A prospective, case controlled study of the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy after uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To determine if uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery is associated with an accelerated rate of progression of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy postoperatively. METHODS: A prospective trial of 50 type 2 diabetics undergoing monocular phacoemulsification cataract surgery by a single consultant surgeon. The grade of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy in the operated and non-operated fellow eye was assessed preoperatively and for 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Overall, retinopathy progression was observed in 11 patients. In seven the retinopathy progressed in both eyes, in three it progressed in the operated eye alone, and in one it progressed in the fellow eye alone. Macular oedema was observed in 13 eyes postoperatively. Four had transient pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema and nine true diabetic maculopathy. Where maculopathy progressed it did so symmetrically in five patients, it progressed in the operated eye alone in four patients, and the fellow eye alone in two patients. There was no significant difference in the number of operated and fellow eyes whose retinopathy or maculopathy progressed postoperatively. In both the operated (OE) and non-operated (NoE) eyes retinopathy progression was associated with a higher mean HbA(1)C (OE p=0.003; NoE p=0.001) and insulin treatment (OE p=0.008, NoE p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery does not cause acceleration of diabetic retinopathy postoperatively and any progression that is observed probably represents the natural history of the disease. Although macular oedema is common after cataract surgery it may follow a benign course and in many patients the development of clinically significant macular oedema postoperatively probably represents natural disease progression rather than being a direct effect of surgery.     

Diabetic retinopathy before and after cataract surgery.

AIMS/BACKGROUND: Increased retinopathy progression has been reported after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus. To assess the influence of cataract surgery on visual acuity and retinopathy progression, all diabetic patients who were subjected to cataract surgery during 1991-3 have been followed up at the Department of Ophthalmology in Helsingborg. The average follow up time was 2 years. METHODS: One eye of each of 70 patients was included in the study, 35 monocularly and 35 binocularly operated on. Sixteen of the 70 patients had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) at baseline. The Wisconsin scale was used for the grading of retinopathy. The degree of glycaemic control was assessed by measurements of HbA1c. RESULTS: Most patients obtained improved visual acuity; a postoperative visual acuity of 0.5 or better was achieved in 89% of diabetic surgical eyes. Progression of the retinopathy occurred in 30 out of the 70 eyes, and was associated with mean level of HbA1c (p = 0.04), duration of diabetes (p = 0.02), insulin treatment (p = 0.001), and presence of retinopathy at baseline (p = 0.01). Patients who progressed had a significantly higher incidence of macular oedema (p = 0.006) than those who did not progress. No significant differences were found when operated and non-operated eyes were compared in the 35 patients with monocular surgery. Two patients in this group, however, ended up with macular oedema and worse vision in the operated eye than in the eye which was not operated on. Both patients had background retinopathy before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in this study, also those with PDR, obtained good visual acuity, better than in most previous studies. Poor glycaemic control was a factor of importance for the progression of diabetic retinopathy after cataract surgery.     

The course of diabetic retinopathy following cataract surgery in eyes previously treated by laser photocoagulation.

The course of diabetic retinopathy following extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation in eyes previously treated by laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy was retrospectively studied in 33 eyes (33 patients). In 20 eyes (61%) there was no change in the retinal status postoperatively. In 13 (39%) there was postoperative progression of diabetic retinopathy compared with the fellow non-operated eye, in which progression occurred in nine eyes (27%). The severity of the preoperative status affected the incidence of progression. Four eyes (12%) developed complications of diabetic retinopathy--that is, rubeosis iridis and vitreous haemorrhage--which regressed after lasering. Cystoid macular oedema developed in 13 eyes (39%) and its incidence varied according to the postoperative course of diabetic retinopathy. The majority of the eyes showed a postoperative improvement in vision.     

