),纤维蛋白原均较治疗前明显改善(P﹤0.05),且血肌酐、尿素氮,纤维蛋白原较对照组治疗后明显改善(P﹤0.05)。结论参芎葡萄糖注射液可以快速改善急性肾衰竭患者的肾功能。     

肾衰竭患者初次血液透析急性并发症临床观察

目的分析初次血液透析急性并发症的发生原因及机制,以求采取干预措施降低发生率。方法回顾性分析206例肾衰竭患者初次血液透析临床资料,统计各种急性并发症的发生率,透析过程中每半小时监测一次心率、呼吸次数、血压,并于透析前后抽血检测钾、钠、氯、血糖、尿素氮和血肌酐,进行比较。结果 206例患者共发生低血压25例(12.1%),失衡综合征20例(9.7%),低血糖症4例(1.9%),低氧血症2例(0.9%),颅内出血1例(0.5%);与透析前相比较,随着透析时间的增加,心率、呼吸次数和血压渐进性下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。206例患者透析后血钾、血糖、尿素氮和血肌酐明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血液透析可快速缓解尿毒症患者症状,医护人员掌握透析急性并发症的发生原因和机制,积极采取预防措施,可有效降低急性并发症的发生率,使患者平稳、安全度过透析诱导期。     

不同血液透析方式对慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者β2-微球蛋白和瘦素清除率的影响

目的观察不同血液透析方式对慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者β2-微球蛋白和瘦素清除率的影响。方法 2009年11月～2011年11月,66例行常规血液透析的慢性肾功能衰竭患者随机分为两组,A组33例采用血液透析滤过,B组33例采用高通量血液透析,分别检测治疗前后β2-微球蛋白和瘦素水平变化。结果 B组治疗后1个月、6个月β2-微球蛋白水平明显降低(P﹤0.05)。B组治疗后1个月、6个月β2-微球蛋白水平明显低于同期对照组水平(P﹤0.05)。B组治疗后1个月、6个月瘦素水平明显降低(P﹤0.05),而A组疗后1个月、6个月瘦素水平明显升高(P﹤0.05)。B组治疗后1个月、6个月瘦素水平明显低于同期对照组水平(P﹤0.05)。结论较血液透析滤过,高通量血液透析能够明显清除血清β2-微球蛋白和瘦素水平,有助于提高患者的生活质量。     

Human resting energy expenditure in relation to dietary potassium

This study investigates the putative effect of potassium on energy expenditure. Eight young adult men were submitted to two different normocaloric mixed diets in a randomized order, containing either 163 +/- 9 or 69 +/- 2 mmol potassium/d. On the fifth day of each diet, after an overnight fast, resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured over a 1-h period. After these measurements, either a potassium load (50 mmol) or a placebo were given to subjects submitted to the low- or the high-potassium diet, respectively. RMR was then measured again for 3 h and the last hour was kept for further analysis. Results showed that acute and chronic variations in potassium intake do not induce significant changes in RMR, and chronic but not acute changes in serum potassium concentration were significantly correlated with changes in energy expenditure (r = 0.74, P less than 0.05) by mechanisms that remain to be elucidated.     

不同血液净化方法对慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者血清β2-微球蛋白的影响

目的探讨不同血液净化方法对慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血清β2微球蛋白（BrMG）的清除效果。方法将40例慢性肾衰竭MHD患者随机分为四组：血液透析（HD）组,高通量血液透析（HFD）组,血液透析滤过（HDF）组,HD＋血液吸附（AP）组,每组各10例。记录患者治疗前后血清β2-MG测得值并进行组内和组间统计学比较。结果HD组第1次血液净化后β2-MG测得值[（53．49±1．15）mg／L]较第1次血液净化前（基线值）[（49．10±2．31）mg／L]上升但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,6个月血液净化后β2-MG测得值[（55．63±1．30）mg／L]较基线值上升且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。HFD组、HDF组和HD＋AP组第1次血液净化后及6个月血液净化后β2-MG测得值较基线值均有明显下降趋势（P〈0．05）。并且HD＋AP组6个月血液净化后β2-MG测得值较HFD组和HDF组下降趋势更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论HD对β2-MG无清除效果,HFD、HDF和HD＋AP能有效清除β2-MG,并且6个月后HD＋AP清除β2-MG效果更佳。     

Altered postprandial glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin in liver cirrhosis: correlations with energy intake and resting energy expenditure

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is associated with reduced energy intake and increased resting energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the possible role of glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin in the pathogenesis of these alterations. DESIGN: Nutritional status, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, and fasting glucose, insulin, and leptin were assessed in 31 patients with cirrhosis. Postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, leptin, and ghrelin responses were studied in a subgroup of patients after a standard meal. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. RESULTS: Patients with cirrhosis had a lower energy intake (P < 0.05), higher resting energy expenditure (P < 0.05), higher fasting leptin (P < 0.05), and higher insulin resistance (P < 0.001) than did the healthy control subjects. In the patients with cirrhosis, fasting leptin was negatively correlated with resting energy expenditure (r = -0.38, P < 0.05) but not with energy intake. In control subjects, leptin was negatively correlated with energy intake (r = -0.72, P < 0.05) but not with resting energy expenditure. The patients with cirrhosis had higher postprandial glucose (P < 0.001) and lower ghrelin (P < 0.05) concentrations at 4 h postprandially than did the control subjects. The increase in ghrelin from its minimal postmeal value to 4 h postmeal was negatively correlated (r = -0.66, P = 0.014) with weight loss in the patients with cirrhosis. Energy intake was negatively correlated (r = -0.42, P < 0.01) with the postprandial increase in glucose. CONCLUSIONS: In cirrhosis, altered postprandial glucose and ghrelin are associated with reduced energy intake and weight loss, respectively, and the effects of leptin on energy intake and expenditure seem to be altered. Insulin resistance might be involved in these altered postprandial responses.