扩散法被动式挥发性有机化合物个体监测器的研制

研制了一种以单层活性炭颗粒作为吸收介质的被动式挥发性有机化合物个体监测器。空气中挥发性有机化合物依据分子扩散原理传质到采样器中，并吸附到活性炭上。采样后，取出活性炭吸附层，用二硫化碳洗脱，再用气相色谱法定性和定量。对监测器进行了实验室性能评价和现场验证。结果表明，采样器在风速２０～１５０ｃｍ／ｓ，相对温度１０％～８０％，温度－１０～３５℃范围内使用，采样速率分别为６０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（苯）、５４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（甲苯）、５４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（氯仿）和４９ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（对－二甲苯），相对标准差小于５％。在现场与有泵活性炭管采样相比较，本个体监测器测定空气中挥发性有机化合物的总不确定度分别为１２％（苯）、１２％（甲苯）、２６％（对－二甲苯）和１６％（氯仿），可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式个体采样器的设计原理、试验装置和性能评价方法

介绍了被动式个体采样器的设计原理实验装置和性能评价方法。分别测定了对１０种主要室内气体污染物［ＳＯ２、ＮＯ２、ＣＯ２、ＮＨ３、ＨＣＨＯ、ＨＦ、Ｃ６Ｈ６、Ｃ６Ｈ５·ＣＨ３、Ｃ６Ｈ４·（ＣＨ３）２、ＣＨＣｌ３］的采样速率（单面采样５０～１４０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，双面增加一倍），相对标准差＜１０％，与有动力的标准方法相比较，总不确定度＜±２５％。这种采样器体积小似一枚徽章，重量轻仅１０ｇ，使用方便。现场验证和使用表明，可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式二氧化氮个体监测器的研制

研制了一种应用分子扩散法原理测量ＮＯ２的个体监测器。用三乙醇胺浸渍的滤纸作为ＮＯ２吸收介质，采样后用Ｓａｌｔｚｍａｎ比色法分析。采样器在温度－１０～３５℃，风速２０～２５０ｃｍ／ｓ，相对温度１０％～８０％的范围内使用，采样速度单面为７４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；把壳体改进为双面暴露的采样，采样速度为１５０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差为１０％。与有泵的采样方法（溶液吸收管和化学发光仪器）相比较，总准确度为±２２％。与日本同类产品相比较，测定结果是一致的。本监测器最小可测浓度为０．０１３ｍｇ／ｍ３（２４ｈ采样），可广泛应用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式氟化氢个体监测器的研制

本工作研制了基于分子扩散法的被动式ＨＦ个体采样器，采样速度１１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差９％。考察了环境条件对采样速率的影响，结果表明：在室温（１０～３５℃）、风速１０～１５０ｃｍ／ｓ、相对湿度１０％～８０％条件下使用，采样速率基本不变。与ＩＳＯ标准方法现场对比测定，总不确定度±１９％，可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量监测。     

示波极谱法测定空气中硝基苯

本文报道一种简便、快速而灵敏的空气中硝基苯的示波极谱测定法。在ＥＤＴＡ－ＮａＯＨ碱性介质中，硝基苯在－０．６３伏（Ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）处产生一灵敏的二阶导数还原峰，峰电流与硝基苯的含量在０～２５．０μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内呈良好线性关系。以（１＋９）乙醇作吸收液，直型多孔玻板吸收管作采集器，以０．５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ流速采样５～１０ｍｉｎ。取一定量样液加碱后可立即测定。本法检出下限为０．０５μｇ／１０ｍｌ，加标回收率为９４．２～１０８．０％，平均值为１００．０％。相对标准差为２．４～６．４％，合并相对标准差为５．５％。经气相色谱法验证，本法结果与之无显著性差异。     