Visual outcome and progression of retinopathy after cataract surgery in diabetic patients

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of visual impairment in developed countries through retinopathy and is frequently complicated by cataract formation. The present study examines the visual outcome of cataract surgery in diabetic patients.
Methods: A retrospective study was performed over a 26 month period in a general hospital eye clinic. Eighty-five consecutive diabetic patients who underwent cataract surgery were categorized according to their type of diabetes, duration and treatment, operative technique, pre-operative visual acuity (VA) and degree of retinopathy. Visual acuity and retinopathy status were recorded at a minimum of 4 months postoperatively. Factors affecting visual outcome and progression of retinopathy were then examined.
Results: Of the 107 eyes of the 85 consecutive cases, 55 were without retinopathy (NR), 21 had background retinopathy (BDR), six had background retinopathy with macular oedema (BDR/MO), four had proliferative retinopathy and 12 cases had inadequate fundal view. In the NR and BDR groups, 90 and 81% of patients, respectively, had improved VA compared with 33% of patients with BDR/MO. Retinopathy progressed in 50% of BDR/MO patients compared with progression in 9 and 19% of NR and BDR patients, respectively.
Conclusion: The present study illustrates the poor visual outcome in patients with severe, untreated retinopathy, particularly maculopathy, following cataract surgery. Larger prospective studies are needed to better define risk groups and pre-operative treatment strategies.     

Comparison of mean macular thickness using optical coherence tomography and visual acuity in diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively assess the mean macular thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography and its correlation with visual acuity. METHODS: A prospective case series study was undertaken of consecutive diabetic patients referred to a tertiary eye care centre for an eye check up from January 2003 to June 2003. One hundred and five eyes from 55 patients with varying degree of diabetes underwent optical coherence tomography examination. The study patients were divided into four groups: group I, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR); group II, NPDR with clinically significant macular oedema (CSME); group III, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR); and group IV, PDR with CSME. RESULTS: The mean macular thickness of the entire group was 256.0 +/- 129.7 microm. A positive correlation (r = 0.424, P < 0.0001) was evident between mean macular thickness and visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography is a useful tool for objectively monitoring macular thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Mean macular thickness correlates with visual acuity.     

Progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and visual outcome after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.

Twenty-one patients with symmetric nonproliferative retinopathy who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation were followed up postoperatively for an average (+/- standard deviation) of 18 +/- 7 months to determine the incidence of progression of diabetic retinopathy, the final visual acuity, and factors predictive of progression of retinopathy and final visual acuity. Progression of retinopathy, defined as the development of clinically significant macular edema, an increase in intraretinal hemorrhages or hard exudate, or the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, was assessed in both eyes of 19 patients; in two remaining patients, dense preoperative cataract in the fellow eye precluded comparison of retinopathy progression in the operated-on eye to progression in the fellow eye. Overall, retinopathy progressed in 14 of 19 operated-on eyes (74%). Cataract extraction was highly associated with asymmetric progression of nonproliferative retinopathy; it progressed only in the operated-on eye in seven of 19 patients (37%), but in no patients did progression occur in the fellow eye alone (P = .0078). Women had a significantly increased risk of progression of retinopathy in the operated-on eye compared to men (P = .005). Visual acuity improved in 19 of 21 operated-on eyes (86%); however, only 11 eyes (52%) achieved a visual acuity of 20/50 or better and only six eyes (14%) achieved a visual acuity of 20/25 or better. In only five eyes was the final visual acuity in the operated-on eye more than two lines better than the final visual acuity in the fellow eye.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

