Sonography of Common Peripheral Nerve Disorders With Clinical Correlation

Sonography is now considered an effective method to evaluate peripheral nerves. Low cost, high resolution, the ability to image an entire limb in a short time, and dynamic assessment are several of the positive attributes of sonography. This article will review the normal appearance of peripheral nerves as shown with sonography. In addition, the most common applications for sonography of the peripheral nerves will be reviewed, which include entrapment neuropathies, intraneural ganglion cyst, nerve trauma, and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Clinical information related to nerve disorders is also included, as it provides valuable information that can be obtained during sonographic examinations, increasing diagnostic accuracy.     

Role of Sonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Peroneal Neuropathy Secondary to Fabellae

The fabella is a sesamoid bone situated in the posterolateral knee, which may contribute to posterolateral knee pain by impinging on the adjacent common peroneal nerve (CPN). Although anatomic studies have established an relationship between the fabella and CPN, we present 4 cases of posterolateral knee pain radiating into the anterolateral leg in which sonography was able to determine the source of the pain as CPN compression by an adjacent fabella. In 2 of these cases, resolution of symptoms was achieved with ultrasound‐guided CPN blocks, whereas 1 case was surgically treated, and another was managed with oral analgesics. These cases illustrate the utility of diagnostic and interventional sonography in the evaluation and treatment of posterolateral knee pain secondary to fabellar impingement of the CPN.     

神经生长因子与周围神经疾病

神经生长因子(NGF)是神经营养因子家族第一个被发现的成员,也是目前研究最为清楚的一种神经营养因子。本文主要就NGF治疗周围神经病进行综述。     

糖尿病患者正中神经的超声评估

目的 观察糖尿病患者正中神经高频超声参数特征,以及超声特征与电生理结果的相关性.方法 2019年6月至11月,本院糖尿病住院患者79例根据是否存在糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)分为DPN组(n=37)和非DPN组(n=42).采用高频超声分别于距右腕横纹5 cm和10 cm处测量正中神经横截面积(CSA)、低回声区域比例...     

糖尿病性周围神经病的神经传导速度测定与临床研究

目的:探讨神经传导速度(NCV)与糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)的临床相关因素的关系。方法:检测164例糖尿病患者(DM组)和40名健康人(对照组)NCV,并分析其与年龄、病程、血糖、血脂及临床表现的关系。结果:DM组NCV明显低于对照组,DM组中NCV与空腹血糖、血脂无明显相关,与年龄、病程相关,且有周围神经症状者更为明显。结论:NCV的检测有助于DPN的早期诊断。     

依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠坐骨神经的保护作用

目的:研究依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)大鼠坐骨神经的保护作用。方法:SD大鼠80只,采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)一次性腹腔注射诱导建立DPN模型,随机分为对照组和治疗组,治疗组每天给予3 mg/kg依达拉奉腹腔注射4周,观察摆尾温度阈值(TTT)、坐骨神经运动神经传导速度(MCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV)、神经形态和坐骨神经中一氧化氮(NO)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:对照组大鼠TTT升高,MCV和SCV减慢(P<0.01),形态学明显异常,NO、MDA含量明显增多,SOD活性显著降低(P<0.01)。治疗组与对照组比较TTT明显降低,MCV和SCV明显加快,形态学明显改善,NO、MDA含量明显减少,SOD活性显著增高(P<0.01)。结论:依达拉奉可降低DPN大鼠坐骨神经损伤。     

银杏达莫对糖尿病周围神经病变患者神经传导速度的影响

目的 观察银杏达莫对糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者神经症状、体征及神经传导速度的影响。方法 将60例DPN患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例．对照组采用DPN的常规治疗．观察组在对照组用药基础上加用银杏达莫注射液20ml／d静脉滴注，连用4周。治疗前后观察患者的神经症状和体征，测定四肢感觉神经和运动神经传导速度，并比较其变化。结果 治疗后，观察组患者的神经症状和体征明显改善，神经传导速度明显增快，与治疗前比较有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）；与对照组比较亦有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论 银杏达莫可明显改善DPN患者的临床症状和体征，并能提高神经传导速度。     

Role of Sonography in Surgical Decision Making for Iatrogenic Spinal Accessory Nerve Injuries

The spinal accessory nerve (SAN) is susceptible to iatrogenic injury in the posterior cervical triangle. Early diagnosis and management of suspected SAN transection injuries are crucial in the restoration of shoulder stability and function. Although neurologic examination and electrodiagnostic testing can assess SAN function, they cannot assess nerve continuity. We report the use of sonography to prospectively evaluate the SAN in 6 patients with suspected iatrogenic SAN injury. Sonography directly visualized SAN transection in 4 cases, whereas sonographic findings were reported as “probable” transection in the fifth case and was nondiagnostic in the sixth case in the setting of extensive scarring.     