广西吸毒成瘾者丙型肝炎病毒的感染及其分子生物学研究

选择２８３名静脉吸毒者（ＩＶＤＡｓ）和１２１名献血员（ＢＤｓ）进行Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ、ＨＣＶ血清基因型、ＨＣＶ基因型和ＨＣＶｃＤＮＡ序列的检测。结果表明，ＩＶＤＡｓ和ＢＤｓ的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ检出率分别为９１．１７％和０．８３％；ＩＶＤＡｓ的ＨＣＶ血清基因型为１型８１．８５％（２２１／２７０），２型１．４８％（４／２７０），ｌ＋２型０．３７％（１／２７０），不能定为１和／或２型１６．３０％（４４／２７０）；ＨＣＶ基因型为１ａ型：２８．６％（３４／１１９）；ｌｂ型：３８．７％（４６／１１９）；２ａ型１０．９％（１３／ｌ１９）；２ｂ型１４．３％（１７／ｌ１９）；３ａ型２６．９％（３２／１１９）；３ｂ型４０．３％（４８／１１９）；６ａ型８．４％（１０／１１９）；６ｂ型２６．７％（３１／１１９）；其中１４．３％的病例有４～５种不同基因亚型的混合感染现象。     

镁剂治疗充血性心衰30例临床观察

近年来，镁离子与心脏疾患的密切关系日益受到重视，我科自１９８７～１９９２年采用在强心、利尿和扩血管药物的基础上，静点硫酸镁治疗充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）３０例，并与同期常规治疗３０例对照，探讨镁剂在ＣＨＦ治疗中的价值。１材料与方法１．１病例选择选取心功能ＩＩ～ＩＶ级的住院病人６０例，随机分为加镁组３０例和对照组３０例，两组临床资料基本相似，分项比较差异无显著性。１．２治疗方法（１）加镁组：在使用强心、利尿和扩血管药物的基础上，用２５％硫酸镁１０ｍｌ加入１０％葡萄糖３００ｍｌ中，以２０滴／ｍｉｎ静滴…     

扩散法被动式甲醛个体监测器（Ⅱ型）的研制

介绍了一种基于气体分子扩散原理的被动式甲醛个体采样器，它是在Ⅰ型采样器的基础上完成的。采用甘油（２０％）／偏重亚硫酸钠（０．２５％）浸渍的定量滤纸（φ４２ｍｍ）作为吸收层，空气中甲醛扩散到吸收层上，形成稳定的化合物。采样一定时间后，取出吸收层，洗脱后，用ＡＨＭＴ化学比色法测定所采集到的甲醛。这种采样器的平均采样速率为８３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，标准偏差为７．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，与有动力吸收管采样的方法相比较，总不确定度小于±２５％。     

C－反应蛋白固相放射免疫分析法的改进及初步应用

建立一种竞争性固相放射免疫分析法（ＳＰ－ＲＩＡ），用于定量测定人体血清或脑脊髓液（ＣＳＦ）中的Ｃ－反应蛋白（Ｃ－ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＣＲＰ）。最小可测量为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ；批内ＣＶ为４．９％，批间ＣＶ为１２．６％。６８份健康人血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０２８～３．４００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．１６６μｇ／ｍｌ）；１６份新生儿脐带血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０１３～９．０００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．０９５μｇ／ｍｌ）；６３份“流脑”病人血清ＣＲＰ为０．１５０～５２０．０００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数７７．５００μｇ／ｍｌ），相当于健康人的４００～５００倍。ＧＳＦ中也可检出低水平的ＣＲＰ（中位数２．０７０μｇ／ｍｌ）。“流脑”急性期血清的ＣＲＰ含量，比恢复期高出３００多倍，而婴幼儿轮状病毒性腹泻病人的急性血ＣＲＰ含量不高（中位数５．５８０μｇ／ｍｌ），且同恢复期血清ＣＲＰ含量之比，仅为２～３∶１，提示此种病毒性感染的急性相应答（Ａｃｕｔｅｐｈａｓｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ）不如细菌性脑膜炎显著。     