白内障超声乳化吸除术对糖尿病视网膜病变进展影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法系统评价白内障超声乳化吸除术对糖尿病合并白内障患者术后糖尿病视网膜病变进展及糖尿病性黄斑水肿发生率的影响。设计 系统综述。研究对象 Medline、EMbase、Cochrone图书馆及中国生物医学文献数据库和中国期刊全文数据库中一眼行白内障超声乳化术,对侧未手术眼作为对照的糖尿病合并白内障患者为研究对象的文献。方法 对纳入文献进行Meta分析。计算机检索上述数据库,同时手工检索相关书籍、期刊和会议论文及其参考文献。依据纳入和排除标准筛选文献,对纳入研究进行数据提取。统计学分析采用RevMan5.0软件,二分类变量采用比值比（OR）及其95%置信区间CI来表示。主要指标 白内障超声乳化吸除术后双眼糖尿病视网膜病变的进展率及糖尿病性黄斑水肿的发生率。结果  7项研究纳入分析,其中手术眼579眼,对侧未手术眼574眼作为对照。手术眼术后糖尿病视网膜病变进展率高于对侧未手术眼（OR=1.47,95%CI：1.09～1.98,P=0.01）。手术眼术后糖尿病性黄斑水肿发生率高于对侧未手术眼（OR=1.89,95%CI：1.05～3.39,P=0.03）。结论  白内障超声乳化吸除术会加速糖尿病合并白内障患者糖尿病视网膜病变进程且增加糖尿病性黄斑水肿的发生率,但仍需大样本、长期随访的研究进一步证实。     

Visual outcome after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in diabetic patients

AIMS: To follow visual acuity (VA) and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after phacoemulsification in diabetic patients with different stages of DR and controls. METHODS: This prospective study included 27 diabetic patients with no or mild to moderate non-proliferative DR; 25 patients with moderate to severe non-proliferative, or proliferative DR; and 22 non-diabetic controls. All patients underwent uncomplicated, phacoemulsification surgery, with implantation of a heparin-surface modified (HSM) poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) into the capsular bag. Colour fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms (FA) were taken at 1 week (baseline), 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively to determine stability or progression of DR. RESULTS: The VA of 46 diabetic eyes (88%), was improved 1 year after surgery and only six eyes (12%) were unchanged or worse. 41 diabetic eyes (79%) achieved a VA of 0.5 or better and 11 eyes (21%) had a final VA lower than 0.5. Significantly lower final corrected VA was found 1 year after surgery in eyes with advanced DR (median 0.5; range 0.1-1.0) compared with controls (1.0; 0.1-1.0) and eyes with no or mild to moderate DR (1.0; 0.1-1.0). Eyes with mild to moderate DR and clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) 1 week postoperatively had a lower final VA than those without CSMO. Angiographic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) was detected with FA in 15% of all diabetic eyes 1 week postoperatively. 41 eyes (79%) showed no change or improvement of the retinal status 1 year after cataract surgery. Progression was found in 11 eyes (21%), mainly in eyes with mild to moderate DR and moderate to severe DR. Eyes with an indication for laser photocoagulation at baseline showed a significantly higher rate of progression of DR after surgery than those without indication for laser treatment. CONCLUSION: The final visual outcome was improved in the majority of diabetic eyes. Eyes with CSMO at the time of surgery had the worst prognosis regarding postoperative VA.     

白内障摘除人工晶体植入术后糖尿病性视网膜病变进展的观察

为观察白内障囊外摘除术后糖尿病性视网膜病变的进展，我们对７０例糖尿病患者中的７０眼行白内障囊外摘除人工晶体植入术。术后对术眼及对侧非手术眼进行了观察比较。发现术眼中３８眼（５４．３％）非手术眼中（１５．７％）出现视网膜病变进展。术眼中６６眼（９４％）视力优于术前。但视力结果取决于视网膜病变特别是黄斑病变程度。说明白内障手术加剧糖尿病性视网膜病变，但非禁忌证。早期视网膜光凝可防止病变进展，有助于稳定视力。     

Progression to proliferative retinopathy and macular oedema requiring treatment. Assessment of the alternative classification of the Wisconsin Study.