高频超声对外周神经纤维瘤的诊断价值

目的 探索高频超声对3种不同类型的外周神经纤维瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析21例经病理证实的外周神经纤维瘤患者的高频超声表现,观察病变的大小、位置、边界、内部回声及血流分布.结果 (1)结节型10例,多数为卵圆形、低回声、边界清晰、后方回声增强﹑内部血供较丰富,4例生长在较大神经干的肿瘤可见瘤体与神经干相连.(2)蔓丛型3例,表现为单发或多发低回声结节伴周围条带状低回声与之相连,结节内血供较丰富.(3)弥漫型8例,均表现为皮下脂肪层增厚伴边界不清;7例呈弥漫性回声增强伴条带状及/或结节状低回声分布其中,1例呈不均匀低回声;6例为病变区血供丰富,2例为不丰富.结论 蔓丛型及弥漫型神经纤维瘤的高频超声表现均有一定特征性,结合临床,超声容易做出正确诊断;结节型神经纤维瘤的高频超声表现缺乏特征性,但当其生长于较大神经干时,超声可通过发现其与神经相连而帮助明确诊断.     

电针对DPN大鼠坐骨神经神经生长因子调节作用的实验研究

目的探讨电针治疗糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）调节作用的机制。方法采用链脲佐菌素（STZ）制备DPN大鼠模型，将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、西药组和电针组；电针组取大鼠足三里、肾俞穴进行电针治疗，通过免疫组化和荧光定量PCR技术检测坐骨神经神经生长因子（NGF）蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果模型组、西药组和电针组大鼠NGF蛋白和mRNA的表达明显低于正常组（P〈0．05～0．01）；电针组大鼠治疗后坐骨神经NGF蛋白和mRNA表达上调，明显高于模型组（P〈0．01）。结论电针足三里、肾俞穴能够使DPN大鼠坐骨神经NGF蛋白和mRNA表达上调，促进坐骨神经修复。     

Posterior Interosseous Nerve of the Elbow

Objective. In our clinical practice, we have noted a caliber change of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) at the elbow as seen in the long axis on sonography simulating nerve entrapment. The objective of this study was to characterize the PIN using sonography in asymptomatic individuals. Methods. Our study retrospectively characterized the PIN in 50 elbows of 47 asymptomatic patients with sonography. Measurements of the PIN in a short‐axis cross section using the circumferential trace technique and the anteroposterior (AP) dimension in the long axis were made proximal, at, and distal to the arcade of Frohse. Results. There was reduction of the AP dimension of the PIN distal to the arcade of Frohse when compared with the measurements at the arcade of Frohse and proximal to the arcade (P < .0001); however, there was no significant difference between the cross‐sectional area of the PIN at all 3 levels (P = .59). Conclusions. The PIN normally flattens as it enters into the supinator muscle without a notable change in the cross‐sectional area. This appearance should not be misinterpreted as nerve entrapment when imaged in the long axis.     

Correlation Between Subclinical Median Neuropathy and the Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve at the Wrist

Although subclinical median neuropathy is not uncommon, its correlation with sonographic changes to the median nerve at the wrist has not been studied. We included 62 subjects (with 107 wrists) who reported experiencing no hand numbness. All subjects underwent nerve conduction studies (NCS) and sonography for median nerve at the pisiform level. The cross-sectional area (CSA), perimeter, long axis and short axis of median nerve were obtained off-line by manual tracing with a mouse and computed by one algorithm written in MatLab. Eighteen wrists met the inclusion criteria of subclinical median neuropathy. The CSA, perimeter and long axis of the median nerve were significantly different between normal and abnormal NCS wrists. Mixed model analysis showed that subclinical neuropathy was associated with enlarged CSA, but the other demographic variables (gender, age and body mass index and occupational categories) were not. Our findings support the use of both patient symptoms and NCS to define normal subjects during further studies. In addition, enlarged CSA within asymptomatic individuals should raise concern for subclinical median neuropathy.     

Sonographic Evaluation of Common Peroneal Neuropathy in Patients With Foot Drop

The common peroneal nerve arises from the sciatic nerve and is subject to a variety of abnormalities. Although diagnosis is often is based on the clinical findings and electrodiagnostic tests, high‐resolution sonography has an increasing role in determining the type and location of common peroneal nerve abnormalities and other peripheral nerve disorders. This article reviews the normal sonographic appearance of the common peroneal nerve and the findings in 21 patients with foot drop related to common peroneal neuropathy.     

托吡酯治疗糖尿病周围神经病疗效观察

目的观察托吡酯治疗糖尿病周围神经病的临床疗效。方法83例糖尿病周围神经病患者随机分成对照组40例和治疗组43例,均给予常规降糖及B族维生素支持治疗,治疗组同时给予托吡酯治疗1个月。结果治疗组及对照组的临床总有效率分别为90.7%和67.5%,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的感觉及运动神经传导速度明显提高,但治疗组的传导速度显著高于对照组（P〈0.001）。结论在控制血糖基础上,加用托吡酯治疗糖尿病周围神经病临床疗效确切,副作用少。