一种智能化呼吸机的设计方案及测试结果

一、设计指标１．患者：成人、儿童、婴儿三用型。２．技术指标：①作方式①压力控制②容量控制③压力调节容量控制④容量支持⑤定容同步间歇指令通气十压力支持⑥压力支持／连续气道正压⑦定压同步间歇指令通气＋压力支持⑧全自动方式。后期升级备用方式②通气参数①潮气量：８—２，０００ｍｌ②ＣＭＶ呼吸率：１—１２０ｂ／ｍｉｎ③ＳＩＭＶ呼吸率：０．５—４０ｂ／ｍｉｎ④呼气时间：１０％－８０％⑤吸气上升时间：０－１０％⑥平台时间：０—３０％⑦触发灵敏度：－２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ－０⑧呼气末正压：０－３０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ⑨压力支持：…     

Measurement of personal exposure to NO2 in Sweden--evaluation of a passive sampler.

A passive (filter badge) sampler for personal NO2 exposure measurements was tested in a laboratory setting (exposure chamber), and in the field--outdoors, during periods of high relative humidity (mean 85%) and low temperature (-5 to +10 degrees C), and indoors, in an ice-hockey arena--using chemiluminescence as a reference method. Parallel measurements of NO2 in the exposure chamber (concentration range 100-825 micrograms NO2/m3) for 15, 30, and 60 min sampling periods, showed good agreement between methods. The concentrations obtained with passive samplers were 78 to 122% (mean 94%, SD +/- 11, N = 39) of those obtained with chemiluminescence, using a sampling rate (K'OG) of 0.14 cm/sec. The detection limits were 320, 160, and 80 micrograms NO2/m3 for 15, 30, and 60 minutes of sampling, respectively. Outdoors (concentration range 15-102 micrograms NO2/m3, concentrations obtained with passive samplers were consistently lower than concentrations obtained with chemiluminescence (mean 79%, SD +/- 9.3%, range 61-95%, N = 25), using the K'OG of 0.14 of cm/sec (Passive samplerNO2 = 0.67ChemilumNO2 + 4.5). A better agreement between concentrations obtained with passive samplers and chemiluminescence was achieved with a K'OG of 0.11 cm/sec (mean 100%, SD +/- 12%, range 78-121%, Passive samplerNO2 = 0.84 ChemilumNO2 + 6.4). Indoors (concentration range 210-3895 micrograms NO2/m3), concentrations obtained with passive samplers were 70 to 113% (mean 90%, SD +/- 16%) of the concentrations obtained with chemiluminescence (Passive samplerNO2 = 1.00ChemilumNO2 - 93) using a K'OG of 0.10 cm/sec. Duplicate samples collected indoors N = 18) and outdoors (N = 31) showed a variability (coefficient of variation, or CV) of less than 6%. It was concluded that the passive sampler is useful for measuring personal daily exposure as well as peak exposure. It is necessary to determine sampling rates for various environmental conditions.     

Initial field evaluation of the Harvard active ozone sampler for personal ozone monitoring.

Assessing personal exposure to ozone has only been feasible recently with the introduction of passive ozone samplers. These devices are easy to use, but changes in air velocity across their collection surfaces can affect performance. The Harvard active ozone sampler (AS) was developed in response to problems with the passive methods. This active sampler has been tested extensively as a microenvironmental sampler. To test for personal sampling, 40 children attending summer day-camp in Riverside, California wore the active ozone sampler for approximately 2.6 h on July 19 and 21, 1994, when ozone concentrations were about 100 ppb and 140 ppb, respectively. The children spent 94-100% of the sampling period outside, staying within a well-defined area while participating in normal camp activities. Ambient ozone concentrations across this area were monitored by two UV photometric ozone monitors. The active sampler was worn in a small backpack that was also equipped with a passive ozone sampler. Device precision, reported as the percent difference between duplicate pairs of samplers, was +/- 3.7% and +/- 4.2% for the active and passive samplers, respectively. The active sampler measured, on average, 94.5 +/- 8.2% of the ambient ozone while the passive samplers measured, on average, 124.5 +/- 18.8%. The samplers were worn successfully for the entire sampling period by all participating children.     