PURPOSE: To study the ability of the alternative classification of the Wisconsin Study to predict progression to retinopathy requiring laser treatment in patients with diabetes. METHODS: A total of 1585 diabetic patients were included in the study. Of them, 294 (19%) were diagnosed with diabetes before and 1291 (81%) after age 30 years. Retinopathy was diagnosed on fundus photographs using a modification of the Wisconsin scale, and graded into 6 levels according to the worse eye. The first visit during the study period was used to represent baseline examination. The time points for detection of proliferative retinopathy (PDR) and clinically significant macular oedema (CSME) were recorded during a mean follow-up time of 2.9 years. RESULTS: Progression to PDR and/or CSME was significantly related to increasing severity of retinopathy at baseline (p<0.001; test for trend). Fifty per cent of patients with severe non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) (level 51) at entry progressed within one year to PDR and/or CSME; the 3-year risk for such progression in patients with mild (level 31) and moderate NPDR (level 41) was 25 and 60%, respectively. The incidence of progression to PDR and to CSME was 0.95 and 2.3/100 person-years, respectively. Progression to PDR and/or CSME was furthermore associated with a higher level of glycosylated haemoglobin, longer duration of the diabetes and use of antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSION: Increasing severity of retinopathy as recorded by this modification of the alternative classification of the Wisconsin Study was significantly associated with increased risk of progression to retinopathy requiring treatment.     

Extracapsular cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implantation in patients with diabetes mellitus - retrospective study on 145 patients

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus influences the progression of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema and anterior segment complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 145 consecutive patients with type-II-diabetes mellitus underwent an extracapsular cataract surgery with implantation of a posterior chamber lens. 88 patients (119 eyes have been operated) could be followed up for an average of 19 months and 58 patients (88 eyes have been operated) could be followed up for an average of 38 months. Evaluation of the data included the preoperative retinal findings, intraoperative and early postoperative complications and problems, the progression of diabetic fundus changes, the progression of visual acuity and late complications. RESULTS: Insufficient pupil dilatation (25.2 %) was the most frequent intraoperative complication. Among early postoperative complications anterior segment inflammation was most frequent (10.1 %). During the follow-up period the diabetic retinopathy in the operated eyes showed a progression which was statistically not different from that in the non-operated eyes. After an average of 19 months the diabetic retinopathy deteriorated in 22.7 % of the operated eyes and in 17.5 % of the non-operated eyes. After an average of 38 months the diabetic retinopathy deteriorated in additional 12.5 % of the operated and 11.1 % of the not-operated eyes. A diabetic macular oedema was present after an average of 19 months in 6.8 % of the operated 119 eyes and after an average of 38 months in 6.7 % of the operated 88 eyes. In the non-operated partner-eyes no diabetic macular edema developed during the follow-up period. The main late-complication during the whole follow-up period was the development of a capsular fibrosis in 52.3 % of the operated eyes. Postoperative visual acuity at the end of the first follow-up period (average 19 months) was >/= 0.5 in 85.7 % of the operated eyes and at the end of the second follow-up period (average 38 months) in 81.8 % of the operated eyes. CONCLUSION: Extracapsular cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus is a procedure with good results, of high reliability and a slightly higher rate of complications than in non-diabetic patients. Extracapsular cataract surgery does not give rise to progression of diabetic retinopathy.     

Clinical outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in diabetes patients: visual function (VF-14), visual acuity and patient satisfaction

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcomes (visual acuity [VA] and visual function) after phacoemulsification cataract surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), and assess patient satisfaction with final surgical outcome. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 74 eyes of 74 patients with different stages of DR. One surgeon (AW) performed all cataract surgery in a standardized fashion. Patients were assessed using the VF-14 (Visual Function-14) questionnaire. The following groups of patients were compared: those with no apparent retinopathy; those with mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR); those with severe NPDR, and those with proliferative DR (PDR). Visual acuity and visual function questionnaire (VF-14) responses were recorded preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively, during which the non-operated fellow eye showed no progression in retinopathy. RESULTS: Improvements in visual outcomes were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 compared to groups 3 and 4 (Tukey-Kramer, p < 0.001). Comparisons between groups 1, 2 and 3, 4 showed significant differences in improvements in VA (Tukey-Kramer, p < 0.01), yet no statistically significant differences in functional (VF-14) improvements emerged between these groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with more advanced levels of DR showed no functional improvements despite improvements in VA. This emphasizes the relevance of patient education prior to surgery. In particular, it should be explained to patients with more advanced DR that, although surgery may be required, their functional improvement may be limited.     

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema progression after phacoemulsification: prospective study

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression after phacoemulsification in patients with type II diabetes. SETTING: Service of Ophthalmology, University of Sant Joan, Barcelona, Spain. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 132 patients with diabetes mellitus who had monocular phacoemulsification. A control group comprised the patients' contralateral eyes. Data analysis included preoperative retinal findings and DR status; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides levels; insulin treatment; and arterial hypertension. RESULTS: Postoperative visual acuity increased by 2 or more lines in 105 patients (79.55%); the mean postoperative acuity was 0.63 +/- 0.28 (SD). Diabetic retinopathy in the operated eye progressed in 31 patients (23.48%) and in the fellow eye in 28 patients (21.21%). The progression was associated with high levels of HbA1c and diabetes mellitus duration in both groups. Diabetic macular edema occurred in the operated eye in 8 patients (6.06%) and in the fellow eye in 6 patients (4.54%). Pseudophakic macular edema developed in 2 eyes (1.52%). The progression of diabetic macular edema was not associated with the risk factors studied. CONCLUSION: Uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery may not cause DR progression.     

Phacoemulsification versus extracapsular cataract extraction in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare phacoemulsification with extracapsular cataract surgery in patients with diabetes and to identify determinants of postoperative visual acuity. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, paired-eye trial. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six patients with diabetes and bilateral cataract. INTERVENTION: Patients were allocated to phacoemulsification surgery with silicone intraocular lens to one randomly determined eye, and extracapsular cataract surgery with 7-mm polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens to the other. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (logMAR VA), incidence of clinically significant macular edema (CSME), retinopathy progression, indices of anterior segment inflammation, and incidence of capsulotomy. RESULTS: Compared with eyes undergoing phacoemulsification, eyes managed with extracapsular surgery had more anterior chamber cells (P = 0.0004) and flare (P = 0.007) 1 week after surgery and a higher incidence of posterior synechiae (P = 0.04) and intraocular lens deposits (P < 0.0005) in the first postoperative year. The need for posterior capsulotomy was greater in eyes undergoing extracapsular surgery (16 of 46 vs. 5 of 46, P = 0.01). No difference in incidence of postoperative CSME, progression of retinopathy, or development of high-risk proliferative retinopathy was identified between techniques (P = 1.0, 0.8, and 0.2). Median 1-year logMAR VA was worse in eyes undergoing extracapsular surgery (0.08 vs. 0.06, P = 0.02), especially in those with retinopathy (0.14 vs. 0.08, respectively; P = 0.01). The presence or absence of CSME at the time of surgery was the most significant determinant of 1-year logMAR VA in regression models for both extracapsular (P = 0.0004, R2 = 0.45) and phacoemulsification groups (P < 0.00005, R2 = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Phacoemulsification is associated with better postoperative VA, less postoperative inflammation, and less need for capsulotomy than extracapsular cataract surgery in patients with diabetes. However, with both techniques, the principal determinant of postoperative VA appears to be the presence or absence of CSME at the time of surgery. Early intervention, reducing the risk that unrecognized CSME is present at the time of surgery, may be more critical to outcome than choice of surgical technique.     