徽章式被动式采样器测定空气中甲醛的研究

目的研制测定空气中甲醛的被动式个体采样器。方法根据费克第一扩散定律设计新型被动式个体采样器,并对采样器的性能指标进行评价。结果在温度为10～40℃,湿度为20%～40%,风速为50～600 cm/s的范围内,被动式采样器测定空气中甲醛采样流量为104.05 ml/min,最大吸附容量为0.275 1 mg,最短采样时间为30 min,用前稳定性30 d,样品稳定性≥14 d,精密度RSD为5.34%。结论研制的个体采样器可以作为一种测定空气中甲醛的新型采样仪器。     

Comparison between active (pumped) and passive (diffusive) sampling methods for formaldehyde in pathology and histology laboratories

This study was to determine occupational exposures to formaldehyde and to compare concentrations of formaldehyde obtained by active and passive sampling methods. In one pathology and one histology laboratories, exposure measurements were collected with sets of active air samplers (Supelco LpDNPH tubes) and passive badges (ChemDisk Aldehyde Monitor 571). Sixty-six sample pairs (49 personal and 17 area) were collected and analyzed by NIOSH NMAM 2016 for active samples and OSHA Method 1007 (using the manufacturer's updated uptake rate) for passive samples. All active and passive 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) measurements showed compliance with the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL-0.75 ppm) except for one passive measurement, whereas 78% for the active and 88% for the passive samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL-0.016 ppm). Overall, 73% of the passive samples showed higher concentrations than the active samples and a statistical test indicated disagreement between two methods for all data and for data without outliers. The OSHA Method cautions that passive samplers should not be used for sampling situations involving formalin solutions because of low concentration estimates in the presence of reaction products of formaldehyde and methanol (a formalin additive). However, this situation was not observed, perhaps because the formalin solutions used in these laboratories included much less methanol (3%) than those tested in the OSHA Method (up to 15%). The passive samplers in general overestimated concentrations compared to the active method, which is prudent for demonstrating compliance with an occupational exposure limit, but occasional large differences may be a result of collecting aerosolized droplets or splashes on the face of the samplers. In the situations examined in this study the passive sampler generally produces higher results than the active sampler so that a body of results from passive samplers demonstrating compliance with the OSHA PEL would be a valid conclusion. However, individual passive samples can show lower results than a paired active sampler so that a single result should be treated with caution.     

Performance assessment of a passive sampler in industrial atmospheres

In this work we investigate the performances of a passive sampler (GABIE badge) in industrial atmospheres, in accordance with the general specifications of the EN 838 standard. The field experiment was carried out in a paint-manufacturing factory producing a large number of pollutants at the workplaces. A comparison was performed between the results obtained by passive sampling and the conventional tube/pump method (reference method) on nine solvents usually encountered in the different workshops: n-butanol, isobutanol, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, methylisobutylketone, methylethylketone (MEK), ethyl acetate, butyl acetate. Results were compared by use of the distribution of the relative difference between badge "passive sampling" and tube "active sampling" results (with the latter considered as the reference method). In general, results revealed good agreement between passive and active sampling (except in the case of MEK) and confirmed the accuracy of sampling rates determined for the GABIE sampler. Bias was generally low and variability could be considered to be satisfactory (generally < 20% with a maximum of 30% for ethylbenzene). For MEK, strong bias was noted together with probable underestimation of the tube results. Additional results lead us to suggest that this phenomenon could be due to poor desorption of the SKC tubes by carbon disulphide (CS2); (quantitative recovery for MEK is in fact possible using other desorption solvents).     

Time-weighted average sampling of airborne propylene glycol ethers by a solid-phase microextraction device