非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑水肿与中心凹下脉络膜厚度的关系

目的 观察非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)伴临床有意义的黄斑水肿(clinically significant macular edema,CSME)时黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT)的情况,探讨糖尿病患者SFCT与糖尿病视网膜病变发生发展的关系.方法 按2014年我国糖尿病视网膜病变临床诊疗指南分期标准将NPDR患者分为伴CSME(NPDR CSME+)组15例(21眼),不伴CSME(NPDR CSME-)组21例(36眼).比较两组之间最佳矫正视力、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central retinal thickness,CRT)及SFCT是否存在差异性.采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计学分析处理.结果 NPDR CSME+组与NPDR CSME-组间性别、眼别、年龄、眼轴长度、眼压相比差异均无统计学意义(均为P＞0.05),两组间最佳矫正视力相比差异有统计学意义(P =0.001).NPDR CSME+组SFCT为(328.24±101.92) μm,NPDR CSME-组为(235.31±66.98)μm,两组间差异具有统计学意义(t=4.156,P=0.000).NPDR患眼CRT与SFCT呈正相关关系(r=0.473,P=0.000).结论 NPDR伴有CSME时,SFCT显著增厚,并且SFCT的增厚与CSME的发生发展具有一定相关性.     

合并糖尿病眼底病变患者白内障术后的黄斑水肿和视力观察

目的:探讨合并糖尿病眼底病变患者白内障术后与正常眼底的患者白内障术后的黄斑水肿和视力恢复情况。方法:选取63例63眼白内障患者,其中33例伴有轻至中度糖尿病眼底改变,为糖尿病组;另外30例正常眼底为对照组。相同的术式、手术医生及术后处理。于术前、术后1,6wk及6mo检查视力及眼底情况,于术前、术后6wk行荧光素眼底血管造影检查,观察两组术后黄斑水肿及视力恢复情况。结果:糖尿病患者32例及对照组29例患者完成检查并随访。术后6wk,糖尿病组有24例(75%)出现眼底渗漏,而对照组只有6例(21%);糖尿病组有5例(16%)出现临床型黄斑囊样水肿(CME),对照组有2例(7%)出现临床型CME;术后6mo,两组视力水平差异无显著性,黄斑水肿恢复。结论:白内障术后不管是对正常眼底还是对伴轻中度糖尿病视网膜病变都可发生CME,但视力恢复无明显差异,发生CME予随诊,一般不需处理,多能自行恢复。     

Plasma glucose levels,postoperative complications,and progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients undergoing intraocular lens implantation

Of 220 patients (250 eyes) who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens, 36 (45 eyes) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had no retinopathy, simple, or preproliferative retinopathy. They were divided into group A patients who underwent diet therapy or were treated with oral agents and group B patients who were given insulin therapy. The 184 patients (205 eyes) without diabetes mellitus served as control (group C). Transient elevation of intraocular pressure and cystoid macular edema were observed more frequently in diabetic patients (groups A and B). Progressive retinopathy occurred more frequently in group B than in group A patients, and it correlated with increased levels of plasma glucose. Unilateral cataract surgery was performed on 27 diabetic patients. Nine (33%) operated eyes showed progressive retinopathy, while one (4%) fellow eye worsened. It is possible that both increased levels of plasma glucose and surgical procedures may participate in the progression of retinopathy.     

Macular edema and visual outcome following cataract surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy and controls

Background

Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a well-known complication after cataract surgery, and diabetic retinopathy is reported to be an important risk factor for impaired visual recovery. In this prospective study, we compared visual outcome 6?months after surgery in eyes with moderate retinopathy and no previous ME with a control group, and observed the incidence of ME seen on fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods

Thirty-four patients with type-2 diabetes and 35 controls were enrolled. Best-corrected visual acuity (VA) letters ETDRS was measured pre-op, at day 7, week 6 and month 6. FA performed pre-op and at week 6 was divided into three leakage patterns. OCT performed pre-op, at week 6 and month 6 was qualitatively divided into three types. Macular thickness was measured in three circular fields (central subfield, inner and outer circle) from the macular maps.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in VA before surgery, at day 7 or at 6?months, but at 6?weeks there was a significant difference with lower VA in the diabetic group. Six percent of control and 12% of diabetic eyes developed a clinical CME defined as a loss of >5 letters between day 7 and week 6. Incidence of FA leakage was 23% in control and 76% in diabetic eyes. At 6?weeks, 20% of control and 44% of the diabetic eyes had qualitative changes on OCT. A statistically significant increase in thickness was observed for all three macular areas in both groups, part of it remaining at 6?months. There were, however, no differences in central macular thickness between the groups at any visit. Retinal thickening had poor correlation with VA.