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device was used as a diffusive sampler for airborne propylene glycol ethers (PGEs), including propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME). Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber was selected for this study. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing was used as the holder, and the SPME fiber assembly was inserted into the tubing as a diffusive sampler. The diffusion path length and area of the sampler were 0.3 cm and 0.00086 cm(2), respectively. The theoretical sampling constants at 30°C and 1 atm for PGME, PGMEA, and DPGME were 1.50 × 10(-2), 1.23 × 10(-2) and 1.14 × 10(-2) cm(3) min(-1), respectively. For evaluations, known concentrations of PGEs around the threshold limit values/time-weighted average with specific relative humidities (10% and 80%) were generated both by the air bag method and the dynamic generation system, while 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min were selected as the time periods for vapor exposures. Comparisons of the SPME diffusive sampling method to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) organic Method 99 were performed side-by-side in an exposure chamber at 30°C for PGME. A gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was used for sample analysis. The experimental sampling constants of the sampler at 30°C were (6.93 ± 0.12) × 10(-1), (4.72 ± 0.03) × 10(-1), and (3.29 ± 0.20) × 10(-1) cm(3) min(-1) for PGME, PGMEA, and DPGME, respectively. The adsorption of chemicals on the stainless steel needle of the SPME fiber was suspected to be one of the reasons why significant differences between theoretical and experimental sampling rates were observed. Correlations between the results for PGME from both SPME device and OSHA organic Method 99 were linear (r = 0.9984) and consistent (slope = 0.97 ± 0.03). Face velocity (0-0.18 m/s) also proved to have no effects on the sampler. However, the effects of temperature and humidity have been observed. Therefore, adjustments of experimental sampling constants at different environmental conditions will be necessary.     

Comparison of the volatile organic compound recovery rates of commercial active samplers for evaluation of indoor air quality in work environments

The Industrial Safety and Health Law in Japan established administrative levels for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air. In the present study, these 49 VOCs were extracted from the absorbents of commercial active samplers from Sibata Scientific Technology (carbon-bead active sampler), SKC Inc. (Anasorb CSC sorbent tube), and Gastec (bead-shaped activated carbon tube) using carbon disulfide, and the recovery rates were compared. The VOCs were added to the adsorbents at three concentration levels relative to the administrative levels (×0.5, ×1, and ×2). The following mean recovery rates of the 49 VOCs were obtained at the ×0.5, ×1, and ×2 levels: 86, 93, and 92% for the Sibata sampler; 78, 82, and 84% for the SKC sampler; and 94, 93, and 90% for the Gastec sampler. With the Sibata sampler, the recovery rates of 78% (×0.5), 84% (×1), and 90% (×2) of the VOCs measured in this study were adequate (80–120%); the corresponding percentages for the SKC sampler were 67% (×0.5), 69% (×1), and 69% (×2), and those for the Gastec sampler were 92% (×0.5), 86% (×1), and 86% (×2). The effects of the octanol–water partition coefficients and vapor pressures of the VOCs on the recovery rates were investigated. The recovery rates increased with increases in the octanol–water partition coefficient and the vapor pressure and then leveled off. The recovery rates for the o-, m-, and p-cresol isomers were much lower than those obtained for other VOCs at all three concentration levels and with all samplers.     

多组分气体污染物被动式监测方法的研究

研究了一种同时对甲醛、二氧化氮以及二氧化硫三种气体污染物进行监测的扩散法被动式监测方法。用经过处理的活性炭纤维作为吸收材料。采样后 ,将在吸收层上的HCHO、NO2 、SO2 经加入 0 0 5mol LNaOH溶液洗脱、0 3 %H2 O2 溶液氧化等步骤分别转化为HCOO-、NO-2 和SO2 -4 ,用离子色谱法进行定量测定。被动式采样器适合在风速 0 2～ 1 5m s,相对湿度 2 0 %～ 90 %以及温度 - 1 0～ 35℃的范围内使用。采样速率(ml min) :甲醛 67、二氧化氮 80、二氧化硫 64 ,相应的相对标准偏差为 7 3 %、3 6 %、6 8%。本方法 2 4小时采样的最小可测浓度是 (mg m3 ) :甲醛 0 0 2 6 ,二氧化氮 0 0 0 8,二氧化硫 0 0 69。在现场与有动力的采样方法比较 ,总不确定度甲醛 2 3 %、二氧化氮 2 3 %、二氧化硫 1 8%。本方法实现了用一个采样器采集三种气体污染物 ,同时测定出各个污染物的浓度。本项研究拓展了扩散法被动式采样方法在室内外环境空气监测中的使用前景。