Conclusion

The final visual outcome in eyes with mild to moderate retinopathy, without previous ME, is as good as in normal eyes, but an increased frequency of macular changes may protract recovery of full vision. Changes on OCT or FA are often seen without any obvious effect on VA. OCT is as good as FA at detecting a clinical CME, and is the technique recommended for follow-up before FA is considered.     

Autologous plasmin enzyme in the surgical management of diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: This is a pilot study to assess the use of autologous plasmin enzyme (APE) as an adjunct to vitreous surgery in eyes with advanced diabetic retinopathy. DESIGN: Prospective noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy selected at random from our practice population. METHODS: Seven eyes were treated with APE as an adjunct to standard vitreous surgery. Six eyes had macular tractional retinal detachments, and one eye had refractory macular edema. Three fellow eyes had standard vitreous surgery performed for macular tractional retinal detachments without APE. All 10 eyes had macular edema and background diabetic retinopathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures included induction of a posterior vitreous detachment, retinal reattachment, improvement in visual acuity, and resolution of macular edema. RESULTS: All seven APE-treated eyes achieved spontaneous or easy removal of the posterior hyaloid including one eye that had vitreoschisis over areas of detached retina. All eyes treated with APE had resolution of intraretinal edema. Retinas of all eyes treated with APE were reattached. The three fellow eyes were treated by vitreous surgery without APE. Two of the three fellow eyes had reattached retinas, but none had resolution of intraretinal edema without further focal photocoagulation treatment. Mean visual acuity improvement was 0.7 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) units in APE-treated eyes and 0.1 LogMAR units in eyes without APE. The average follow-up period was 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that APE may be beneficial in the surgical management of diabetic retinopathy.     

非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿对脉络膜横断面面积的影响

目的　通过光学相干断层成像（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＯＣＴ）分析非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿对脉络膜横断面面积的影响。方法　收集２０１２年３月至２０１４年２月于我院眼科门诊就诊的非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者４７例（５７眼）,分为非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变不伴临床显著性黄斑水肿组（ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组）和伴临床显著性黄斑水肿组（ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组）。采用Ｔｏｐｃｏｎ３ＤＯＣＴ１０００脉络膜模式扫描黄斑区,比较２组之间脉络膜横断面面积差异,分析２组脉络膜横断面面积与黄斑中心凹厚度（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｍａｃｕｌａｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓ,ＣＭＴ）、最佳矫正视力的相关性。结果　ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组与ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组性别、年龄和屈光度差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ＝０．５５０、０．７９０、０．０７０）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积（１１４１７５４．４７±３３７７６２．０５）μｍ２较ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组（１３７８１２８．４５±３９５７２８．６６）μｍ２变小（Ｐ＝０．０１９）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ（中位数２２６．５０μｍ）之间无相关性（ｒ＝－０．１３０,Ｐ＝０．４９４）;ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ（中位数３１７．００μｍ）之间也无相关性（ｒ＝－０．２１８,Ｐ＝０．２７４）。ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ－组脉络膜横断面面积与最佳矫正最小分辨角对数视力（ＢＣｌｏｇＭＡＲ）（中位数０．０９７）之间无相关性（ｒ＝０．３２１,Ｐ＝０．０８０）;ＮＰＤＲＣＳＭＥ＋组脉络膜横断面面积与ＢＣｌｏｇＭＡＲ（中位数０．６９９）之间亦无相关性（ｒ＝－０．０７０,Ｐ＝０．７００）。结论　非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变患者发生黄斑水肿者较未发生黄斑水肿者脉络膜横断面面积变小。脉络膜横断面面积与ＣＭＴ、最佳矫正视力均不相关。